HAL Université de Toulouse, et Toulouse INP
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How to optimize the extraction of the spin angular momentum of an electromagnetic wave using resonances
No full textInternational audienceThis paper is part of an ongoing study on the manipulation of objects using microwaves. The first step consists of rotating magnetic dipoles. The aim of this article is to approach this through a transfer of Angular Momentum (AM) from a microwave to an object and thereby studying the in influence of resonances in order to increase this transfer. Theoretical approaches supported by experimental work are provided. Previous results are revisited using an AM transfer approach. A simple analytical model is developed to study the role of a resonant cavity. This leads to the experimental spinning of a centimetric non-resonant copper ring in an electromagnetic resonant cavity, achieving several rotations within a few tens of seconds. The limitations and prospects of these results are discussed
The limitations of a standard phase-field model in reproducing jointing in sedimentary rock layers
No full textInternational audienceGeological applications of phase-field methods for fracture are notably scarce. This work conducts a numerical examination of the applicability of standard phase-field models in reproducing jointing within sedimentary layers. We explore how the volumetric-deviatoric split alongside the AT1 and AT2 phase-field formulations have several advantages in simulating jointing, but also have intrinsic limitations that prevent a reliable quantitative analysis of rock fracture. The formulations qualitatively reproduce the process of joint saturation, along with the negative correlation between joint spacing and the height of the sedimentary layer. However, in quantitative comparison to alternative numerical methods and outcrop observations, the phase-field method overestimates joint spacings by a factor of 2 and induces unrealistic compressive fractures in the AT1 model, alongside premature shearing at layer interfaces for the AT2 model. The causes are identified to be intrinsic to the phase-field lengthscale and the unsuitable strength envelope arising from the Volumetric-Deviatoric split. Finally, our analysis elucidates on the phase-field lengthscale's distortion of the stress field around dilating fractures, causing the sedimentary layer to reach joint saturation prematurely, thereby stopping the nucleation of new fractures and leading to larger joint spacings than in natural examples. Decreasing the lengthscale results in gradual improvement but becomes prohibitively computationally expensive for very small lengthscales such that the limit of "natural" behavior was not reached in this study. Overall, our results motivate the development of constitutive phase-field models that are more suitable for geological applications and their benchmarking against geological observations
ConSim: Measuring Concept-Based Explanations’ Effectiveness with Automated Simulatability
No full textInternational audienceConcept-based explanations work by mapping complex model computations to human-understandable concepts. Evaluating such explanations is very difficult, as it includes not only the quality of the induced space of possible concepts but also how effectively the chosen concepts are communicated to users. Existing evaluation metrics often focus solely on the former, neglecting the latter. We introduce an evaluation framework for measuring concept explanations via automated simulatability: a simulator's ability to predict the explained model's outputs based on the provided explanations. This approach accounts for both the concept space and its interpretation in an end-to-end evaluation. Human studies for simulatability are notoriously difficult to enact, particularly at the scale of a wide, comprehensive empirical evaluation (which is the subject of this work). We propose using large language models (LLMs) as simulators to approximate the evaluation and report various analyses to make such approximations reliable. Our method allows for scalable and consistent evaluation across various models and datasets. We report a comprehensive empirical evaluation using this framework and show that LLMs provide consistent rankings of explanation methods. Code available at https://github.com/AnonymousConSim/ConSim
The mineralogical composition of Jezero Crater Western Fan: Multigaussian modeling of Perseverance/SuperCam near-infrared observations and overview of major units
No full textInternational audienceThe analysis of the mineralogical composition of rocks within the Jezero crater, Mars, enables the reconstruction of the aqueous activity history of the site, formed during the planet’s early epochs. Numerous secondary minerals resulting from aqueous alteration, as well as some primary minerals, are observable through near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy, as performed by the IRS/SuperCam instrument onboard the Perseverance rover. The characterization of these minerals, their distribution within geological units, as well as the composition of their assemblages, is crucial for deciphering the chemical, climatic, and geological history of the Jezero crater. In order to systematically study the growing number of IR spectra collected by the instrument, we have developed an automated method for extracting the characteristics of absorption bands, based on their modeling using a combination of Gaussian curves (MultiGM). The application of this method to the entire IRS dataset reveals a significant diversity of minerals distributed throughout the rover traverse, with a near-systematic presence of phyllosilicates in bedrocks, as well as increasingly frequent occurrences of carbonates on the delta, particularly within the Margin unit. These carbonates exhibit variable 2.5 m band positions attributed to different Fe and Mg compositions. The delta front presents the sole unit generally enriched in Fe/Mg sulfates (Yori Pass/Hogwallow Flats) accompanied by occurrences of bassanite (hydrated CaSO4), whereas the presence of sulfates in other delta units and the crater floor is more sporadic and corresponds to fracture/vesicle fills. Finally, almost all the rocks analyzed with IRS/SuperCam are notably dominated by phyllosilicates signatures (Fe/Mg-smectites, serpentine), excepted for a few outcrops caping the Delta. This phyllosilicate presence witnesses the extended surficial (smectites) and hydrothermal (serpentine) aqueous alteration of Jezero’s rocks, either in situ or carried from the watershed
