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A közös tulajdonban álló földek használatának problémái - avagy a szocialista tulajdonjog, és annak földjogi leképeződése a jelenkori földhasználati viszonyokra
Get PDFIn this article, I will describe the latest developments in the field of undivided common property, an institution that is still alive today, as a continuation of the cooperative land use based on common use and vacant ownership established by the jurist Gyula Eörsi in the 1950s. In practice, however, some agricultural administrations are not aware of, and do not apply in their procedures, the rules governing the offer of third parties to use land in undivided common ownership. The article offers a solution to the consequences of this practice.A jelen cikkben az Eörsi Gyula, mint jogtudós által az ötvenes években létrehozott közös használaton és kiüresedett tulajdonjogon alapuló szövetkezeti földhasználat továbbéléseként, mind a mai napig élő intézmény az osztatlan közös tulajdonnal kapcsolatos legújabb fejleményeket jellemzem. . Ezen tulajdoni forma speciális használatának szabályai a Fétv. által rendszerezettek A gyakorlatban bizonyos mezőgazdasági igazgatási szervek azonban nem ismerik, és eljárásuk során nem alkalmazzák a harmadik személyektől az osztatlan közös tulajdonban lévő földek használatára adott ajánlatra vonatkozó szabályokat. E gyakorlat következményeire kínál megoldást a cikk
Molecular dynamics simulations of the proline and hydroxyproline of collagen
Get PDFCollagen is an important natural, bioactive, and abundant material in living systems. Developing collagen materials that resolve practical issues in tissue engineering is the focus of significant research. However, its properties and behavior are not sufficiently understood, not in the least because proteins undergo significant conformational changes while performing their function. Moreover, it is difficult to determine the solvent impact on the structure and interatomic bonding at the atomistic level. Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulation is a technique that can be used successfully to understand macromolecular structure-to-function relationships. This work investigates the influence of hydroxyproline and proline on hexamer and heptamer collagen structures using the GROMACS software. We applied the Amber99sb force field to conduct molecular dynamics simulations in triplicate of the collagen fragments over a trajectory of 200 ns. We studied the root mean square (RMS) distribution, hydrogen bonds, and solvent accessible surface area (SASA). The results showed proline and hydroxyproline helped to stabilize the 3-helix of collagen; hydroxyproline did so more extensively than proline did. Hydroxyproline is responsible for the formation of intermolecular hydrogen bonds. It increases the stability of the triple helical, while proline promotes the formation of the intramolecular hydrogen bonds and makes the overall structure less stable than hydroxyproline. The solvent-accessible surface area (SASA) indicates that collagen is a lipophilic polymer.Collagen is an important natural, bioactive, and abundant material in living systems. Developing collagen materials that resolve practical issues in tissue engineering is the focus of significant research. However, its properties and behavior are not sufficiently understood, not in the least because proteins undergo significant conformational changes while performing their function. Moreover, it is difficult to determine the solvent impact on the structure and interatomic bonding at the atomistic level. Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulation is a technique that can be used successfully to understand macromolecular structure-to-function relationships. This work investigates the influence of hydroxyproline and proline on hexamer and heptamer collagen structures using the GROMACS software. We applied the Amber99sb force field to conduct molecular dynamics simulations in triplicate of the collagen fragments over a trajectory of 200 ns. We studied the root mean square (RMS) distribution, hydrogen bonds, and solvent accessible surface area (SASA). The results showed proline and hydroxyproline helped to stabilize the 3-helix of collagen; hydroxyproline did so more extensively than proline did. Hydroxyproline is responsible for the formation of intermolecular hydrogen bonds. It increases the stability of the triple helical, while proline promotes the formation of the intramolecular hydrogen bonds and makes the overall structure less stable than hydroxyproline. The solvent-accessible surface area (SASA) indicates that collagen is a lipophilic polymer
Examination of load effects of an alternating current synchronous hydraulic drive
Get PDFAlternating current hydraulic systems can be divided into two large groups based on the electrical analogy: synchronous alternating current hydraulic drives and asynchronous alternating current hydraulic drives. The three main building units of alternating current systems are a hydromotor, a hydrogenerator and a phase space connecting the two main units. The relative angular position of the hydrogenerator and the hydromotor is changed by the loads occurring during operation. In this article I would like to present the load effects.
