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Evaluating solid-state neutron detectors for measuring 14 MeV neutrons at high temperatures
No full textInternational audienceSilicon Carbide 4H Polytype (4H-SiC) and Diamond wide bandgap semiconductors are promising detector materials for fusion environments. Threshold energy nuclear reactions provide information on the energy of impinging fast neutrons and the combination of low intrinsic carrier concentration with high thermal conductivity makes these semiconductors suitable for high-temperature applications, especially for neutron monitoring in tritium production through ITER breeding blankets. While the carrier properties of SiC and Diamond offer interesting charge collection dynamics from room temperature up to 200 °C, the stability of their detection performance at high temperatures above 200 °C remains to be confirmed. To investigate this, we conducted a measurement campaign in a fast neutron field representative of fusion reactors at the GENESIS (Generator of Neutrons for Science and IrradiationS) research platform of LPSC (Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et de Cosmologie) laboratory in Grenoble, France. Both 4H-SiC and Diamond sensors were irradiated with 14 MeV fast neutrons from a D-T neutron generator while encapsulated in a heating device, recording current signals from room temperature up to 500 °C. Using a direct measurement method of charge carrier collection dynamics as a function of applied bias voltage and temperature by pulse shape analysis provided information on velocity drift and collected charge. The results offer a first representative study of charge carrier mobility behavior with increasing temperature up to 500 °C. The stability of performance in terms of CCE (charge collection efficiency) has been demonstrated for SiC from room temperature up to 500 °C, while Diamond experiences a CCE drop of 60% between 200 °C and 300 °C
How Do Judges Use the Doctrine of Global Climate Constitutionalism? Comparative Expertise as a ‘Perilous’ Tool for Judicial Legitimacy
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Décrocheurs de portraits du chef d’Etat, désobéissance civile, droit de résistance et judiciarisation de l’action militante
No full textInternational audienceفي عام 2019، قام نشطاء من مجموعة ”العمل غير العنيف-COP21“ (وهي مجموعة تعارض السياسات التي تساهم في تغير المناخ، وتدعي أنها غير عنيفة وتدعو إلى العصيان المدني) بإنزال صور رسمية لإيمانويل ماكرون في العديد من قاعات المدن، من أجل ”إظهار“ مطلبهم بالتنفيذ الفوري لتدابير سياسية جذرية لصالح البيئة. في غضون بضعة أشهر فقط، تم إنزال أكثر من مائة صورة.قامت السلطات بقمع هذه الأعمال بشدة، بطريقة تتناسب عكسيًا مع الأضرار التي لحقت بها. وكانت الردود القانونية متباينة، مما أدى إلى شعور بعدم اليقين.وقد عززت هذه القرارات التي طال انتظارها تكتيكات النشطاء السياسية والقانونية. - أولًا، القيام بأعمال مذهلة قادرة على تنبيه الرأي العام؛ وثانيًا، تكبد مجموعة متنوعة من القرارات القانونية الصادرة عن المحاكم الابتدائية، ثم قام النشطاء المدانون بالطعن أمام محكمة النقض. وأخيرًا، كان علينا أن ننتظر حكم الشعبة الجزائية في الاستئناف.يجدر بنا أن نتأمل هنا مفاهيم العصيان المدني، وحتى مقاومة القمع، التي تكفلها المادة 2 من إعلان حقوق الإنسان والمواطن (رغم أن هذا لم يذكر في الطعون). هل يجب علينا أن ندين أو نوافق أو نتفهم؟Im Jahr 2019 hängten Aktivisten von Action non violente-COP21 (ANV-COP21, eine Gruppierung, die sich gegen eine Politik wendet, die zum Klimawandel beiträgt, ihre Gewaltlosigkeit einfordert und sich auf zivilen Ungehorsam beruft) in mehreren Rathäusern offizielle Porträts von Emmanuel Macron ab, um ihre Forderung nach der sofortigen Umsetzung radikaler umweltpolitischer Maßnahmen „sichtbar“ zu machen. Innerhalb weniger Monate wurden über hundert Porträtabnahmen gezählt.Die Machthaber gingen hart gegen diese Aktionen vor, wobei der Schaden umgekehrt proportional war. Die Antworten der Gerichte fielen unterschiedlich aus und führten zu einem Gefühl der Unsicherheit.Die mit Spannung erwarteten Entscheidungen bestätigten die politisch-juristische Taktik der Aktivisten. - Zunächst sollten spektakuläre Aktionen durchgeführt werden, um die öffentliche Meinung zu alarmieren; dann sollten verschiedene Entscheidungen von Richtern in der