An Adaptive Orthogonal Convolution Scheme for Efficient and Flexible CNN Architectures
No full textInternational audienceOrthogonal convolutional layers are valuable components in multiple areas of machine learning, such as adversarial robustness, normalizing flows, GANs, and Lipschitz-constrained models. Their ability to preserve norms and ensure stable gradient propagation makes them valuable for a large range of problems. Despite their promise, the deployment of orthogonal convolution in large-scale applications is a significant challenge due to computational overhead and limited support for modern features like strides, dilations, group convolutions, and transposed convolutions. In this paper, we introduce AOC (Adaptative Orthogonal Convolution), a scalable method that extends a previous method (BCOP), effectively overcoming existing limitations in the construction of orthogonal convolutions. This advancement unlocks the construction of architectures that were previously considered impractical. We demonstrate through our experiments that our method produces expressive models that become increasingly efficient as they scale. To foster further advancement, we provide an open-source python package implementing this method, called Orthogonium ( https://github.com/deel-ai/orthogonium )
Ovarian Cancer in Women with Intellectual Disability: Current Data
No full textInternational audienceObjective: We evaluate ovarian cancer (OC) in women with intellectual disability (ID). Methods: We reviewed the literature and added personal observations. The literature search included data from epidemiological studies on cancer incidence and mortality, institutional experiences, and case reports. We also used data from the Hérault Tumor Registry (HTR) in southern France. Results: A total of 72 articles met the inclusion criteria, which included 41 cases of OC. The review yielded 29 (74%) germ cell tumors, mainly in girls and young women, and only 4 (10%) ovarian carcinomas, all in adult women. In contrast, the HTR contained six cases of OC and one borderline tumor in adult women with ID aged > 45 years, but no cancer in children and adolescents with ID. These OC cases in adults were discovered at an advanced stage. We found that symptoms revealing OC in women with ID do not differ from those in the general population. However, diagnosis is more complicated in women with ID because they do not communicate easily and may express pain and unease in an unusual way, often through behavioral changes. Conclusion: OC could be as frequent in women with ID as in the general population and discovered at a late stage. The literature review indicates that girls and adolescents with ID develop mainly germ cell OC, and few carcinomas have been reported in women with ID. In contrast, the HTR was similar to the general population, with carcinomas in women with ID and no OC in children with ID
Mapping the gene regulatory landscape of archaic hominin introgression in modern Papuans
No full textInterbreeding between anatomically modern humans and archaic hominins has contributed to the genomes of present-day human populations. However, our understanding of the specific gene regulatory consequences of Neanderthal, and particularly, Denisovan introgression is limited. Here, we used a massively parallel reporter assay to investigate the regulatory effects of 25,869 high-confidence introgressed SNPs segregating in present-day individuals of Papuan genetic ancestry in immune cell types. Overall, 8.22% of Denisovan and 8.58% of Neanderthal sequences showed active regulatory activity, and 9.22% of these displayed differential activity between alleles. We examined the properties of active and differentially active sequences, and found no impact of introgressed allele frequency on the probability of activity, but do observe an association with distance to the nearest transcription start site. Differential activity was also associated with differential transcription factor binding. Genes predicted to be regulated by differentially active sequences included IFIH1 and TNFAIP3, key immune genes and known examples of archaic introgression. Overall, this work provides insight into the regulatory activity of archaic variants in Papuan populations and, more broadly, the contribution of archaic introgression in shaping modern human genetic diversity
8e Atelier "Apprentissage de la pensée informatique de la maternelle à l'Université (APIMU 1000)" @ EIAH 2025
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QCNN-ID: A Quantum-Classical Hybrid Model for IoT Intrusion Detection
No full textInternational audienceSecurity threats in Internet of Things (IoT) networks, especially in smart cities, are currently increasing due to the fast spread of IoT devices, which highlights the need for reliable intrusion detection systems. Classical machine learning models, such as convolutional neural networks (CNNs), were effectively utilized for detecting intrusions. However, they encountered scalability challenges. In this paper, a hybrid quantum CNN-based intrusion detection system is proposed for securing IoT in smart cities (IoTSMC) networks. The introduced model integrates the computational capacity of quantum computing into the CNN architecture to optimize the feature extraction and classification process, for a better detection accuracy. Compared with standard CNN models using reliable IoT attack datasets, Quantum Convolutional Neural Network (QCNN) gives better efficiency in terms of accuracy, precision, recall, and computational efficiency. These findings indicate the potential of using QCNN in detecting IoT cybersecurity threats