Alternating current hydraulic systems can be divided into two large groups based on the electrical analogy: synchronous alternating current hydraulic drives and asynchronous alternating current hydraulic drives. The three main building units of alternating current systems are a hydromotor, a hydrogenerator and a phase space connecting the two main units. The relative angular position of the hydrogenerator and the hydromotor is changed by the loads occurring during operation. In this article I would like to present the load effects
Investigation of the effect of autoclave aging on polyurethane foams with low VOC content
Get PDFSix flexible polyurethane foam recipes using low VOC additives were formulated and the prepared samples were analysed for their mechanical and acoustic properties pre and post autoclave aging. The results were compared with a reference foam comprising traditional additives. Promising results were obtained, particularly in acoustic performance, with two formulations (W2, W3) exhibiting superior sound absorption compared to the reference sample. However, after the autoclave aging the value of the sound absorption coefficient drops suddenly in a given frequency range, which may also indicate the degradation of the cell structure. The compressive strength of the samples were lower in case of four out of six samples, which can be due to their lower density. Adjustments in foaming reaction could potentially mitigate this issue. After the autoclave aging the compressive strength significantly reduced in all cases including the reference sample, which indicates that when the foams are utilized in wet environments for extended periods of time they cannot be further used for bearing applications.Six flexible polyurethane foam recipes using low VOC additives were formulated and the prepared samples were analysed for their mechanical and acoustic properties pre and post autoclave aging. The results were compared with a reference foam comprising traditional additives. Promising results were obtained, particularly in acoustic performance, with two formulations (W2, W3) exhibiting superior sound absorption compared to the reference sample. However, after the autoclave aging the value of the sound absorption coefficient drops suddenly in a given frequency range, which may also indicate the degradation of the cell structure. The compressive strength of the samples were lower in case of four out of six samples, which can be due to their lower density. Adjustments in foaming reaction could potentially mitigate this issue. After the autoclave aging the compressive strength significantly reduced in all cases including the reference sample, which indicates that when the foams are utilized in wet environments for extended periods of time they cannot be further used for bearing applications
A non-contact optical uniaxial tension-unloading strain measurement
Get PDFA tension-compression test is necessary to investigate the impact of the kinematic hardening model’s parameters on the springback following sheet metal stamping processes. However, conventional cyclic testing using extensometers faces challenges due to buckling issues. Therefore, the implementing of Digital Image Correlation (DIC), a non-contact optical measurement system, becomes crucial. The present investigation involved the simultaneous use of an extensometer and an AutoGrid optical strain measurement system to perform a uniaxial tension-unloading test on aluminum alloy AA6082-T6. Both measurement systems were evaluated based on the comparison of the time-displacement, time-force, true stress-true strain, and reduction of Young’s modulus due to deformation. The results show that the force, change in displacement, and stress-strain values obtained by the two measurement techniques are comparable and close. It demonstrates that the DIC method has high accuracy and moderate agreement with conventional extensometer.A tension-compression test is necessary to investigate the impact of the kinematic hardening model’s parameters on the springback following sheet metal stamping processes. However, conventional cyclic testing using extensometers faces challenges due to buckling issues. Therefore, the implementing of Digital Image Correlation (DIC), a non-contact optical measurement system, becomes crucial. The present investigation involved the simultaneous use of an extensometer and an AutoGrid optical strain measurement system to perform a uniaxial tension-unloading test on aluminum alloy AA6082-T6. Both measurement systems were evaluated based on the comparison of the time-displacement, time-force, true stress-true strain, and reduction of Young’s modulus due to deformation. The results show that the force, change in displacement, and stress-strain values obtained by the two measurement techniques are comparable and close. It demonstrates that the DIC method has high accuracy and moderate agreement with conventional extensometer
Investigation of tooth thickness faults in small plastic gears
