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Human Rights in Albania: Protection under the European Convention on Human Rights
No full textThe paper sheds light on some of the current challenges of human rights protection in Albania, through a historical overview of the constitutional framework of such protection, the place of international law in the national system, in particular the European Convention on Human Rights and the findings of the European Court of Human Rights. It shows that, whereas the constitutional and legal framework aligns with the standards of protection of human rights enshrined in the Convention, the findings of the Court in the last two decades indicate continuous challenges yet to be addressed in relation to several rights and freedoms, especially those concerning the guarantees related to fair trial, lengthy court proceedings, property rights, and effective remedies.The paper sheds light on some of the current challenges of human rights protection in Albania, through a historical overview of the constitutional framework of such protection, the place of international law in the national system, in particular the European Convention on Human Rights and the findings of the European Court of Human Rights. It shows that, whereas the constitutional and legal framework aligns with the standards of protection of human rights enshrined in the Convention, the findings of the Court in the last two decades indicate continuous challenges yet to be addressed in relation to several rights and freedoms, especially those concerning the guarantees related to fair trial, lengthy court proceedings, property rights, and effective remedies.The paper sheds light on some of the current challenges of human rights protection in Albania, through a historical overview of the constitutional framework of such protection, the place of international law in the national system, in particular the European Convention on Human Rights and the findings of the European Court of Human Rights. It shows that, whereas the constitutional and legal framework aligns with the standards of protection of human rights enshrined in the Convention, the findings of the Court in the last two decades indicate continuous challenges yet to be addressed in relation to several rights and freedoms, especially those concerning the guarantees related to fair trial, lengthy court proceedings, property rights, and effective remedies
Human Rights Protection under the European Convention on Human Rights and Eastern Europe: Ukraine
No full textThis article is devoted to the study of the issue of human rights protection in Ukraine in accordance with the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, as well as on the basis of the case law of the European Court of Human Rights. The author examines the historical development of human rights and their protection in Ukraine, based on the main legal acts in force in different historical periods of Ukraine's development. The relations between Ukraine and the Council of Europe in terms of human rights protection were studied. The author analyses international legal instruments, in particular, individual conventions of the Council of Europe on human rights to which Ukraine is a party (in particular, the main focus is on the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms) and their place in the system of Ukrainian legislation, and also examines the issues of national implementation (process and time of accession / succession / ratification) of the Council of Europe conventions on human rights. The author highlights how the obligations to protect human rights arising from the ECHR are reflected in the Constitution of Ukraine. The author analyses the main legislative processes in Ukraine due to the ECHR, as well as the most significant cases considered by the ECtHR against Ukraine, their main points, and how the decisions on the latter affected Ukrainian legislation and human rights and their protection in general. The author concludes that the Council of Europe conventions, in particular the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, have a significant impact on the protection of human rights in Ukraine, as they set common European standards that contribute to the improvement of national legislation and practice. In addition, the ECHR guarantees fundamental rights and freedoms such as the right to life, liberty and security of person, fair trial, freedom of thought, conscience and religion, and protection from torture and inhuman or degrading treatment. Ukrainian citizens have the right to apply to the European Court of Human Rights in case of violation of their rights guaranteed by the ECHR. This provides an additional level of protection when all national remedies have been exhausted. ECHR judgments against Ukraine often become the basis for changes in national legislation and court practice to bring them into line with the standards of the Convention. Ukraine's ratification of Council of Europe conventions and implementation of their provisions is an important tool for improving the human rights protection system, raising standards of democracy and the rule of law, and adapting national legislation to European norms.This article is devoted to the study of the issue of human rights protection in Ukraine in accordance with the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, as well as on the basis of the case law of the European Court of Human Rights. The author examines the historical development of human rights and their protection in Ukraine, based on the main legal acts in force in different historical periods of Ukraine's development. The relations between Ukraine and the Council of Europe in terms of human rights protection were studied. The author analyses international legal instruments, in particular, individual conventions of the Council of Europe on human rights to which Ukraine is a party (in particular, the main focus is on the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms) and their place in the system of Ukrainian legislation, and also examines the issues of national implementation (process and time of accession / succession / ratification) of the Council of Europe conventions on human rights. The author highlights how the obligations to protect human rights arising from the ECHR are reflected in the Constitution of Ukraine. The author analyses the main legislative processes in Ukraine due to the ECHR, as well as the most significant cases considered by the ECtHR against Ukraine, their main points, and how the decisions on the latter affected Ukrainian legislation and human rights and their protection in general. The author concludes that the Council of Europe conventions, in particular the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, have