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Additive manufacturing in the military and defense industry
Get PDFThe use of additive manufacturing technologies is becoming more widespread. Obviously, such a new and innovative technology should also be used in the defence in-dustry, despite the many strict safety criteria that have to be met in this field. The current paper presents, without being complete, some of the notable military applications where additive technologies are expected to become more significant in the near future
Beijing Forest Carbon Storage Potential Capacity
Get PDFForests serve as a crucial carbon reservoir. Therefore, optimizing forest carbon storage is a pathway towards achieving carbon neutrality. In this study, the Forest Simulation Optimization System (FSOS) was used to simulate the carbon storage in Beijing forests over 250 years (2018-2268). It was found that under the no management scenario, carbon storage fluctuates with the natural growth and death of trees, with peaks of more than 90 million tons. It proves that forests have a strong capacity of carbon storage. In the management scenario, harvest trees and make them into furniture, total carbon storage is high and maintains a stable level of 108 million tons. This is almost 1.6 times higher than in the no management scenario on average. In addition, the growth rate of carbon storage is fastest in the middle-aged forest and the near-mature forest. Therefore, in order to optimize the carbon sequestration benefits of forests, the forestry sector must pay attention to the age structure of forests in the future. Based on the results of this study, recommendations were made to optimize carbon storage in Beijing forests and to integrate forest managements of Beijing forests into regional economic and environmental planning
Travel footprint, or how responsibly and sustainably do professionals creating and providing travel experiences behave?
Get PDFIn the 21st century, sustainability has become a prominent issue in the tourism sector. While conscious and responsible consumer decisions are increasingly prioritized in our daily lives, the question arises whether similar scrutiny is applied during leisure and business travel. In this recent empirical research, these questions are examined in detail in the light of the travel habits of tourism experts. The findings indicate that tourism professionals make more conscious consumer decisions in their daily activities compared to when they engage in leisure or business travel, where economic considerations tend to take precedence amidst today's macro-environmental changes, alongside a preference for compressed experiences. We further investigated the extent to which tourism professionals attending a professional conference on sustainability behaved consciously and responsibly when choosing their mode of transportation to attend the event. In this regard, we calculated their travel footprint, which is consumption-based and solely based on the use of transportation modes. We introduced this indicator on a pilot basis, with plans to apply it more extensively and over longer timeframes in the future, and to compare it across different target groups. Our main findings that tourism professionals surveyed in the research consider sustainability to be important and even prominent in their daily activities, and less so in their business activities, only 11% of them consciously choose the means of transport
Célzott monetáris politika: Rendszertani összefüggések és jegybanki gyakorlat
Get PDFThe Instruments used by the central banks match the economic, market and institutional features, monetary policy rules, professional "traditions" and legal authorization of the given country. Before the financial crisis of 2008, the toolkits were dominated by instruments with a "general scope, targeted central bank programs "arrived" in this framework as part of crisis management. In this study, the concepts of general and targeted central bank instruments are defined, pointing out that targeted programs were originally aimed at making monetary transmission more efficient, but they can also provide opportunities for special and specific treatment of certain industries. In addition to the opportunities offered by the targeted instruments, related challenges and the four systematic pillars of the targeted programs (added value, goal definition, legitimacy and institutional frameworks, and operational feasibility) are also described. The paper concludes with the presentation of international and domestic practical examples, as well as the outline of expected future trends and research directions.A jegybankok által alkalmazott eszközök az adott ország gazdasági, piaci, intézményi adottságaihoz, monetáris politikai szabályrendszeréhez, szakmai „hagyományaihoz” és törvényi felhatalmazásához illeszkednek. Az eszköztárakat a 2008-as pénzügyi válság előtt az „általános hatókörű” eszközök uralták, a célzott jegybanki programok a válságkezelés részeként „érkeztek meg” ebbe a keretrendszerbe. Jelen tanulmányban definiálásra kerül az általános és a célzott jegybanki eszköz fogalma, rámutatva, hogy a célzott programok eredetileg a monetáris transzmisszió hatékonyabbá tételét célozták, de bizonyos iparágak eltérő kezelésére is lehetőséget nyújthatnak. A célzott eszközök kínálta lehetőségek mellett a kapcsolódó kihívásokat is ismertetem, majd a célzott programok négy rendszertani pillérét (hozzáadott érték, célmeghatározás, legitimáció és intézményi keretek, illetve operatív megvalósíthatóság) ismertetem. Dolgozatom a nemzetközi és hazai gyakorlati példák bemutatásával, illetve a jövőbeli várható trendek és kutatási irányok felvázolásával zárul