Hauptsache getroffen werden, woraufhin die verurteilten Aktivisten den Kassationsgerichtshof anriefen. Schließlich musste man auf die Entscheidung der Strafkammer über die Rechtsmittel warten.Hier ist es angebracht, die Begriffe ziviler Ungehorsam oder sogar Widerstand gegen Unterdrückung zu hinterfragen, die in Artikel 2 der Erklärung der Menschen- und Bürgerrechte garantiert werden (obwohl letzterer in den Berufungen nicht erwähnt wurde). Soll man verurteilen, nicken oder verstehen?In 2019, activists from Action non-violente-COP21 (ANV-COP21, a group that opposes policies that contribute to climate change, claims to be non-violent and advocates civil disobedience) took down official portraits of Emmanuel Macron in several town halls, in order to ‘make visible’ their demand for the immediate implementation of radical political measures in favour of the environment. In just a few months, over a hundred portraits were taken down.The powers that be cracked down hard on these actions, in a way that was inversely proportional to the damage done. The legal responses were varied, leading to a feeling of uncertainty.These long-awaited decisions corroborated the activists' political and legal tactics. Firstly, to take spectacular action to alert public opinion. Secondly, they risked a variety of legal decisions handed down by the lower courts, with the convicted activists then appealing to the Court of Cassation. Finally, waiting for the Criminal Division to rule on the appeals.Here, we need to consider the concepts of civil disobedience and even resistance to oppression guaranteed by article 2 of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen (although this was not put forward in the appeals). Should we condemn, acquiesce or understand?En 2019, activistas de Acción no violenta-COP21 (ANV-COP21, un grupo que se opone a las políticas que contribuyen al cambio climático, se declara no violento y aboga por la desobediencia civil) descolgaron retratos oficiales de Emmanuel Macron en varios ayuntamientos, con el fin de «hacer visible» su exigencia de la aplicación inmediata de medidas políticas radicales en favor del medio ambiente. En pocos meses se han retirado más de un centenar de retratos.El poder reprimió duramente estas acciones, de forma inversamente proporcional a los daños causados. Las respuestas jurídicas fueron variadas, lo que provocó una sensación de incertidumbre.Estas esperadas decisiones corroboraron la táctica política y jurídica de los activistas. - En primer lugar, llevar a cabo acciones espectaculares capaces de alertar a la opinión pública; en segundo lugar, incurrir en diversas resoluciones judiciales dictadas por los tribunales inferiores, recurriendo después los activistas condenados ante el Tribunal de Casación. Por último, esperar a que la Sala de lo Penal se pronunciara sobre los recursos.Merece la pena considerar aquí los conceptos de desobediencia civil, e incluso de resistencia a la opresión, garantizados por el artículo 2 de la Declaración de los Derechos del Hombre y del Ciudadano (aunque esto no se mencionó en los recursos). ¿Debemos condenar, consentir o comprender?En 2019, des militants d'Action non violente-COP21 (ANV-COP21, groupement s’opposant aux politiques contribuant au dérèglement climatique, revendiquant sa non-violence et se réclamant de la désobéissance civile) ont décroché des portraits officiels d'Emmanuel Macron dans plusieurs mairies, afin de « visibiliser » leur revendication visant à la mise en œuvre immédiate de mesures politiques radicales en faveur de l’environnement. En quelques mois, plus d’une centaine de décrochages de portraits furent recensés.Le pouvoir en place réprima durement ces actions, de façon inversement proportionnelle au préjudice. Les réponses juridictionnelles furent d’ailleurs variées, entraînant un sentiment d’incertitude.Ces décisions, très attendues, corroboraient la tactique politico-judiciaire des militants. Opérer, dans un premier temps, des actions spectaculaires à même d’alerter l’opinion publique. Encourir, dans un second temps, une variété de décisions de justice rendues par les juges du fond, les activistes condamnés saisissant alors la Cour de cassation. Attendre enfin que la chambre