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Product liability rules worldwide Japan, US and Turkiye
Get PDFThe present article is to examine the similarities and differences in the methods for regulating product liability issues within very differing countries, owing different legal culture and located in distant geographical areas, namely USA, Japan and Türkiye. These countries have a decisive economic influence on the world market that is growing with the effect of mass production worldwide. The USA was the cradle of product liability law, and now, it has spread to all countries. As a result of the global development and the national reception or adoption of existing legal solutions, a rich body of sources is available for a comparative analysis, which was the main research method used for preparing this work. This study analyses these above-mentioned adaptation processes. In addition, the analysis of these national regulations or legislative approaches may also provide insights into the future developments. The aim is to examine whether the additions made by the countries concerned to the law of another country can preserve the originality of their national law. Contrasting these product liability national regimes, this study scrutinizes how the chosen countries can maintain the originality of their national law during the adaptation of foreign legal solutions and phenomena.The present article is to examine the similarities and differences in the methods for regulating product liability issues within very differing countries, owing different legal culture and located in distant geographical areas, namely USA, Japan and Türkiye. These countries have a decisive economic influence on the world market that is growing with the effect of mass production worldwide. The USA was the cradle of product liability law, and now, it has spread to all countries. As a result of the global development and the national reception or adoption of existing legal solutions, a rich body of sources is available for a comparative analysis, which was the main research method used for preparing this work. This study analyses these above-mentioned adaptation processes. In addition, the analysis of these national regulations or legislative approaches may also provide insights into the future developments. The aim is to examine whether the additions made by the countries concerned to the law of another country can preserve the originality of their national law. Contrasting these product liability national regimes, this study scrutinizes how the chosen countries can maintain the originality of their national law during the adaptation of foreign legal solutions and phenomena
Numerical investigation of effect of pressure exponent for enhanced Coulomb friction model
Get PDFThe complexity of sheet metal parts has reached a level, that without supporting process planning applications almost impossible to design the process planning. Because technology is sharpened to the limit the slightest disturbance in the production results in a waste product. The lubrication condition used during the sheet metal forming is crucial to the success of production. Therefore, the need to model the resulting tribological system as accurately as possible has become increasingly important. This paper purpose with the physically based measurement of the so-called enhanced Coulomb model material parameter used in AutoForm software and the analysis of its effect.The complexity of sheet metal parts has reached a level, that without supporting process planning applications almost impossible to design the process planning. Because technology is sharpened to the limit the slightest disturbance in the production results in a waste product. The lubrication condition used during the sheet metal forming is crucial to the success of production. Therefore, the need to model the resulting tribological system as accurately as possible has become increasingly important. This paper purpose with the physically based measurement of the so-called enhanced Coulomb model material parameter used in AutoForm software and the analysis of its effect
Flexibility and equality: Unraveling the nexus of labor market dynamics and gender equality in developing countries