Leveraging Digital Transformation for Enhanced ESG Performance
Get PDFDigital transformation plays an important role in achieving ESG (environmental, social and governance) goals, as modern technologies support sustainability efforts. Digital tools such as cloud computing, smart robotics and IoT enable companies to manage their resources more efficiently, reduce their environmental footprint and operate more transparently. The aim of this study is to explore how digitalisation contributes to the success of ESG strategies, in particular environmental sustainability, and how it helps companies to achieve their sustainability goals, focusing especially on Hungarian companies
Arrest practice and habeas corpus principle
Get PDFThe legal history of habeas corpus goes back to the period of the 'Golden Bull' issued by King Andrew II of Hungary. In the development of English law, the Magna Carta Libertatum marked the emergence of the principle before that. The essence of the principle is that deprivation of liberty may be pronounced by a person vested with judicial power and that the person concerned must be brought before a judge in order to be heard by the accused before an arrest can be ordered. The judicial order for arrest is also provided for in the Fundamental Law of Hungary. The principle raises a number of questions of law enforcement in domestic court practice, but also in the context of EU cooperation.The legal history of habeas corpus goes back to the period of the 'Golden Bull' issued by King Andrew II of Hungary. In the development of English law, the Magna Carta Libertatum marked the emergence of the principle before that. The essence of the principle is that deprivation of liberty may be pronounced by a person vested with judicial power and that the person concerned must be brought before a judge in order to be heard by the accused before an arrest can be ordered. The judicial order for arrest is also provided for in the Fundamental Law of Hungary. The principle raises a number of questions of law enforcement in domestic court practice, but also in the context of EU cooperation.The legal history of habeas corpus goes back to the period of the 'Golden Bull' issued by King Andrew II of Hungary. In the development of English law, the Magna Carta Libertatum marked the emergence of the principle before that. The essence of the principle is that deprivation of liberty may be pronounced by a person vested with judicial power and that the person concerned must be brought before a judge in order to be heard by the accused before an arrest can be ordered. The judicial order for arrest is also provided for in the Fundamental Law of Hungary. The principle raises a number of questions of law enforcement in domestic court practice, but also in the context of EU cooperation
Main characteristics of the Hungarian criminal records system
Get PDFThe aim of this study is to present the development of the Hungarian criminal records system, to examine the general principles of the existing Hungarian framework and criminal data management. Moreover, it aims to analyse how the present Hungarian legal system meets the requirements of applicable EU legislation.The aim of this study is to present the development of the Hungarian criminal records system, to examine the general principles of the existing Hungarian framework and criminal data management. Moreover, it aims to analyse how the present Hungarian legal system meets the requirements of applicable EU legislation.The aim of this study is to present the development of the Hungarian criminal records system, to examine the general principles of the existing Hungarian framework and criminal data management. Moreover, it aims to analyse how the present Hungarian legal system meets the requirements of applicable EU legislation
Kickstarting the Hungarian defence industry in the 2020s – Synergies, opportunities, and obstacles for smaller member states within EDTIB
Get PDFSince 2016, Hungary has embarked upon developing its national defence industrial capacities as part of a comprehensive homeland defence and armed forces modernisation programme. Once underfinanced and degraded, with minimal capacity remaining, the national defence technology and industrial base have been reorganised and developed over the past decade as an integral part of the defence modernisation programme. Meaningful production, research, and development capacities have been developed in close cooperation with Tier-1 European (particularly German) defence industry firms, with a focus on regionalisation; cooperation with Turkish, Austrian, and Czech firms; and various joint ventures. Relying on the opportunities offered by European cooperation initiatives (both within the EU and NATO), these projects aim to tie Hungarian and joint ventures to the European Defence Technological and Industrial Base, as well as to make use of joint technology development and available resources for multinational cooperation. Based on the thorough assessment of primary sources (strategic documents, expenditure data) and secondary literature (expert analyses and media reports) this paper provides an overview of these processes. The goal of the