criminelle statue sur les pourvois.Il convient en fait ici de s’interroger sur les notions de désobéissance civile, voire de résistance à l’oppression garantie par l’article 2 de la Déclaration des droits de l’Homme et du Citoyen (quoique ce dernier ne fut pas avancé dans les pourvois). Doit-on condamner, acquiescer ou comprendre ?Nel 2019, gli attivisti di Action non-violente-COP21 (ANV-COP21, un gruppo che si oppone alle politiche che contribuiscono al cambiamento climatico, si dichiara non violento e propugna la disobbedienza civile) hanno tolto i ritratti ufficiali di Emmanuel Macron in diversi municipi, per “rendere visibile” la loro richiesta di attuazione immediata di misure politiche radicali a favore dell'ambiente. In pochi mesi sono stati tolti più di cento ritratti.I poteri forti hanno dato un duro colpo a queste azioni, in modo inversamente proporzionale al danno arrecato. Le risposte legali sono state diverse e hanno generato un senso di incertezza.Queste decisioni tanto attese hanno confermato le tattiche politiche e legali degli attivisti. - In primo luogo, realizzare azioni spettacolari in grado di allertare l'opinione pubblica; in secondo luogo, incorrere in una serie di decisioni legali emesse dai tribunali di grado inferiore, con gli attivisti condannati che hanno poi fatto ricorso alla Corte di Cassazione. Infine, abbiamo dovuto attendere che la Divisione Penale si pronunciasse sui ricorsi.Vale la pena di riflettere sui concetti di disobbedienza civile, e persino di resistenza all'oppressione, garantiti dall'articolo 2 della Dichiarazione dei diritti dell'uomo e del cittadino (sebbene non sia stato menzionato nei ricorsi). Dovremmo condannare, acquietarci o comprendere?Em 2019, os activistas da Action non-violente-COP21 (ANV-COP21, um grupo que se opõe às políticas que contribuem para as alterações climáticas, afirma ser não-violento e defende a desobediência civil) derrubaram retratos oficiais de Emmanuel Macron em várias câmaras municipais, a fim de “tornar visível” a sua exigência de implementação imediata de medidas políticas radicais a favor do ambiente. Em poucos meses, foram retirados mais de uma centena de retratos.Os poderes públicos reprimiram duramente estas acções, de forma inversamente proporcional aos danos causados. As reacções dos tribunais foram variadas, o que provocou um sentimento de incerteza.Estas decisões, há muito esperadas, corroboram as tácticas políticas e jurídicas dos activistas. - Numa primeira fase, acções espectaculares de sensibilização da opinião pública; depois, numa segunda fase, várias decisões judiciais proferidas pelos tribunais de primeira instância, tendo os activistas condenados recorrido para o Tribunal de Cassação. Por fim, tivemos de esperar que a Divisão Penal se pronunciasse sobre os recursos.Vale a pena considerar aqui os conceitos de desobediência civil e mesmo de resistência à opressão, garantidos pelo artigo 2º da Declaração dos Direitos do Homem e do Cidadão (embora este último não tenha sido mencionado nos recursos). Devemos condenar, aceitar ou compreender?В 2019 году активисты Action non-violente-COP21 (ANV-COP21, группа, выступающая против политики, способствующей изменению климата, заявляющая о своей ненасильственной позиции и пропагандирующая гражданское неповиновение) сняли официальные портреты Эммануэля Макрона в нескольких мэриях, чтобы «сделать видимым» свое требование о немедленной реализации радикальных политических мер в интересах окружающей среды. Всего за несколько месяцев было снято более сотни портретов.Власти предержащие жестко пресекали эти акции, причем в пропорциональном отношении к нанесенному ущербу. Юридическая реакция была различной, что вызывало чувство неопределенности.Эти долгожданные решения подтвердили политическую и правовую тактику активистов. - Вначале - эффектные акции, направленные на привлечение внимания общественности; затем, во вторую очередь, различные судебные решения, вынесенные судами низшей инстанции, после чего осужденные активисты подавали апелляцию в Кассационный суд. И наконец, мы должны были дождаться решения Уголовной палаты по апелляциям.Здесь стоит задуматься о понятиях гражданского неповиновения и даже сопротивления угнетению, гарантированных статьей 2 Декларации прав человека и гражданина (хотя в апелляциях это не упоминалось). Должны ли мы осуждать, попустительствовать или понимать?2019 年，“21 世纪非暴力行动”（ANV-COP21，一个反对助长气候变化的政策、声称非暴力并倡导非暴力反抗的团体）的活动家们在多个市政厅取下了埃马纽埃尔-马克龙的官方肖像，以 “彰显 ”他们要求立即实施有利于环境的激进政治措施的诉求。短短几个月内，就有一百多幅肖像被取下。当权者对这些行动进行了严厉打击，打击力度与造成的损失成反比。法律上的反应各不相同，导致了一种不确定感。这些期待已久的决定证实了活动人士的政治和法律策略。- 首先，开展能够引起公众舆论警觉的壮观行动；其次，下级法院做出各种法律判决，被定罪的活动分子随后向最高上诉法院提出上诉。最后，我们不得不等待刑事法庭对上诉做出裁决。在此，值得思考的是《人权和公民权利宣言》第 2 条所保障的公民不服从甚至反抗压迫的概念（尽管在上诉中并未提及）。我们应该谴责、默许还是理解