Get PDFRecent decades have witnessed notable advancements in gender equality. However, improvement in labor market outcomes remains limited especially for women. On the other hand, regulations related to the labor market have shifted toward greater flexibility. This study investigates the relationship between labor market flexibility and gender equality, aiming to uncover the impact of flexible employment strategies on social inequality. Utilizing cross-country regression models, we analyze the correlation between labor market flexibility indicators and wage equality for a similar work index across 99 developing countries in 2021. The findings indicate that three of the examined indicators exhibit a robust positive correlation with the dependent variable. This suggests that increased flexibility in these areas would potentially reduce gender disparities. Focusing on a wide sample of developing countries, the research implications provide valuable insights for policymakers seeking to address the gender gap in the labor market and promote equal opportunities.Recent decades have witnessed notable advancements in gender equality. However, improvement in labor market outcomes remains limited especially for women. On the other hand, regulations related to the labor market have shifted toward greater flexibility. This study investigates the relationship between labor market flexibility and gender equality, aiming to uncover the impact of flexible employment strategies on social inequality. Utilizing cross-country regression models, we analyze the correlation between labor market flexibility indicators and wage equality for a similar work index across 99 developing countries in 2021. The findings indicate that three of the examined indicators exhibit a robust positive correlation with the dependent variable. This suggests that increased flexibility in these areas would potentially reduce gender disparities. Focusing on a wide sample of developing countries, the research implications provide valuable insights for policymakers seeking to address the gender gap in the labor market and promote equal opportunities
Sztereolitográfiával gyártott műanyag fogaskerekek pontosságának vizsgálata
Get PDFThe best-known additive manufacturing process is 3D printing, which is increasingly used to manufacture various machine components. Stereolithography is a 3D printing process where a photosensitive photopolymer resin is solidified using UV light. In this article, we investigate the accuracy of plastic gears made by SLA 3D printing. The aim of the research was to study gears manufactured using SLA printing technology with 0.8, 1, 1.5 and 2 mm module, to determine how the resulting gears differ from the initial geometry and how the manufacturing method affects the parameters of the gears.A legismertebb additív gyártási eljárás a 3D nyomtatás, amelyet egyre gyakrabban alkalmaznak különböző gépelemek gyártására. A sztereolitográfia olyan 3D nyomtatási eljárás, ahol egy fényérzékeny fotopolimer gyantát UV fény segítségével szilárdítunk meg. Ebben a cikkben SLA elven alapuló 3D nyomtatással készült műanyag fogaskerekek pontosságát vizsgáljuk. A kutatás célja SLA technológiával, 0,8, 1, 1,5 és 2 mm-es modullal gyártott fogaskerekek vizsgálata volt, annak megállapítására, hogy a létrejött fogaskerekek mennyiben térnek el a tervezett geometriától, és hogy a gyártási módszer hogyan befolyásolja a fogaskerekek paramétereit
Numerical analysis of functionally graded pressure vessels using stress functions and neural networks
Get PDFThe purpose of this paper is to study the displacements and stresses within radially graded spherical pressure vessels. The body of the sphere is made of a functionally graded material, the material properties are arbitrary functions of the radial coordinate. Our aim is to determine the stress state of the sphere using stress functions while the body is subjected to pressure and prescribed temperature field. The results are used to train a neural network to predict the maximum equivalent stress for the design of the pressure vessel.The purpose of this paper is to study the displacements and stresses within radially graded spherical pressure vessels. The body of the sphere is made of a functionally graded material, the material properties are arbitrary functions of the radial coordinate. Our aim is to determine the stress state of the sphere using stress functions while the body is subjected to pressure and prescribed temperature field. The results are used to train a neural network to predict the maximum equivalent stress for the design of the pressure vessel
A MAGYAR ADÓPOLITIKA LEGFONTOSABB JELLEMZŐINEK ALAKULÁSA A COVID–19-VILÁGJÁRVÁNY ELŐTT ÉS UTÁN
Get PDFIn this paper, we have reviewed some of the most important measures taken to restore the competitiveness of the Hungarian tax system, mainly in the areas of consumption taxes, environmental taxes and sustainable taxation. We have examined the pre-pandemic situation of Hungarian tax policy, the most typical action plan, changes in consumption taxes and environmental taxes. Since 2010, Hungarian tax policy has undergone significant changes, withthe aim of increasing the competitiveness of the economy. The COVID-19 epidemic in 2020 brought new challenges, numerous changes and setbacks at both social and economic level, which needed to be responded to effectively and in a short time. Measures such as simplifying tax administration, increasing the competitiveness of businesses, enhancing the role of consumption taxes, strengthening green taxation and