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A Short Review on Ethological Behavior Modelling Techniques
Get PDFEthological behavior modeling techniques offer a structured framework for analyzing and comparing animal behaviors by identifying patterns within specific environmental contexts. These models have gained increasing prominence in robotics due to their potential to address challenges in human-machine interaction and enable autonomous systems to function effectively in complex, real-world settings. By mimicking animal responses to dynamic stimuli, ethologically inspired models enhance the adaptability and responsiveness of robotic systems. This paper reviews key ethological behavioral models, including those proposed by Tinbergen, Lorenz, and Gerard Baerends, with particular emphasis on two contemporary methodologies: knowledge-based ethologically influenced behavioral design and situated action-based behavior. These approaches highlight the importance of environmental adaptability and iterative refinement, illustrating the benefits of interdisciplinary collaboration between ethology and information sciences.Ethological behavior modeling techniques offer a structured framework for analyzing and comparing animal behaviors by identifying patterns within specific environmental contexts. These models have gained increasing prominence in robotics due to their potential to address challenges in human-machine interaction and enable autonomous systems to function effectively in complex, real-world settings. By mimicking animal responses to dynamic stimuli, ethologically inspired models enhance the adaptability and responsiveness of robotic systems. This paper reviews key ethological behavioral models, including those proposed by Tinbergen, Lorenz, and Gerard Baerends, with particular emphasis on two contemporary methodologies: knowledge-based ethologically influenced behavioral design and situated action-based behavior. These approaches highlight the importance of environmental adaptability and iterative refinement, illustrating the benefits of interdisciplinary collaboration between ethology and information sciences
Navigating Intercultural Market Entry Between Ghana and Hungary: A CAGE Distance Model Approach
Get PDFThis study explores intercultural marketing strategies between Ghana and Hungary through the application of the CAGE Distance Model, which categorizes international differences into four dimensions: cultural, administrative, geographic, and economic. The study addresses a significant gap in the literature, as most empirical applications of the CAGE framework focus on Western or Asian contexts, leaving Africa–Eastern Europe business relationships largely unexplored. Key findings reveal that cultural differences shape branding and communication, administrative inconsistencies affect compliance and entry modes, geographic barriers hinder logistics, and economic disparities influence pricing and segmentation. The model proves effective in identifying strategic challenges and guiding internationalisation decisions. The conclusions confirm that distance dimensions significantly impact marketing strategies and that the model is adaptable across emerging and developed markets. Recommendations urge multinational enterprises to conduct in-depth market research, invest in cultural training, and leverage digital tools to overcome barriers
Mechanochemically synthesized ternary chalcogenide CuInSe2/TiO2 nanocomposite for solar cell applications: ONLINE FIRST (pre-proof)
No full textIn this paper, the simple mechanochemical synthesis of CuInSe2/TiO2 nanocomposite is described. CuInSe2/TiO2 nanocomposite was characterized from the crystal structure, microstructural, morphology, surface, optical, and optoelectrical properties viewpoints. X-ray diffraction has confirmed the nanocrystalline character of all components of the nanocomposite, the crystallite size for CuInSe2 (18 nm) being larger than in the case of both TiO2 phases (5 and 8 nm for rutile and anatase, respectively). Raman spectroscopy confirmed the presence of both components in the synthesized nanocomposite. SEM has shown that the nanoparticles are agglomerated into larger grains. High-resolution XPS analysis confirmed the presence of all elements with their expected oxidation states. The measured optical properties using UV-Vis spectroscopy exhibit stronger absorption from the ultraviolet to visible region with the determined optical bandgap 1.3 eV for mechanochemically synthesized CuInSe2/TiO2 nanocomposite. The photocurrent increased by 57% in CuInSe2/TiO2 nanocomposite compared to CuInSe2 under illumination in comparison with that in the dark state
Banki fogyasztóvédelem Magyarországon