paper is to assess the synergies, opportunities, and obstacles for developing the Hungarian defence industry in the 2020s, presenting the lessons learned to its European allies. The conclusions of the research show that kick-starting a rapid, large-scale industrialisation and modernisation programme with an innovation edge by the early 2030s is a ‘high risk – high reward’ strategy. This ambitious goal is supported by sizeable midterm procurement programmes driven forward by a record-breaking defence budget; redesigned institutional, legal, and innovation frameworks; and an integrated long-term national industry development programme. Still, sustaining high-level investment, providing skilled and qualified workforce, and developing innovative capacities remain the most crucial pillars of developing the Hungarian defence industry.Since 2016, Hungary has embarked upon developing its national defence industrial capacities as part of a comprehensive homeland defence and armed forces modernisation programme. Once underfinanced and degraded, with minimal capacity remaining, the national defence technology and industrial base have been reorganised and developed over the past decade as an integral part of the defence modernisation programme. Meaningful production, research, and development capacities have been developed in close cooperation with Tier-1 European (particularly German) defence industry firms, with a focus on regionalisation; cooperation with Turkish, Austrian, and Czech firms; and various joint ventures. Relying on the opportunities offered by European cooperation initiatives (both within the EU and NATO), these projects aim to tie Hungarian and joint ventures to the European Defence Technological and Industrial Base, as well as to make use of joint technology development and available resources for multinational cooperation. Based on the thorough assessment of primary sources (strategic documents, expenditure data) and secondary literature (expert analyses and media reports) this paper provides an overview of these processes. The goal of the paper is to assess the synergies, opportunities, and obstacles for developing the Hungarian defence industry in the 2020s, presenting the lessons learned to its European allies. The conclusions of the research show that kick-starting a rapid, large-scale industrialisation and modernisation programme with an innovation edge by the early 2030s is a ‘high risk – high reward’ strategy. This ambitious goal is supported by sizeable midterm procurement programmes driven forward by a record-breaking defence budget; redesigned institutional, legal, and innovation frameworks; and an integrated long-term national industry development programme. Still, sustaining high-level investment, providing skilled and qualified workforce, and developing innovative capacities remain the most crucial pillars of developing the Hungarian defence industry.Since 2016, Hungary has embarked upon developing its national defence industrial capacities as part of a comprehensive homeland defence and armed forces modernisation programme. Once underfinanced and degraded, with minimal capacity remaining, the national defence technology and industrial base have been reorganised and developed over the past decade as an integral part of the defence modernisation programme. Meaningful production, research, and development capacities have been developed in close cooperation with Tier-1 European (particularly German) defence industry firms, with a focus on regionalisation; cooperation with Turkish, Austrian, and Czech firms; and various joint ventures. Relying on the opportunities offered by European cooperation initiatives (both within the EU and NATO), these projects aim to tie Hungarian and joint ventures to the European Defence Technological and Industrial Base, as well as to make use of joint technology development and available resources for multinational cooperation. Based on the thorough assessment of primary sources (strategic documents, expenditure data) and secondary literature (expert analyses and media reports) this paper provides an overview of these processes. The goal of the paper is to assess the synergies, opportunities, and obstacles for developing the Hungarian defence industry in the 2020s, presenting the lessons learned to its European allies. The conclusions of the research show that kick-starting a rapid, large-scale industrialisation and modernisation programme with an innovation edge by the early 2030s is a ‘high risk – high reward’ strategy. This ambitious goal is supported by sizeable midterm procurement programmes driven forward by a record-breaking defence budget; redesigned institutional, legal, and innovation frameworks; and an integrated long-term national industry development programme. Still, sustaining high-level investment, providing skilled and qualified workforce, and developing innovative capacities remain the most crucial pillars of developing the Hungarian defence industry
Constitutional and European legal rules for armaments’ quality and presentation of alternative procurement: Contribution to the possibilities of contractual optimisation in armament procurement (the contract as a force multiplier)
Get PDFWar is a legally relevant hazardous situation with potentially incalculable human casualties in terms of life and limb, especially of the soldiers in action. This dangerous situation is comparable to a nuclear power plant meltdown.
