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Investigation of one-column and pressure-swing distillation of ethanol-water mixture
No full textIn this study, the separation of ethanol-water mixture was investigated using the Unisim Design® simulation software with the NRTL activity coefficient model. Two different constructions were investigated: a single high-pressure distillation column (traditional process) and a pressure-swing distillation (PSD) system. It is a relatively difficult separation procedure, because the components make a non-ideal, azeotropic mixture. With the one-column, traditional system the maximum reachable ethanol concentration in the product is equal with the azeotropic value. With the pressure-swing distillation (PSD) system higher ethanol concentration could be achievable in the product, however it has disadvantages (for example the higher costs). During this study the reachable bottom product ethanol concentration is 93 mole%. Some sensitivity analysis was made: the increasing pressure in the second column improves the ethanol mass flow and reduces energy demand in heat exchangers. These results show that pressure-swing distillation is a more efficient alternative technique for ethanol purification over the azeotropic composition in the viewpoint of energy demand in the condensers and reboilers and in the viewpoint of ethanol mass flow in the product.In this study, the separation of ethanol-water mixture was investigated using the Unisim Design® simulation software with the NRTL activity coefficient model. Two different constructions were investigated: a single high-pressure distillation column (traditional process) and a pressure-swing distillation (PSD) system. It is a relatively difficult separation procedure, because the components make a non-ideal, azeotropic mixture. With the one-column, traditional system the maximum reachable ethanol concentration in the product is equal with the azeotropic value. With the pressure-swing distillation (PSD) system higher ethanol concentration could be achievable in the product, however it has disadvantages (for example the higher costs). During this study the reachable bottom product ethanol concentration is 93 mole%. Some sensitivity analysis was made: the increasing pressure in the second column improves the ethanol mass flow and reduces energy demand in heat exchangers. These results show that pressure-swing distillation is a more efficient alternative technique for ethanol purification over the azeotropic composition in the viewpoint of energy demand in the condensers and reboilers and in the viewpoint of ethanol mass flow in the product
Közigazgatási hatóság a közcélú beruházások szerződései végrehajtásának nyomon követésében: összehasonlító tanulmány a szíriai jog és a FIDIC-rendszer között
No full textThis study explores the administrative authority in monitoring the implementation of public works contracts, focusing on a comparative analysis between Syrian law and the FIDIC (International Federation of Consulting Engineers) system, with reference to Hungarian law. Public works contracts are crucial for infrastructure development and sustainable growth, necessitating stringent oversight to ensure compliance with contractual terms and specifications. The research highlights administrative authorities’ dual role in supervising and directing contract execution. It underscores the importance of legal and technical mechanisms in achieving quality, efficiency, and effectiveness in public works projects.Ez a tanulmány feltárja a közigazgatási hatóság szerepét az építési beruházási szerződések végrehajtásának nyomon követésében, a szíriai jog és a FIDIC (Tanácsadó Mérnökök Nemzetközi Szövetsége) rendszerének összehasonlító elemzésére összpontosítva. Az építési beruházásra irányuló közbeszerzési szerződések kulcsszerepet játszanak az infrastruktúra fejlesztésében és a fenntartható növekedés előmozdításában, ezért szigorú közigazgatásifelügyeletre van szükség a szerződéses feltételeknek és a jogszabályoknak való megfelelés biztosítása érdekében. A kutatás rávilágít a közigazgatási hatóságok kettős szerepére a szerződések végrehajtásának ellenőrzésében és irányításában, valamint hangsúlyozza a jogi és műszaki mechanizmusok fontosságát az állami beruházási projektek minőségének, hatékonyságának és eredményességének biztosításában
The European Convention on Human Rights – The Protection of Human Rights under the ECHR in Central and South East Europe: North Macedonia
No full textRegulating human rights and their protection in North Macedonia’s legal system has an important historic dimension, accounting for the historic continuum of the constitutional and legal human rights framework in the country from 1946 to date. The Socialist Republic of Macedonia, as part of the former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY), was a signatory to the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) since 26 January 1965. Although the Macedonian legal system, from 1946 until the start of the democratic transition process in 1990-1991, was considered a part of the socialist systems, Macedonian citizens had constitutional, legal and institutional protection of human rights and freedoms. However, the formal existence of the legislation did not achieve the protection of human rights as a final goal. Hence, in this chapter, several key issues related to the protection of human rights in the Macedonian state will be analysed and elaborated, such as the contextual introduction of the historical development of human rights in the country, the relationship between the Macedonian state and the Council of Europe (CoE) from a human rights perspective, the CoE human rights conventions