Tensor Decompositions for Signal Processing: Theory, Advances, and Applications
No full textInternational audienceIn the era of big data, rapid advancements in technology and data collection methods have led to the generation and accessibility of vast amounts of multi-modal, high-dimensional data across a diverse range of disciplines. Tensor methods have emerged as essential tools in signal processing, providing powerful frameworks to model and analyze such complex data effectively. This survey offers a comprehensive overview of tensor factorization techniques and their applications in key areas. We explore their role in remote sensing, focusing on tensor-based methods for analyzing hyperspectral and multispectral images, tackling challenges such as recovering super-resolution images and addressing spectral unmixing. In wireless communication, we examine tensor methods used for signal modulation in unsourced massive random access communication, which achieve strong performance in multi-antenna channel and signal modeling. We also discuss tensor applications in network compression, where they reduce the computational demands of deep neural networks, making them more feasible for edge devices. Additionally, we highlight the use of tensor methods in high-dimensional missing data completion problems, showcasing their versatility across various domains. Furthermore, we explore applications in image analysis and computer vision, where tensors are effectively utilized for motion and object tracking, 3D modeling, analysis of satellite imaging, and medical imaging. By bridging theoretical advancements with practical applications, this survey aims to guide researchers in leveraging tensor methods to tackle emerging challenges in signal processing
Platinum and Rare Earth Elements distribution in costal sediments from French western Mediterranean Sea
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L’intégration du droit international dans l’ordre juridique interne, vecteur de reconfiguration du droit constitutionnel français
No full textInternational audienceينظم المادة 55 من الدستور سيادة المعاهدات على القانون، شريطة أن تكون قد تمت المصادقة عليها أو الموافقة عليها بشكل قانوني، ونشرها وتطبيقها بشكل متبادل. وكان الهدف الأصلي من هذه القاعدة، المستوحاة من كيلسن، هو ضمان حل بسيط للنزاعات بين القواعد الدستورية الفرعية، مع بقاء الدستور المصدر السيادي الذي يحدد مكانة المعاهدات في النظام الداخلي. وبعد أن أعلن المجلس الدستوري عدم اختصاصه بممارسة الرقابة على المعاهدات، أصبح القضاة العاديون، منذ قضية جاك فابر ونيكولو، هم الذين يرفضون القوانين غير المتوافقة مع المعاهدات. وقد أدى هذا الصعود في قوة مراقبة المطابقة للمعاهدات إلى إعادة تشكيل عميقة للصلة بين القانون الداخلي والقانون الدولي. ويستورد القضاة، لا سيما تحت تأثير الاتفاقية الأوروبية لحقوق الإنسان وقانون الاتحاد الأوروبي، معايير وأساليب تفسير - التناسبية، وفعالية سبل الانتصاف، والضمانات الإجرائية - التي تغذي الآن التفكير الدستوري. دون قلب التسلسل الهرمي للمعايير بشكل رسمي، تساهم هذه الديناميكية في تدويل القانون الدستوري الفرنسي وفي تحقيق التعددية حيث تظل الدستور في القمة، مع خضوعها لمتطلبات فوق وطنية.Artikel 55 der Verfassung legt die bedingte Vorrangstellung von Verträgen gegenüber innerstaatlichem Recht fest, sofern diese ordnungsgemäß ratifiziert oder genehmigt, veröffentlicht und gegenseitig angewendet werden. Diese von Kelsen inspirierte Regel sollte ursprünglich die einfache Lösung von Konflikten zwischen infrakonstitutionellen Normen gewährleisten, wobei die Verfassung die souveräne Quelle bleibt, die den Stellenwert von Verträgen in der innerstaatlichen Rechtsordnung bestimmt. Da sich der Verfassungsrat für unzuständig erklärt hat, die Übereinstimmung mit Verträgen zu kontrollieren, sind es seit Jacques Vabre und