linking taxation and sustainability throughthe fight against tax avoidance. The increase of the VAT rate to 27% in 2012, shifting the focus to the consumption tax, has had a positive impact on economic growth, while reducing taxes on labour, but new challenges have been faced in the aftermath of the pandemic. This paper summarises the challenges and the steps taken to address them.Jelen tanulmányban a magyar adórendszer versenyképességének helyreállítása érdekében tett legfontosabb intézkedések egy részét dolgoztuk fel, elsősorban a fogyasztást terhelő adókra, a környezetvédelmi adókra, és a fenntartható adóztatásra vonatkozóan. Vizsgáltuk a magyar adópolitika járvány előtti helyzetét, a legjellemzőbb cselekvési tervet, a fogyasztási adók és a környezetvédelmi adók változásait. A 2010-es évektől kezdődően a magyar adópolitika jelentős változásokon ment át, a kitűzött cél a gazdaság versenyképességének növelése volt. A 2020-as Covid–19-járvány újabb kihívást, számos változást és visszaesést okozott mind társadalmi, mind gazdasági szinten, amelyre rövid időn belül, hatékonyan kellett reagálni. Az intézkedések között – mint az adóadminisztráció egyszerűsítése, a vállalkozások versenyképességének a növelése, a fogyasztási adók szerepének növelése, a zöldadózás erősítése, és az adóztatás és a fenntarthatóság kapcsolatának megteremtése az adókikerülés elleni harc eszközeivel. Az áfakulcs 2012-es 27%-ra emelése, vagyis a súlypont áthelyezése a forgalmi adóra a munkát terhelő adók csökkentése mellett jó hatással volt a gazdasági növekedésre, a pandémia után azonban újabb kihívásokkal kellett szembenézni. A tanulmányban a kihívásokat és az azokra tett lépéseket összegezzük
Az egészséges munkakörnyezethez való jog a munkaviszony tekintetében
Get PDFIn an employment market transformed by the coronavirus epidemic, job security and the working environment have become more important than ever for Hungarian workers. Work and its former forms have been radically and irrevocably transformed. The new situation brings additional challenges for employers and employees in many areas. The occurrence of occupational diseases and illnesses is determined by the combination of exposure (level and duration) to work-related pathogenic factors (chemical, physical, biological, ergonomic or psycho-social) and the work-related stress (physical, physiological, mental, psychological).A foglalkoztatásban a koronavírus-járvány hatására átalakuló munkaerőpiacon minden eddiginél fontosabbá vált a magyar munkavállalók számára a munkahelyük biztonsága, a munkakörnyezet. A munkavégzés és annak korábbi formái gyökeresen és visszavonhatatlanul átalakultak. Az új helyzet még számtalan területen további kihívásokat hordoz egyaránt a munkáltatónak és a munkavállalónak. A foglalkozással összefüggő megbetegedések és a foglalkozási betegségek előfordulását a munkakörnyezeti kóroki tényezők (kémiai, fizikai, biológiai, ergonómiai vagy pszichoszociális) okozta expozíció (mértéke és időtartama) és a munkavégzéssel járó megterhelés (fizikai, fiziológiai, szellemi, pszichés) együttesen határozzák meg
Our right to life comes from being human: Perception of the child before birth
Get PDFMore than 70 million abortions take place worldwide every year. There is no other topic so devisive today as the recognition of the human being as human while in the mother's womb. And there is no other issue where the world of law is so disconnected from biological reality as for the beginning of life.
Our times see a cultural dissonance where due to historical and technological developments men and women turn against each other at the expense of the conceived new life, where mothers and fathers become the number one enemy of their unborn children. Recognizing the importance of our genetic heritage might lead to the rearrangement of responsibilities for the sake of the next generation.
Althought on the surface, the cultural acceptance of the unborn is not widespread in the Western world, the roots of recognizing the human being as human can be found in international documents and national legislation. While the rights of the child before birth is under attack, mothers must also be strongly protected in the vulnerable period of pregnancy.More than 70 million abortions take place worldwide every year. There is no other topic so devisive today as the recognition of the human being as human while in the mother's womb. And there is no other issue where the world of law is so disconnected from biological reality as for the beginning of life.
Our times see a cultural dissonance where due to historical and technological developments men and women turn against each other at the expense of the conceived new life, where mothers and fathers become the number one enemy of their unborn children. Recognizing the importance of our genetic heritage might lead to the rearrangement of responsibilities for the sake of the next generation.