Many European states have a constitutional obligation (not examined in detail). For example, the Federal Republic of Germany and Austria must qualitatively optimise armament for the purpose of protecting the fundamental rights of soldiers who may be fighting.
This obligation exists throughout the EU based on the CFR and the jurisdiction of ECHR, in the rank of ordinary statutory law.
Armament procurement is also a legal subject for multidimensional optimisation under numerous legal aspects, in particular the choice of contract type, price optimisation, and tax optimisation. Therefore, it should (finally) be considered multidimensionally for the benefit of the defence of freedom in EU-Europe and NATO as a whole.
The procurement of defence equipment must contractually enable the core objectives of the state, namely secure availability, sustainable defence equipment, and cost-effective procurement. To this end, hundreds of individual contractual clauses and regulations must be used.
Rental and leasing contract procurement is generally more cost-effective and otherwise offers no disadvantages compared to traditional purchase procurement. All conceivable disadvantages can be contractually prevented and avoided. Specific unavoidable disadvantages are practically not recognisable. It is a suitable “force multiplier and defence enabler.”
Optimised contractual arrangements, particularly other contract types and VAT optimisation, can save at least tens of billions of euros per year in the whole EU-Europe.
Due to the lower impact on the annual budget, more and/or better quality of armaments can be procured.War is a legally relevant hazardous situation with potentially incalculable human casualties in terms of life and limb, especially of the soldiers in action. This dangerous situation is comparable to a nuclear power plant meltdown.
Many European states have a constitutional obligation (not examined in detail). For example, the Federal Republic of Germany and Austria must qualitatively optimise armament for the purpose of protecting the fundamental rights of soldiers who may be fighting.
This obligation exists throughout the EU based on the CFR and the jurisdiction of ECHR, in the rank of ordinary statutory law.
Armament procurement is also a legal subject for multidimensional optimisation under numerous legal aspects, in particular the choice of contract type, price optimisation, and tax optimisation. Therefore, it should (finally) be considered multidimensionally for the benefit of the defence of freedom in EU-Europe and NATO as a whole.
The procurement of defence equipment must contractually enable the core objectives of the state, namely secure availability, sustainable defence equipment, and cost-effective procurement. To this end, hundreds of individual contractual clauses and regulations must be used.
Rental and leasing contract procurement is generally more cost-effective and otherwise offers no disadvantages compared to traditional purchase procurement. All conceivable disadvantages can be contractually prevented and avoided. Specific unavoidable disadvantages are practically not recognisable. It is a suitable “force multiplier and defence enabler.”
Optimised contractual arrangements, particularly other contract types and VAT optimisation, can save at least tens of billions of euros per year in the whole EU-Europe.
Due to the lower impact on the annual budget, more and/or better quality of armaments can be procured.War is a legally relevant hazardous situation with potentially incalculable human casualties in terms of life and limb, especially of the soldiers in action. This dangerous situation is comparable to a nuclear power plant meltdown.
Many European states have a constitutional obligation (not examined in detail). For example, the Federal Republic of Germany and Austria must qualitatively optimise armament for the purpose of protecting the fundamental rights of soldiers who may be fighting.