Get PDFIn this paper I will give an overview of the Hungarian rules on consumer protection in banking. After definitions, I will present the Hungarian history of financial consumer protection. I examine the institutional system on the one hand and the history of the regulation protecting financial consumers on the other. The current regulation is presented in terms of the instruments of the Hungarian National Bank, followed by an analysis of the tasks of banks, both in terms of passive and active products, and from the perspective of customer protection. Finally, I draw attention to the new challenges.E tanulmányomban a banki fogyasztóvédelem magyar szabályairól adok egy áttekintést. A fogalommeghatározások után a pénzügyi fogyasztóvédelem magyar történetét mutatom be. Vizsgálom egyrészt az intézményrendszert, másrészt a pénzügyi fogyasztókat védő szabályozás történetét. A hatályos szabályozást a Magyar Nemzeti Bank eszközei alapján mutatom be, majd elemzem a bankok feladatait, mind a passzív, mind az aktív termékektekintetében, valamint az ügyfélvédelem szempontjából. Végül felhívom a figyelmet az új kihívásokra
The Best Interest Principle in the Context of Assisted Reproduction Legislation
Get PDFThis article explores the application of the best interest of the child principle within the context of Assisted Reproductive Technologies (ART). While the principle is well-established in international family law, the rapid advancements in ART - encompassing practices such as in vitro fertilization (IVF), surrogacy, and genetic screening - raise new legal, ethical, and social questions. The article examines how traditional interpretations of the best interest principle must evolve to address the rights and welfare of unborn and intended children conceived through ART. It further investigates the complex relationships between prospective parents, surrogate mothers, donors, and children, and how legal frameworks should adapt to prioritize the welfare of children in ART arrangements. Adopting a multidisciplinary lens that incorporates law, ethics, medicine, and cultural perspectives, this inquiry argues that safeguarding the welfare of children conceived through ART requires a shift from adult-centric regulation to genuinely child-focused policies. It concludes that the future of reproductive law depends on legal frameworks capable of balancing scientific innovation with an uncompromising commitment to the dignity, identity, and well-being of every child—long before birth and throughout their lives.This article explores the application of the best interest of the child principle within the context of Assisted Reproductive Technologies (ART). While the principle is well-established in international family law, the rapid advancements in ART - encompassing practices such as in vitro fertilization (IVF), surrogacy, and genetic screening - raise new legal, ethical, and social questions. The article examines how traditional interpretations of the best interest principle must evolve to address the rights and welfare of unborn and intended children conceived through ART. It further investigates the complex relationships between prospective parents, surrogate mothers, donors, and children, and how legal frameworks should adapt to prioritize the welfare of children in ART arrangements. Adopting a multidisciplinary lens that incorporates law, ethics, medicine, and cultural perspectives, this inquiry argues that safeguarding the welfare of children conceived through ART requires a shift from adult-centric regulation to genuinely child-focused policies. It concludes that the future of reproductive law depends on legal frameworks capable of balancing scientific innovation with an uncompromising commitment to the dignity, identity, and well-being of every child—long before birth and throughout their lives.This article explores the application of the best interest of the child principle within the context of Assisted Reproductive Technologies (ART). While the principle is well-established in international family law, the rapid advancements in ART - encompassing practices such as in vitro fertilization (IVF), surrogacy, and genetic screening - raise new legal, ethical, and social questions. The article examines how traditional interpretations of the best interest principle must evolve to address the rights and welfare of unborn and intended children conceived through ART. It further investigates the complex relationships between prospective parents, surrogate mothers, donors, and children, and how legal frameworks should adapt to prioritize the welfare of children in ART arrangements. Adopting a multidisciplinary lens that incorporates law, ethics, medicine, and cultural perspectives, this inquiry argues that safeguarding the welfare of children conceived through ART requires a shift from adult-centric regulation to genuinely child-focused policies. It concludes that the future of reproductive law depends on legal frameworks capable of balancing scientific innovation with an uncompromising commitment to the dignity, identity, and well-being of every child—long before birth and throughout their lives
The status rights of the child and the search for a new paradigm of parenthood in Czechia