a significant impact on the protection of human rights in Ukraine, as they set common European standards that contribute to the improvement of national legislation and practice. In addition, the ECHR guarantees fundamental rights and freedoms such as the right to life, liberty and security of person, fair trial, freedom of thought, conscience and religion, and protection from torture and inhuman or degrading treatment. Ukrainian citizens have the right to apply to the European Court of Human Rights in case of violation of their rights guaranteed by the ECHR. This provides an additional level of protection when all national remedies have been exhausted. ECHR judgments against Ukraine often become the basis for changes in national legislation and court practice to bring them into line with the standards of the Convention. Ukraine's ratification of Council of Europe conventions and implementation of their provisions is an important tool for improving the human rights protection system, raising standards of democracy and the rule of law, and adapting national legislation to European norms.This article is devoted to the study of the issue of human rights protection in Ukraine in accordance with the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, as well as on the basis of the case law of the European Court of Human Rights. The author examines the historical development of human rights and their protection in Ukraine, based on the main legal acts in force in different historical periods of Ukraine's development. The relations between Ukraine and the Council of Europe in terms of human rights protection were studied. The author analyses international legal instruments, in particular, individual conventions of the Council of Europe on human rights to which Ukraine is a party (in particular, the main focus is on the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms) and their place in the system of Ukrainian legislation, and also examines the issues of national implementation (process and time of accession / succession / ratification) of the Council of Europe conventions on human rights. The author highlights how the obligations to protect human rights arising from the ECHR are reflected in the Constitution of Ukraine. The author analyses the main legislative processes in Ukraine due to the ECHR, as well as the most significant cases considered by the ECtHR against Ukraine, their main points, and how the decisions on the latter affected Ukrainian legislation and human rights and their protection in general. The author concludes that the Council of Europe conventions, in particular the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, have a significant impact on the protection of human rights in Ukraine, as they set common European standards that contribute to the improvement of national legislation and practice. In addition, the ECHR guarantees fundamental rights and freedoms such as the right to life, liberty and security of person, fair trial, freedom of thought, conscience and religion, and protection from torture and inhuman or degrading treatment. Ukrainian citizens have the right to apply to the European Court of Human Rights in case of violation of their rights guaranteed by the ECHR. This provides an additional level of protection when all national remedies have been exhausted. ECHR judgments against Ukraine often become the basis for changes in national legislation and court practice to bring them into line with the standards of the Convention. Ukraine's ratification of Council of Europe conventions and implementation of their provisions is an important tool for improving the human rights protection system, raising standards of democracy and the rule of law, and adapting national legislation to European norms
The scope of eurocrimes and their possible extension
No full textArticle 83(1) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union empowers the European legislator to establish minimum rules concerning the definition of criminal offences and sanctions in the areas of particularly serious crime with a cross-border dimension. This legal harmonisation competence was frequently used by the EU and resulted in the adoption of several criminal law directives. The Treaty determines ten areas of crime which can subject to legal harmonisation and most of which have already been regulated at the EU level. The objective of the article is to provide a detailed analysis of the requirements of the legal harmonisation competence, the scope of harmonisation, its procedural conditions and the possibility of the extension of the list of EU crimes. The paper also intends to present and analyse the legislative practice of the EU institutions and tries to formulate the relevant tendencies in connection with the current EU criminal policy.Article 83(1) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union empowers the European legislator to establish minimum rules concerning the definition of criminal offences and sanctions in the areas of particularly serious crime with a cross-border dimension. This legal harmonisation competence was frequently used by the EU and resulted in the adoption of several criminal law directives. The Treaty determines ten areas of crime which can subject to legal harmonisation and most of which have already been regulated at the EU level. The objective of the article is to provide a detailed analysis of the requirements of the legal harmonisation competence, the scope of harmonisation, its procedural conditions and the possibility of the extension of the list of EU crimes. The paper also intends to present and analyse the legislative practice of the EU institutions and tries to formulate the relevant tendencies in connection with the current EU criminal policy.Article 83(1) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union empowers the European legislator to establish minimum rules concerning the definition of criminal offences and sanctions in the areas of particularly serious crime with a cross-border dimension. This legal harmonisation competence was frequently used by the EU and resulted in the adoption of several criminal law directives. The Treaty determines ten areas of crime which can subject to legal harmonisation and most of which have already been regulated at the EU level. The objective of the article is to provide a detailed analysis of the requirements of the legal harmonisation competence, the scope of harmonisation, its procedural conditions and the possibility of the extension of the list of EU crimes. The paper also intends to present and analyse the legislative practice of the EU institutions and tries to formulate the relevant tendencies in connection with the current EU criminal policy
Si ita dedi, ut intra certum tempus manumittas?