Nicolo die ordentlichen Richter, die unkonventionelle Gesetze außer Kraft setzen. Diese Zunahme der Macht der Konventionalitätskontrolle hat das Verhältnis zwischen innerstaatlichem Recht und Völkerrecht tiefgreifend verändert. Die Richter, insbesondere unter dem Einfluss der Europäischen Menschenrechtskonvention und des EU-Rechts, übernehmen Standards und Auslegungsmethoden – Verhältnismäßigkeit, Wirksamkeit von Rechtsbehelfen, Verfahrensgarantien –, die nun in die verfassungsrechtliche Argumentation einfließen. Ohne die Normenhierarchie formell umzustürzen, trägt diese Dynamik zur Internationalisierung des französischen Verfassungsrechts und zu einem Pluralismus bei, in dem die Verfassung an der Spitze bleibt, aber von supranationalen Anforderungen durchdrungen ist.Article 55 of the Constitution establishes the conditional supremacy of treaties over domestic law, provided that they are duly ratified or approved, published and applied reciprocally. This rule, inspired by Kelsen, was initially intended to ensure the simple resolution of conflicts between infra-constitutional norms, with the Constitution remaining the sovereign source determining the place of treaties in the domestic legal order. Since the Constitutional Council has declared itself incompetent to exercise control over conformity with treaties, it is the ordinary judges who, since Jacques Vabre and Nicolo, have been setting aside unconventional laws. This rise in the power of conventionality control has profoundly reconfigured the relationship between domestic law and international law. Judges, particularly under the influence of the European Convention on Human Rights and EU law, are importing standards and methods of interpretation — proportionality, effectiveness of remedies, procedural guarantees — which now inform constitutional reasoning. Without formally overturning the hierarchy of norms, this dynamic contributes to the internationalisation of French constitutional law and to a pluralism in which the Constitution remains at the top, while being permeated by supranational requirements.El artículo 55 de la Constitución establece la supremacía condicional de los tratados sobre la ley, siempre que sean debidamente ratificados o aprobados, publicados y aplicados de manera recíproca. Esta norma, de inspiración kelseniana, tenía inicialmente por objeto garantizar una simple resolución de los conflictos entre normas infraconstitucionales, ya que la Constitución seguía siendo la fuente soberana que determinaba el lugar de los tratados en el ordenamiento interno. Dado que el Consejo Constitucional se declaró incompetente para ejercer un control de convencionalidad, son los jueces ordinarios quienes, a partir de los casos Jacques Vabre y Nicolo, rechazan las leyes no convencionales. Este refuerzo del control de convencionalidad ha reconfigurado profundamente la articulación entre el derecho interno y el derecho internacional. Los jueces, en particular bajo la influencia del Convenio Europeo de Derechos Humanos y del Derecho de la Unión, importan normas y métodos de interpretación —proporcionalidad, eficacia de los recursos, garantías procesales— que ahora alimentan el razonamiento constitucional. Sin alterar formalmente la jerarquía de las normas, esta dinámica contribuye a una internacionalización del derecho constitucional francés y a un pluralismo en el que la Constitución sigue estando en la cima, a pesar de estar atravesada por exigencias supranacionales.L’article 55 de la Constitution organise la supériorité conditionnée des traités sur la loi, dès lors qu’ils sont régulièrement ratifiés ou approuvés, publiés et appliqués de manière réciproque. Cette règle, d’inspiration kelsénienne, visait initialement à assurer une simple résolution des conflits entre normes infra-constitutionnelles, la Constitution demeurant la source souveraine déterminant la place des traités dans l’ordre interne. Le Conseil constitutionnel s’étant déclaré incompétent pour exercer un contrôle de conventionalité, ce sont les juges ordinaires qui, depuis Jacques Vabre et Nicolo, écartent les lois inconventionnelles. Cette montée en puissance du contrôle de conventionalité a profondément reconfiguré l’articulation entre droit