Get PDFThe traditional concept of the status rights of a child, which is based on the concept of natural law that the mother of the child is the woman who gave birth to the child and the father is the man determined by the time-honoured presumption of paternity, has been disturbed in recent years. Many States are now faced with requests from their citizens to register a foreign-born child, particularly through surrogacy. These often involve not only married or unmarried couples, both heterosexual and homosexual, but also individuals. Assisted reproduction, and the “reproductive tourism” frequently associated with it, is a challenge, not only for the “conservative legislator” but also for the “old-world registrar” recording the birth of a child in the public registers, or for the “rigid judge” deciding on the recognition of a foreign public document when the registry office “sticks to” the old order. However, it encompasses not just the controversial issue of assisted reproduction, or surrogacy, but much more: a fresh perspective on family law, family life, parenthood, human rights – including the rights of the child, or the best interests of the child – in the context of public policy, or public order.The traditional concept of the status rights of a child, which is based on the concept of natural law that the mother of the child is the woman who gave birth to the child and the father is the man determined by the time-honoured presumption of paternity, has been disturbed in recent years. Many States are now faced with requests from their citizens to register a foreign-born child, particularly through surrogacy. These often involve not only married or unmarried couples, both heterosexual and homosexual, but also individuals. Assisted reproduction, and the “reproductive tourism” frequently associated with it, is a challenge, not only for the “conservative legislator” but also for the “old-world registrar” recording the birth of a child in the public registers, or for the “rigid judge” deciding on the recognition of a foreign public document when the registry office “sticks to” the old order. However, it encompasses not just the controversial issue of assisted reproduction, or surrogacy, but much more: a fresh perspective on family law, family life, parenthood, human rights – including the rights of the child, or the best interests of the child – in the context of public policy, or public order.The traditional concept of the status rights of a child, which is based on the concept of natural law that the mother of the child is the woman who gave birth to the child and the father is the man determined by the time-honoured presumption of paternity, has been disturbed in recent years. Many States are now faced with requests from their citizens to register a foreign-born child, particularly through surrogacy. These often involve not only married or unmarried couples, both heterosexual and homosexual, but also individuals. Assisted reproduction, and the “reproductive tourism” frequently associated with it, is a challenge, not only for the “conservative legislator” but also for the “old-world registrar” recording the birth of a child in the public registers, or for the “rigid judge” deciding on the recognition of a foreign public document when the registry office “sticks to” the old order. However, it encompasses not just the controversial issue of assisted reproduction, or surrogacy, but much more: a fresh perspective on family law, family life, parenthood, human rights – including the rights of the child, or the best interests of the child – in the context of public policy, or public order
Új megközelítések az írásbeli jognyilatkozatok és azok érvényessége kapcsán – Az okirat nyelvét nem értő személy jognyilatkozata
Get PDFThis article examines the formal requirements for paper and electronic declarations and the legal consequences of their breach. The timeliness of the topic is reflected in the fact that, on the one hand, the provisions of the Civil Code and Act CCXXII of 2015 on the General Rules of Electronic Administration and Trust Services have been amended with effect from 1 January 2024, and, on the other hand, in the last two years, different interpretations have been emerging in the higher court practice regarding the formality of legal declarations made electronically, as well as the written declarations made by persons who do not understand the language of the declaration and the legal consequences of the breach of formality. The author provides interpretative considerations for the new legislation and the findings of the case law, including specific issues relating to written declarations in financial services.A jelen írás a papíralapú és az elektronikus úton megtett jognyilatkozatok alakisági követelményeit, és azok megsértésének jogkövetkezményeit vizsgálja. A téma időszerűsége abban mutatkozik meg, hogy egyrészt 2024. január 1-jei hatálybalépéssel módosultak a Ptk. és az elektronikus ügyintézés és a bizalmi szolgáltatások általános szabályairól szóló 2015. évi CCXXII. törvény rendelkezései, másrészt az utóbbi két évben a felsőbb bírósági gyakorlatban is eltérő értelmezés körvonalazódik az elektronikus úton megtehető jognyilatkozatok alakiságára vonatkozóan, továbbá a jognyilatkozat nyelvét nem értő személyek által tehető írásbeli nyilatkozatok, és az alakiság megsértésének jogkövetkezményei kapcsán. A szerző az új jogi szabályozáshoz és a judikatúra megállapításaihoz nyújt értelmezési szempontokat, kitérve a pénzügyi szolgáltatásokat érintő írásbeli nyilatkozatokkal kapcsolatos speciális kérdésekre is. 