This obligation exists throughout the EU based on the CFR and the jurisdiction of ECHR, in the rank of ordinary statutory law.
Armament procurement is also a legal subject for multidimensional optimisation under numerous legal aspects, in particular the choice of contract type, price optimisation, and tax optimisation. Therefore, it should (finally) be considered multidimensionally for the benefit of the defence of freedom in EU-Europe and NATO as a whole.
The procurement of defence equipment must contractually enable the core objectives of the state, namely secure availability, sustainable defence equipment, and cost-effective procurement. To this end, hundreds of individual contractual clauses and regulations must be used.
Rental and leasing contract procurement is generally more cost-effective and otherwise offers no disadvantages compared to traditional purchase procurement. All conceivable disadvantages can be contractually prevented and avoided. Specific unavoidable disadvantages are practically not recognisable. It is a suitable “force multiplier and defence enabler.”
Optimised contractual arrangements, particularly other contract types and VAT optimisation, can save at least tens of billions of euros per year in the whole EU-Europe.
Due to the lower impact on the annual budget, more and/or better quality of armaments can be procured
Social engineering warfare as a tactic of information warfare
Get PDFInformation warfare encompasses a set of tactics and techniques used to spread disinformation. Adversaries use these strategies to run information operations to manipulate individuals, groups, and society. Owing to the current widespread information warfare, studying the phenomenon to identify effective and efficient means of combating information operations is very important. One prerequisite for the efficient and effective suppression of information operations is an awareness of the tactics and techniques of information warfare. Identifying these tactics and techniques will take some time because of the large number of options at the disposal of those who spread disinformation. This study contributes to this endeavour by analysing social engineering as a technique of information operations. Treating social engineering as a technique of information warfare is a novel approach because social engineering is usually associated with cyber security and is rarely discussed in conjunction with information warfare. We show that social engineering can be used in information operations without requiring significant adaptations. We also argue that social engineering should be treated as a distinct domain and activity, separate from both cyber security and information warfare. While both cyber security and information warfare can use social engineering in their operations, they remain distinct activities that require unique knowledge and skillsets.Information warfare encompasses a set of tactics and techniques used to spread disinformation. Adversaries use these strategies to run information operations to manipulate individuals, groups, and society. Owing to the current widespread information warfare, studying the phenomenon to identify effective and efficient means of combating information operations is very important. One prerequisite for the efficient and effective suppression of information operations is an awareness of the tactics and techniques of information warfare. Identifying these tactics and techniques will take some time because of the large number of options at the disposal of those who spread disinformation. This study contributes to this endeavour by analysing social engineering as a technique of information operations. Treating social engineering as a technique of information warfare is a novel approach because social engineering is usually associated with cyber security and is rarely discussed in conjunction with information warfare. We show that social engineering can be used in information operations without requiring significant adaptations. We also argue that social engineering should be treated as a distinct domain and activity, separate from both cyber security and information warfare. While both cyber security and information warfare can use social engineering in their operations, they remain distinct activities that require unique knowledge and skillsets.Information warfare encompasses a set of tactics and techniques used to spread disinformation. Adversaries use these strategies to run information operations to manipulate individuals, groups, and society. Owing to the current widespread information warfare, studying the phenomenon to identify effective and efficient means of combating information operations is very important. One prerequisite for the efficient and effective suppression of information operations is an awareness of the tactics and techniques of information warfare. Identifying these tactics and techniques will take some time because of the large number of options at the disposal of those who spread disinformation. This study contributes to this endeavour by analysing social engineering as a technique of information operations. Treating social engineering as a technique of information warfare is a novel approach because social engineering is usually associated with cyber security and is rarely discussed in conjunction with information warfare. We show that social engineering can be used in information operations without requiring significant adaptations. We also argue that social engineering should be treated as a distinct domain and activity, separate from both cyber security and information warfare. While both cyber security and information warfare can use social engineering in their operations, they remain distinct activities that require unique knowledge and skillsets