to which North Macedonia is a State Party, elaboration on the national implementation (the process and time of accession/succession /ratification) of the ECHR, how human rights protection obligations deriving from the ECHR are reflected in the constitution and/or other major acts of the country and the major law-making processes that took place in the country due to the ECHR. The chapter includes several landmark cases of North Macedonia before the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR), elaborated in detail.Regulating human rights and their protection in North Macedonia’s legal system has an important historic dimension, accounting for the historic continuum of the constitutional and legal human rights framework in the country from 1946 to date. The Socialist Republic of Macedonia, as part of the former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY), was a signatory to the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) since 26 January 1965. Although the Macedonian legal system, from 1946 until the start of the democratic transition process in 1990-1991, was considered a part of the socialist systems, Macedonian citizens had constitutional, legal and institutional protection of human rights and freedoms. However, the formal existence of the legislation did not achieve the protection of human rights as a final goal. Hence, in this chapter, several key issues related to the protection of human rights in the Macedonian state will be analysed and elaborated, such as the contextual introduction of the historical development of human rights in the country, the relationship between the Macedonian state and the Council of Europe (CoE) from a human rights perspective, the CoE human rights conventions to which North Macedonia is a State Party, elaboration on the national implementation (the process and time of accession/succession /ratification) of the ECHR, how human rights protection obligations deriving from the ECHR are reflected in the constitution and/or other major acts of the country and the major law-making processes that took place in the country due to the ECHR. The chapter includes several landmark cases of North Macedonia before the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR), elaborated in detail.Regulating human rights and their protection in North Macedonia’s legal system has an important historic dimension, accounting for the historic continuum of the constitutional and legal human rights framework in the country from 1946 to date. The Socialist Republic of Macedonia, as part of the former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY), was a signatory to the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) since 26 January 1965. Although the Macedonian legal system, from 1946 until the start of the democratic transition process in 1990-1991, was considered a part of the socialist systems, Macedonian citizens had constitutional, legal and institutional protection of human rights and freedoms. However, the formal existence of the legislation did not achieve the protection of human rights as a final goal. Hence, in this chapter, several key issues related to the protection of human rights in the Macedonian state will be analysed and elaborated, such as the contextual introduction of the historical development of human rights in the country, the relationship between the Macedonian state and the Council of Europe (CoE) from a human rights perspective, the CoE human rights conventions to which North Macedonia is a State Party, elaboration on the national implementation (the process and time of accession/succession /ratification) of the ECHR, how human rights protection obligations deriving from the ECHR are reflected in the constitution and/or other major acts of the country and the major law-making processes that took place in the country due to the ECHR. The chapter includes several landmark cases of North Macedonia before the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR), elaborated in detail
A gondossági kötelem megszegésének és a kárfelelősségnek a jogi problematikája a kivitelezés ellenőrzése körében
No full textEnsuring that structures, including buildings, are constructed to an appropriate standard (safety, aesthetics, sustainability, etc.) is a complex task that requires the work of professionals who perform management and inspection tasks, as well as the building authorities. On the client side of construction projects, there are several professionals who perform inspections, including the technical inspector and the design supervisor. This study describes and distinguishes between the activities of technical inspectors and design supervisors, then briefly discusses breaches of the duty of care and the problems associated with them, as well as the issue of liability for damages caused by breach of contract.Az építmények, köztük az épületek megfelelő színvonalú (biztonság, esztétika, fenntarthatóság, stb.) kivitelezésének biztosítása komplex feladat, irányítást, továbbá ellenőrzést végző szakemberek és az építésügyi hatóságok munkája is szükséges hozzá. Az építőipari kivitelezések megrendelői oldalán, a jogszabályváltozások következtében tehát több ellenőrzést végző szakember jelenik meg, a műszaki ellenőr(ök) és a tervezői művezető. A jelen tanulmány elsőként ismerteti és elhatárolja egymástól a műszaki ellenőri tevékenységet és a tervezői művezetői tevékenységet, majd röviden foglalkozik a gondossági kötelem megszegésével, és az ebből fakadó kárért való felelősség kérdésével
Az értékállandóság és annak érvényesülése a modern magyar magánjogban