interne et droit international. Les juges, notamment sous l’influence de la Convention européenne des droits de l’homme et du droit de l’Union, importent des standards et méthodes d’interprétation — proportionnalité, effectivité des recours, garanties procédurales — qui irriguent désormais le raisonnement constitutionnel. Sans renverser formellement la hiérarchie des normes, cette dynamique contribue à une internationalisation du droit constitutionnel français et à un pluralisme où la Constitution reste au sommet, tout en étant traversée par des exigences supranationales.L'articolo 55 della Costituzione sancisce la supremazia condizionata dei trattati sulla legge, purché siano regolarmente ratificati o approvati, pubblicati e applicati in modo reciproco. Questa norma, di ispirazione kelseniana, mirava inizialmente a garantire una semplice risoluzione dei conflitti tra norme infra-costituzionali, poiché la Costituzione rimaneva la fonte sovrana che determinava il posto dei trattati nell'ordinamento interno. Poiché il Consiglio costituzionale si è dichiarato incompetente ad esercitare un controllo di convenzionalità, sono i giudici ordinari che, a partire da Jacques Vabre e Nicolo, respingono le leggi non convenzionali. Questo rafforzamento del controllo di convenzionalità ha profondamente riconfigurato l'articolazione tra diritto interno e diritto internazionale. I giudici, in particolare sotto l'influenza della Convenzione europea dei diritti dell'uomo e del diritto dell'Unione, importano standard e metodi di interpretazione – proporzionalità, efficacia dei ricorsi, garanzie procedurali – che ora alimentano il ragionamento costituzionale. Senza ribaltare formalmente la gerarchia delle norme, questa dinamica contribuisce a un'internazionalizzazione del diritto costituzionale francese e a un pluralismo in cui la Costituzione rimane al vertice, pur essendo attraversata da esigenze sovranazionali.O artigo 55.º da Constituição estabelece a superioridade condicional dos tratados sobre a lei, desde que sejam devidamente ratificados ou aprovados, publicados e aplicados de forma recíproca. Esta regra, de inspiração kelseniana, visava inicialmente assegurar uma simples resolução de conflitos entre normas infraconstitucionais, permanecendo a Constituição a fonte soberana que determina o lugar dos tratados na ordem interna. Tendo o Conselho Constitucional se declarado incompetente para exercer um controlo de convencionalidade, são os juízes ordinários que, desde Jacques Vabre e Nicolo, rejeitam as leis não convencionais. Este aumento do controlo da convencionalidade reconfigurou profundamente a articulação entre o direito interno e o direito internacional. Os juízes, nomeadamente sob a influência da Convenção Europeia dos Direitos Humanos e do direito da União, importam normas e métodos de interpretação — proporcionalidade, eficácia dos recursos, garantias processuais — que agora alimentam o raciocínio constitucional. Sem inverter formalmente a hierarquia das normas, esta dinâmica contribui para uma internacionalização do direito constitucional francês e para um pluralismo em que a Constituição permanece no topo, embora seja atravessada por exigências supranacionais.Статья 55 Конституции устанавливает условное превосходство международных договоров над законом, если они были должным образом ратифицированы или одобрены, опубликованы и применяются на взаимной основе. Эта норма, вдохновленная идеями Келсена, изначально была направлена на простое урегулирование конфликтов между инфраконституционными нормами, при этом Конституция оставалась высшим источником, определяющим место международных договоров во внутреннем правопорядке. Поскольку Конституционный совет заявил о своей некомпетентности в вопросах контроля за соответствием международным договорам, с момента вынесения дел Jacques Vabre и Nicolo отклонение несоответствующих международным договорам законов осуществляется обычными судьями. Это усиление контроля за соответствием конвенциям глубоко изменило взаимосвязь между внутренним правом и международным правом. Судьи, в частности под влиянием Европейской конвенции о правах человека и права Европейского союза, импортируют стандарты и методы толкования — пропорциональность, эффективность средств правовой защиты, процессуальные гарантии — которые теперь лежат в основе конституционного мышления. Не нарушая формально иерархию норм, эта динамика способствует интернационализации французского конституционного права и плюрализму, при котором Конституция остается на вершине, но при этом подвергается влиянию наднациональных требований.