A munkavállalói szabadság magyarországi szabályozása az Európai Uniós célok tükrében
Get PDFIn today's fast-paced corporate environment, a paradigm shift can be observed, organizations increasingly realize that the key to success is a happy, innovative and flexible workforce. The European Union objective is to increase the number of jobs and the importance of "well-being" at work, in order to realize lifelong learning and work as a treatment for population aging. The focus of this study is on the application, validation and practical implementation of paid leave within the framework of the employment relationship. The aim of the comprehensive analysis is to point out the differences between the current legal environment and everyday practice, which may be an obstacle to the paradigm shift and the realization of the European Union's goals.A mai felgyorsult vállalati környezetben paradigmaváltás figyelhető meg, a szervezetek egyre jobban felismerik, hogy a siker kulcsa a boldog, innovatív, rugalmas munkaerő. Európai Uniós célkitűzés a munkahelyek számának növelése és a munkahelyi jól-lét „well-being” fontossága, annak érdekében, hogy megvalósuljon az élethosszig tartó tanulás és munkavégzés a népességöregedés kezeléseként. Jelen tanulmány középpontjában a munkavégzés alóli mentesülés esetei közül a fizetett szabadság igénylése, érvényesítése és gyakorlati megvalósulása áll a munkajogviszony keretein belül. Az átfogó elemzés célja, hogy rámutasson a hatályos jogszabályi környezet és a mindennapi gyakorlat különbségeire, mely akadályát képezheti a paradigmaváltásnak és az európai uniós célok megvalósulásának
Fizikai egészség és jóllétérzés 1-es típusú cukorbeteg gyermekeknél és serdülőknél
Get PDFThe primary goal of treating type 1 diabetes in children and adolescents is to optimize metabolic control and improve long-term quality of life. The aim of the study is to evaluate the physical health and well-being of children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes and compare them to their healthy peers. An additional aim of the study is to identify factors influencing glycemic control. Anthropometric characteristics, physical activity, cardiorespiratory fitness, and health-related quality of life were assessed in 236 children aged 8-18, of whom 106 had type 1 diabetes (50% boys). Quality of life was measured using the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory general module, while cardiorespiratory fitness was determined based on maximum oxygen consumption from the 20-meter progressive shuttle run test. Physical activity levels were assessed via questionnaire. There was no significant difference in body composition (skinfold thickness and BMI z-score) between children and adolescents with and without diabetes. The two groups were also similar in terms of physical activity level and overall quality of life. However, children with diabetes exhibited poorer cardiorespiratory fitness compared to the control group. Among the factors influencing glycemic control, only maximum oxygen consumption proved to be a significant explanatory factor. Children with diabetes live a quality of life similar to that of their healthy peers. Despite no differences in body composition and physical activity levels, their VO2max indicated poorer cardiorespiratory fitness. Physical fitness was a determinant of glycemic control in children with diabetes. Regular aerobic exercise is an effective intervention for achieving and maintaining optimal glycemic control, thereby improving the clinical condition of patients.
Keywords: adolescents, children, glycemic control, health-related quality of life, physical activity, physical fitness, type 1 diabetes
Az 1-es típusú cukorbetegség kezelésének elsődleges célja gyermekeknél a metabolikus kontroll optimalizálása és a hosszú távú életminőség javítása. A tanulmány célja, hogy értékelje az 1-es típusú cukorbeteg gyermekek és serdülők fizikai egészségét és jóllét-érzését és összehasonlítsa az egészséges kortársaikéval. A tanulmány további célja a glikémiás kontrollt befolyásoló tényezők azonosítása. Antropometriai jellemzők, fizikai aktivitás, kardiorespiratorikus fittség, és egészséggel-összefüggő életminőség került felmérésre 236 fő, 8-18 éves gyermeknél, akik közül 106 fő 1-es típusú cukorbetg volt (50% fiú). Az életminőség mérése a Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory általános moduljával történt, míg a kardiorespiratorikus fittség a 20 méteres progresszív ingafutásból számolt maximális oxigénfogyasztás alapján. A fizikai aktivitási szintek értékelése kérőív alapján történt. Nem volt jelentős különbség a testösszetételben (bőrredő vastagság és BMI z-érték) a cukorbeteg gyermekek és egészséges kortársaik között. A fizikai aktivitási szintben és az általános életminőségben is hasonló volt a két csoport. A cukorbeteg gyermekek azonban kedvezőtlenebb kardiorespiratorikus fittséget mutattak a kontrollcsoporthoz képest. A glikémiás kontrollt befolyásoló tényezők közül csak a maximális oxigénfogyasztás bizonyult szignifikáns magyarázó tényezőnek. A cukorbeteg gyermekek és serdülők hasonló életminőségben élnek, mint egészséges kortársaik. Annak ellenére, hogy a testösszetételükben és a fizikai aktivitási szintjükben nem volt eltérés, a VO2max érték kedvezőtlenebb kardiorespiratorikus fittségre utalt. A cukorbeteg gyermekeknél a fizikai fittség meghatározó tényezője volt a glikémiás kontrollnak. A rendszeres aerob testmozgás végzése hatékony beavatkozás az optimális glikémiás kontroll eléréséhez és megtartásához, ezáltal a betegek klinikai állapotának javításához.