Get PDFIn this article we investigated the tooth thickness faults of small plastic gears. Faults in tooth thickness can lead to excessive heating and failure of the gears. It is therefore worth investigating how these can be detected. For the measurements, we used an equipment that is capable of measuring the recirculation torque to investigate the effects of faults on the teeth of small plastic gears. For the analyses, gear geometries were created using 3D CAD software that included a tooth that was different from the standard tooth thickness. The other teeth of the gears were the standard size. The thickness of the faulty tooth was either 0.1 or 0.2 mm less or more than the standard. These gears were analysed by pairing them with gears that did not contain faulty teeth.In this article we investigated the tooth thickness faults of small plastic gears. Faults in tooth thickness can lead to excessive heating and failure of the gears. It is therefore worth investigating how these can be detected. For the measurements, we used an equipment that is capable of measuring the recirculation torque to investigate the effects of faults on the teeth of small plastic gears. For the analyses, gear geometries were created using 3D CAD software that included a tooth that was different from the standard tooth thickness. The other teeth of the gears were the standard size. The thickness of the faulty tooth was either 0.1 or 0.2 mm less or more than the standard. These gears were analysed by pairing them with gears that did not contain faulty teeth
Criminal liability through the prism of the theory of objective imputation
Get PDFSince the purpose of criminal law is the protection of society, I believe that particular attention needs to be paid to the criminal dangerousness of different human actions. Some acts can cause results that are so harmful to society that criminal law must act against them. There are. however, acts which, because of the intervention of external circumstances unrelated to the perpetrator, produce results that are punishable by criminal law, and in such cases, it would hardly be fair to hold the perpetrator liable. These circumstances intervene by altering the causal link between the cause and the effect. Causation is examined by applying various theories of causation, one potential shortcoming of which stems from the perpetrator-centered nature of Romanian criminal law, namely that they do not sufficiently take into account the role of the victim, third parties or various events in shaping the result of the act. The theory of objective imputation offers a new approach to the issue of liability in criminal law. The importance of the theory lies in the fact that it recognizes the importance of factors other than the offender’s behavior in determining criminal liability.Since the purpose of criminal law is the protection of society, I believe that particular attention needs to be paid to the criminal dangerousness of different human actions. Some acts can cause results that are so harmful to society that criminal law must act against them. There are. however, acts which, because of the intervention of external circumstances unrelated to the perpetrator, produce results that are punishable by criminal law, and in such cases, it would hardly be fair to hold the perpetrator liable. These circumstances intervene by altering the causal link between the cause and the effect. Causation is examined by applying various theories of causation, one potential shortcoming of which stems from the perpetrator-centered nature of Romanian criminal law, namely that they do not sufficiently take into account the role of the victim, third parties or various events in shaping the result of the act. The theory of objective imputation offers a new approach to the issue of liability in criminal law. The importance of the theory lies in the fact that it recognizes the importance of factors other than the offender’s behavior in determining criminal liability
Applications of linear regression in different disciplines
Get PDFIn this paper we examine the linear regression and its application in different disciplines. Linear regression is used in economics, engineering sciences, natural sciences and even in medicine. The applicability of linear regression lies in the fact that many phenomena in the a forementioned fields of science can be described with the help of linear regression. Although there are some phenomena that cannot be described by linear regression, most non-linear regressions can be reduced to linear regression by a simple transformation. Another advantage of linear regression is that it is very easy to apply and perform calculations with the help of a computer.In this paper we examine the linear regression and its application in different disciplines. Linear regression is used in economics, engineering sciences, natural sciences and even in medicine. The applicability of linear regression lies in the fact that many phenomena in the a forementioned fields of science can be described with the help of linear regression. Although there are some phenomena that cannot be described by linear regression, most non-linear regressions can be reduced to linear regression by a simple transformation. Another advantage of linear regression is that it is very easy to apply and perform calculations with the help of a computer