No full textThis paper deals with the problem of unjust enrichment in Roman law in particular with the condictio causa data causa non secuta. This action was used for the recovery of a performance rendered for an intented purpose thas has not been achieved. The study focuses on the exegesis of the fragment D. 12,4,3,3. This source is about a person who gives money to another person for him to manumit his own slave, however, this will not happen. The legal question is whether there is a possibility of initiating a condictio. The research method used is text analysis method.Jelen tanulmány a római jogi jogalap nélküli gazdagodás, azon belül is a condictio causa data causa non secuta kérdéskörével foglalkozik. Ez a kereset a célját vesztett szolgáltatás visszakövetelésére szolgált. A tanulmány középpontjában a D. 12,4,3,3 fragmentum exegézise áll. Az elemzett forrás lényege, hogy valaki pénzt ad egy másik személynek, hogy az szabadítsa fel rabszolgáját, azonban ez elmarad. Több tényállási fordulatot tartalmaz a szöveg, amelyek mindegyikében a jogi kérdés az, hogy van-e lehetőség a condictio megindítására. Az alkalmazott kutatási metódus a szövegexegetikai módszer
Miben más a bizalmi vagyonkezelés a megbízáshoz képest? Elméleti és gyakorlati tanulságok az első tíz év alapján
No full textThe asset management contract was introduced into Hungarian private law as a new type of contract, classified as a subtype of the mandate agreement, upon the entry into force of the Civil Code. The present study seeks to analyse the rules of asset management (trust) and mandate with the aim of identifying their similarities and differences. A further objective of the analysis is to highlight certain issues of application and interpretation arising in legal practice, while at the same time seeking possible solutions to them.A bizalmi vagyonkezelési szerződés új szerződéstípusként, a megbízási szerződések altípusaként került bevezetésre a magyar magánjogba a Ptk. hatálybalépésével. A tanulmány a bizalmi vagyonkezelés és a megbízás szabályainak elemzésére irányul azzal a céllal, hogy rámutasson azok hasonlóságára és eltéréseire. Külön célja az elemzésnek, hogy rámutasson a joggyakorlatban felmerülő egyes jogalkalmazási és értelmezési problémákra, egyúttal azokra válaszokat is keresve
Q-érték inicializálás a HFRIQ-learning rendszerben
No full textThe aim of the Heuristically Accelerated Fuzzy Rule-Interpolation based Q-learning (HFRIQ-learning) method is to inject expert-defined knowledge into the learning process to training and to fine-tune this initial knowledge base during the learning phase. The expert knowledge is provided in the form of "if-then" rules, where the "if" part represents the states and the "then" part specifies the preferred action in the given state. In order to inject the expert rules into the HFRIQ-learning system, each rule have to converted into a "state-action-Q-value" format. The conversion requires the determination of an initial Q-value for each expert rule. The goal of this paper is to introduce a method for Q-value initialization, which assigns an initial Q-value to each expert-defined rule, thereby enabling the expert rule-base to be injected into the learning process in the appropriate "state-action-Q-value" format.A Heurisztikusan Gyorsított Fuzzy Szabály-Interpoláció alapú Q-tanulás (HFRIQ-learning) módszer célja a szakértő által megadott tudásbázis injektálása a tanulási folyamatba (a tanulási fázis előtt), majd ezen kezdeti tudásbázis hangolása, pontosítása a tanulási folyamat során. A szakértő által megadható szabályok „ha-akkor” formátumúak, ahol a „ha” rész az állapot, az „akkor” rész pedig az ebben az állapotban preferált akció. A szakértői szabályrendszer HFRIQ-learning rendszerbe történő injektáláshoz minden egyes szakértői szabályt „állapot-akció-Q-érték” formátumúra szükséges konvertálni, amely következtében szükséges a szabályok „Q-érték” részének meghatározása. A cikk célja egy kezdeti Q-érték inicializálási módszer bemutatása, amely a szakértő által definiált minden egyes szabályra kezdeti Q-értéket határoz meg, amely következtében a szakértői szabályrendszer „állapot-akció-Q-érték” formátumban injektálható a tanulási folyamatba