No full textThe aim of this study is to explore the role of value stability and its practical application in contractual relationships. Starting from the three dogmatic categories of value balance, value proportionality, and value stability, the author examines the possibilities of maintaining value proportionality and restoring disrupted value balance, supported by historical and current legal examples.A tanulmány célja az értékállandóság szerepének és a szerződéses jogviszonyokban való gyakorlati érvényesülésének feltárása. A szerző az értékegyensúly, értékarányosság és értékállandóság hármas dogmatikai kategóriájából kiindulva történeti és aktuális jogszabályi példákkal alátámasztva vizsgálja az értékarányosság fenntartásának, illetőleg a megbomlott értékegyensúly helyreállításának lehetőségeit
A megbízási szerződés és az ingatlanközvetítési szerződés kapcsolata az Európai Bíróság ítélkezési gyakorlatában
No full textIn a judgment delivered in December 2015, the Court of Justice of the European Union holded that the so-called Brussels I regulation be interpreted as meaning that it may be applied to a contract concluded between a consumer and a professional which on its own does not come within the scope of the commercial or professional activity ‘directed’ by that professional ‘to’ the Member State of the consumer’s domicile, but which is closely linked to a contract concluded beforehand by those same parties in the context of such an activity. It is for the national court to determine whether the constituent elements of that link are present.Egy 2015 decemberében kihirdetett ítéletében az Európai Unió Bírósága megállapította, hogy az ún. Brüsszel I. rendeletet akként kell értelmezni, hogy az alkalmazható egy fogyasztó és egy szakmai tevékenységet folytató személy között létrejött olyan szerződés tekintetében, amely nem tartozik az e szakmai tevékenységet folytató személynek a fogyasztó lakóhelye szerinti „tagállamra irányuló” kereskedelmi vagy szakmai tevékenysége körébe, ám szoros összefüggést mutat az ugyanezen felek által e tevékenység keretében korábban kötött szerződéssel. A határozat megerősítette azt is, hogy a nemzeti bíróság feladata annak vizsgálata, hogy együttesen fennállnak‑e az ezen összefüggést létrehozó tényezők
Navigating Adoption of Financial Derivatives: Dynamics of Complexity and Regulatory System
No full textThis study examines the intention of financial institutions to adopt financial derivatives in less developed markets. Integrating key innovation attributes, complexity and regulatory system as a moderator. The theoretical framework uses complexity theory and financial innovation theory to provide a robust explanation of adoption behaviour. Data were collected from 142 financial institutions in Tanzania. Using Structural Equation Modelling (SEM).
The results demonstrate that complexity and the responsive regulatory system significantly influence the intention to adopt financial derivatives, and the regulatory system significantly moderated the adverse effect of complexity. Theoretically, this study contributes to the financial innovation literature by integrating complexity theory in adoption models, offering empirical validation in a developing market context. These findings provide practical insights for derivative designers, financial educators, and regulatory authorities
Position control of permanent magnet DC motor
No full textThis paper presents a study of a DC motor position control system, a critical component in many industrial applications. A detailed mathematical model is developed to represent the motor's dynamics. Three advanced control strategies, namely Linear Quadratic Regulator (LQR), Linear Quadratic Integral (LQI), and Model Predictive Control (MPC), are designed and implemented to control the motor position. An open-loop simulation is conducted to verify the DC motor model. The performance of these controllers is evaluated and compared through closed-loop step response and closed-loop ramp response scenarios. The comparison is based on several matrices, such as the rise time, settling time, and overshoot. The simulation results showed that the LQR has the fastest response, but the MPC is the most energy efficient
Ergonomics of PET bottles
No full textThe article analyses the basic functions of standard-sized PET bottles from an ergonomic perspective. Accordingly, it analyses the storage, closing, opening, sealing, emptying, stability, gripping and information transfer functions from the user's perspective. It shows good and bad practices
Testing and comparing the performance of numerical methods for the heat conduction equation partial differential equation
Get PDFThis research collected 12 numerical algorithms that solve the transient diffusion equation with Dirichlet boundary conditions in one space dimension. Some of these methods are explicit and unconditionally stable simultaneously. A nontrivial analytical solution, recently obtained by a self-similar Ansatz, served as the reference solution. The errors were calculated and plotted as a function of the time step size and execution times. The conclusion is that there are explicit and stable methods that provide acceptable results faster than the traditional Runge-Kutta style methods.This research collected 12 numerical algorithms that solve the transient diffusion equation with Dirichlet boundary conditions in one space dimension. Some of these methods are explicit and unconditionally stable simultaneously. A nontrivial analytical solution, recently obtained by a self-similar Ansatz, served as the reference solution. The errors were calculated and plotted as a function of the time step size and execution times. The conclusion is that there are explicit and stable methods that provide acceptable results faster than the traditional Runge-Kutta style methods