 
A Home Office hatása az észlelt stresszre, a szorongás és depresszió szintjére, valamint a szubjektív alvásminőségre a Covid–19-járvány ideje alatt: The effect of Home Office on perceived stress, anxiety and depression levels, and subjective sleep quality during the Covid-19 Pandemic
Get PDFBackground: In recent years, home office has become an increasingly widespread form of employment, however, less is known about its impact on mental health. Therefore, the aim was to explore the effect of home office on perceived stress, sleep quality, depression and anxiety during COVID-19.
Methods: The study involved 154 participants divided into two groups based on their work setting before completing the survey. The home office group included 83 individuals (mean age: 38.82 years, SD = ± 5.68; 60 women/23 men), while the onsite work group consisted of 71 individuals (mean age: 40.44 years, SD = ± 5.75; 47 women/24 men). Participants completed online questionnaires measuring perceived stress, subjective sleep quality, depression, and anxiety levels.
Results: Participants working remotely reported higher levels of perceived stress at a trend level (p = 0.056) compared to those working onsite. Remote workers also reported significantly poorer sleep quality, including subjective sleep quality and sleep latency (p = 0.018). No significant differences were found between the groups regarding depression (p = 0.250), state anxiety (p = 0.178), or trait anxiety (p = 0.264). However, subjective sleep quality was associated with levels of depression and anxiety (p < 0.001).
Conclusions: home office might also have negative impact such as higher level of perceived stress and lower sleep quality.Bevezetés: A home office munkarend az elmúlt években egyre szélesebb körben elterjedt munkavégzési formává vált, habár keveset tudunk a mentális egészségre gyakorolt hatásáról. Ezért, a kutatás célja, annak feltárása, hogy milyen hatással van a home office munkavégzés az észlelt stressz szintjére, az alvásminőségre, valamint a depresszió és a szorongás szintjére a COVID-19 járvány idején.
Módszertan: A vizsgálatban 154 fő vett részt, akik két csoportra lettek bontva aszerint, hogy a kitöltést megelőzően otthon vagy a munkahelyükön dolgoztak. A home office csoportot 83 fő (átlag életkor: 38,82 év (SD = ± 5,68), 60 nő/23 férfi), a személyes jelenléttel járó munkarendben dolgozók csoportját 71 fő (átlag életkor: 40,44 év (SD = ± 5,75, 47 nő/24 férfi) alkotta. A résztvevők online kérdőíveket töltöttek ki, amelyek olyan változókat mértek, mint az észlelt stressz, a szubjektív alvásminőség, továbbá a depresszió és a szorongás mértéke.
Eredmények: Akik otthoni munkarendben dolgoztak, azok tendenciaszinten magasabb szintű stresszt éltek meg (p = 0,056), azokhoz képest, akik személyes jelenléttel történő munkát végeztek. A home office-ban dolgozók szignifikánsan rosszabb alvásminőségről számoltak be (szubjektív alvásminőség és alváslatencia: p = 0,018). A csoportok között nem volt szignifikáns különbség a depresszió (p = 0,250), valamint az állapot- és vonásszorongás tekintetében (p = 0,178, p = 0,264), azonban a szubjektív alvásminőség vonatkozásában összefüggést mutatkozott a depresszió és szorongás szintjével (p < 0,001).
Következtetések: A home office típusú munkavégzés alkalmazása során olyan negatív hatások is előfordulhatnak, mint az alvásminőség romlása vagy az észlelt stressz mértékének növekedése.