Analysis of functionally graded disks using neural networks and finite element software
No full textThis paper investigates the thermomechanical analysis of disks using deep neural networks and finite element software. The structural components are made from functionally graded materials and are subjected to combined mechanical and thermal loading. The neural network is trained using a dataset obtained through simulations performed by programming a commercially available finite element software Abaqus. Both the programs of the finite element software and the neural network-based solver application are written in Python programming language
Numerical investigation of refractory lining thickness effects on shell temperature in the burning zone of cement rotary kilns
No full textCement kilns are energy-intensive systems where refractory insulation plays a critical role in minimising heat loss and controlling shell temperature. The burning zone, in particular, operates under extreme thermal conditions, making the design of the refractory lining essential for maintaining thermal efficiency. This study presents a comprehensive numerical investigation into the influence of refractory lining thickness on the thermal performance of the kiln shell in the burning zone. Steady-state finite element simulations were conducted using Solid Edge Simulation with NX Nastran solver and actual rotary kiln parameters to analyse five different refractory thicknesses (150mm, 175mm, 200mm, 225mm, and 250mm). A uniform temperature boundary condition representing the thermal load typical of the burning zone in cement kilns. Results demonstrated a clear inverse correlation between lining thickness and outer shell temperature. The 250mm lining yielded a minimum shell temperature of approximately 155°C, while the 150mm lining led to external temperatures exceeding 250°C. These findings highlight the significance of optimizing refractory lining design to enhance energy efficiency, reduce thermal losses, and ensure structural safety in cement kilns. This work contributes to better thermal management and informed maintenance strategies in the cement manufacturing sector
Components optimisation for FDM technology: Requirements and options
No full textThis article presents the requirements for the redesign of spare parts made with additive manufacturing and the possibilities of their simplification. Through a few examples, it examines in detail the steps taken to meet the requirements and the utilisation of the potential possibilities in 3D printing
Strategies of Overcoming Barriers to Talent Management: An African Tribal Perspective
No full textAfrica as a continent has lost its talent to the international countries due to the brain drain. Limited research has been done on the African perspective on talent management under the tribal authorities. Strategies to get beyond these barriers and establish a more welcoming and encouraging atmosphere for tribal talent is necessitated. The purpose of the paper was to determine the strategies needed to overcome the barriers to talent management from an African tribal leadership perspective. Further, to determine how to attract and retain talent from an African tribal leadership perspective. Traditional leaders representing their respective tribes in the North-West Province were interviewed in the form of focus group discussion. A non-probability judgemental sampling was used for the study: a non-probability judgmental sampling method was used to identify traditional leaders in the North-West Province, and a thematic analysis was applied to analyse the data. Succession planning was highlighted in the findings of the study as a complicated matter. Furthermore, poor rural and socioeconomic development were identified as the push factors of the best performers and skilled individuals from the local communities. African leaders should recognise the human capital, which encompasses the skills, knowledge, and abilities of their citizens, because is a crucial factor for economic development and social progress