宪法第55条规定，条约经正式批准或核准、公布并相互适用后，即具有高于法律的效力。这条源于凯尔森思想的规则，最初旨在确保宪法以下规范之间的冲突得到简单解决，因为宪法仍是决定条约在国内秩序中地位的最高权威。宪法委员会宣布无权行使条约合规性审查权，因此自雅克·瓦布尔和尼科洛案以来，由普通法官负责废除不符合条约的法律。条约合规性审查权力的增强，深刻重塑了国内法与国际法的衔接关系。法官们，特别是受《欧洲人权公约》和欧盟法的影响，引入了比例原则、救济有效性、程序保障等解释标准和方法，这些标准和方法如今已渗透到宪法推理中。这种动态在不正式颠覆规范等级制度的前提下，推动了法国宪法的国际化进程，形成了宪法居于顶点但同时受到超国家要求影响的多元主义格局
Femtosecond Laser Irradiation of Ge-Rich Ge-Sb-Te in Thin Films and Multilayer Structures for Phase-Change Memory
No full textInternational audienceThis study demonstrates that femtosecond laser pulses can efficiently induce amorphization in Ge-rich Ge-Sb-Te (GGST) thin films and GST/GGST multilayer structures. Using cross-sectional scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM), we examined the structural evolution of undoped and compositionally stabilized GGST films under different femtosecond laser fluences. In both type of samples, a single laser pulse triggered significant structural transformations, including grain dissolution, lattice disorder, and the formation of an amorphous matrix. Two distinct transformation mechanisms were identified: thermal melting followed by rapid quenching and non-thermal bond destabilization via electronic excitation. These findings are supported by high-resolution STEM imaging, SAED patterns, and elemental mapping. Furthermore, successful amorphization was achieved in complex multi-layered architectures composed of alternating GST and GGST layers, underscoring the applicability of femtosecond laser-induced amorphization in advanced phase-change memory (PCM) structures. These results validate the feasibility of ultrafast optical amorphization in GGST single layers and GST/GGST multilayer structures, and provide critical insights for the rational design of next-generation laser-programmable phase-change materials for practical memory device applications
Characterization of the submarine disposal of a Bayer effluent (Gardanne alumina plant, southern France) IV: Consequences of the change in the effluent composition following modifications in the production process from 2016 to 2024
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Search for Magnetic Monopoles with the Complete ANTARES Dataset
No full textInternational audienceThis study presents a novel search for magnetic monopoles using data collected over a 14 year period (2008-2022) by the ANTARES neutrino telescope. The interaction of magnetic monopoles with matter was modeled according to Kazama, Yang, and Goldhaber cross-section. Upper limits on the flux of magnetic monopoles are obtained for velocities both above and below the Cherenkov threshold. No events consistent with the passage of magnetic monopoles were detected, enabling the setting of an upper flux limit for relativistic magnetic monopoles of the order of
The unexpected dewetting during growth of silicene flakes with dendritic pyramids
No full textInternational audienceSilicene growth on graphene has emerged as a novel method for fabricating silicon-based van der Waals heterostructures. However, the silicene flakes produced in this manner are the result of an exotic growth mode characterized by metastable nanostructures with varying degrees of deviation from equilibrium, with large two-dimensional flakes surrounded by a rim that coexist with small 3D islands, and, at large deposits, thick dendritic pyramids separated by a denuded zone. In order to rationalize and control this growth, a model is derived that revisits the dewetting thermodynamics and considers generally ignored adsorption and step-edge energies. The model is investigated using kinetic Monte-Carlo simulations and mean-field rate equations, and implemented by close inspection of microscopy images. This model perfectly reproduces the experimental outcomes, unveiling an anomalous growth mode, and provides guidelines on experimental conditions for high-quality silicene growth.</div