Ivóvízkezelésben alkalmazott klóralapú oxidálószerek munkavédelmi szempontú értékelése
Get PDFThe objective of our work is to assess the occupational safety implications of the technological challenges associated with the new drinking water quality requirements of the new Chlorine-based Oxidizers Decree 5/2023 (12 I.). In addition to an overview of the relevant legal sources and the sectoral context, the application technology of chlorine-based oxidants, i.e. sodium hypochlorite, chlorine gas and in-situ produced chlorine dioxide, is presented in detail. Based on the literature reviewed, the previous cases presented and our own professional experience, the hazards of the materials and technologies have been identified and the risks have been subjectively assessed due to the amount of data available. Based on the risk analysis, the problem raised in the introduction was confirmed: sodium hypochlorite solution technology is outweighed, both quantitatively and qualitatively, by the hazards associated with chlorine gas and chlorine dioxide technologies. In order to maintain the occupational health and safety principle of "substitution of hazardous by non-hazardous or less hazardous", it is recommended to follow the technology recommendations for sodium hypochlorite, preventing unnecessary technology change. However, compliance with legal requirements may require a switch to chlorine gas dosing: in addition to demonstrating good practice, the research will contribute to the creation of the material conditions for safe and safe work without endangering health by presenting state-of-the-art technical solutions.The objective of our work is to assess the occupational safety implications of the technological challenges associated with the new drinking water quality requirements of the new Chlorine-based Oxidizers Decree 5/2023 (12 I.). In addition to an overview of the relevant legal sources and the sectoral context, the application technology of chlorine-based oxidants, i.e. sodium hypochlorite, chlorine gas and in-situ produced chlorine dioxide, is presented in detail. Based on the literature reviewed, the previous cases presented and our own professional experience, the hazards of the materials and technologies have been identified and the risks have been subjectively assessed due to the amount of data available. Based on the risk analysis, the problem raised in the introduction was confirmed: sodium hypochlorite solution technology is outweighed, both quantitatively and qualitatively, by the hazards associated with chlorine gas and chlorine dioxide technologies. In order to maintain the occupational health and safety principle of "substitution of hazardous by non-hazardous or less hazardous", it is recommended to follow the technology recommendations for sodium hypochlorite, preventing unnecessary technology change. However, compliance with legal requirements may require a switch to chlorine gas dosing: in addition to demonstrating good practice, the research will contribute to the creation of the material conditions for safe and safe work without endangering health by presenting state-of-the-art technical solutions
A MEZŐGAZDASÁGBAN FOGLALKOZTATOTTAKRA VONATKOZÓ TÁRSADALOMBIZTOSÍTÁSI JÁRULÉKSZABÁLYOK VÁLTOZÁSAINAK ELEMZŐ BEMUTATÁSA
Get PDFOur choice of topic reflects a system that is constantly changing today, as social security systems in almost every country in the world are undergoing transformation and development. The main reason is to ensure long-term adaptability to changing and evolving demographic, social, economic, and political conditions. Social security can be understood as a social benefit system run by the state, whose members are basically obliged to build up reserves. Members may become eligible and claim benefits from the scheme in the event of sickness, incapacity, old age, or other risks. In our study, we examine the changes in the social security contribution rules for agricultural workers by looking at the two pillars of social security, health insurance and pension insurance.Témaválasztásunk egy napjainkban folyamatosan változó rendszert jelenít meg, amely abból adódik, hogy a társadalombiztosítási rendszerek a világ szinte minden országában átalakítás, fejlesztés alatt állnak. Ennek fő oka az a törekvés, hogy a megváltozott, fejlődő demográfiai, társadalmi, gazdasági, politikai feltételekhez való alkalmazkodás hosszú távon biztosított legyen. A társadalombiztosítás az államok által működtetett szociális ellátórendszerként értelmezhető, melynek tagjai alapvetően tartalékképzésre kötelezettek. A tagok jogosulti pozícióba kerülhetnek betegség, munkaképtelenség, öregség, és egyéb kockázatok fennállása esetén, és igénybe vehetik a rendszer által biztosított ellátásokat. Tanulmányunkban a mezőgazdaságban foglalkoztatottak társadalombiztosítási járulékszabályainak a változásait vizsgáljuk a társadalombiztosítás két pillérének, az egészségbiztosításnak és a nyugdíjbiztosításnak a vizsgálatával