Althought on the surface, the cultural acceptance of the unborn is not widespread in the Western world, the roots of recognizing the human being as human can be found in international documents and national legislation. While the rights of the child before birth is under attack, mothers must also be strongly protected in the vulnerable period of pregnancy.More than 70 million abortions take place worldwide every year. There is no other topic so devisive today as the recognition of the human being as human while in the mother's womb. And there is no other issue where the world of law is so disconnected from biological reality as for the beginning of life.
Our times see a cultural dissonance where due to historical and technological developments men and women turn against each other at the expense of the conceived new life, where mothers and fathers become the number one enemy of their unborn children. Recognizing the importance of our genetic heritage might lead to the rearrangement of responsibilities for the sake of the next generation.
Althought on the surface, the cultural acceptance of the unborn is not widespread in the Western world, the roots of recognizing the human being as human can be found in international documents and national legislation. While the rights of the child before birth is under attack, mothers must also be strongly protected in the vulnerable period of pregnancy
The EU’s defence ambitions in the field of defence technological and industrial development
Get PDFThe European Union (EU) has long aspired to bolster its defence capabilities, particularly in the realm of defence technological and industrial development. This study scrutinises the EU’s evolving defence ambitions against the backdrop of a rapidly changing global security landscape. Faced with multifaceted security challenges and growing geopolitical uncertainties, the EU has embarked on a journey to enhance its strategic autonomy and bolster its defence industry’s competitiveness. Through a comprehensive analysis of EU policy documents, defence strategies, and industrial initiatives, this study delineates the EU’s efforts to foster innovation, collaboration, and interoperability within its defence ecosystem. Moreover, it explores the mechanisms employed by the EU to leverage synergies between civilian and military research, harness emerging technologies, and fortify its defence industrial base. By delving into the complexities of EU defence initiatives and their implications for transatlantic relations, regional security dynamics, and industrial cooperation, this study contributes to a nuanced understanding of the EU’s quest for strategic sovereignty and technological prowess in an increasingly contested world.The European Union (EU) has long aspired to bolster its defence capabilities, particularly in the realm of defence technological and industrial development. This study scrutinises the EU’s evolving defence ambitions against the backdrop of a rapidly changing global security landscape. Faced with multifaceted security challenges and growing geopolitical uncertainties, the EU has embarked on a journey to enhance its strategic autonomy and bolster its defence industry’s competitiveness. Through a comprehensive analysis of EU policy documents, defence strategies, and industrial initiatives, this study delineates the EU’s efforts to foster innovation, collaboration, and interoperability within its defence ecosystem. Moreover, it explores the mechanisms employed by the EU to leverage synergies between civilian and military research, harness emerging technologies, and fortify its defence industrial base. By delving into the complexities of EU defence initiatives and their implications for transatlantic relations, regional security dynamics, and industrial cooperation, this study contributes to a nuanced understanding of the EU’s quest for strategic sovereignty and technological prowess in an increasingly contested world.The European Union (EU) has long aspired to bolster its defence capabilities, particularly in the realm of defence technological and industrial development. This study scrutinises the EU’s evolving defence ambitions against the backdrop of a rapidly changing global security landscape. Faced with multifaceted security challenges and growing geopolitical uncertainties, the EU has embarked on a journey to enhance its strategic autonomy and bolster its defence industry’s competitiveness. Through a comprehensive analysis of EU policy documents, defence strategies, and industrial initiatives, this study delineates the EU’s efforts to foster innovation, collaboration, and interoperability within its defence ecosystem. Moreover, it explores the mechanisms employed by the EU to leverage synergies between civilian and military research, harness emerging technologies, and fortify its defence industrial base. By delving into the complexities of EU defence initiatives and their implications for transatlantic relations, regional security dynamics, and industrial cooperation, this study contributes to a nuanced understanding of the EU’s quest for strategic sovereignty and technological prowess in an increasingly contested world
Challenges in the Use of Artificial Intelligence-enabled Systems in Modern Armed Forces
Get PDFThe application of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in the armed forces brings about a number of new possibilities and also new risks. In this paper, we have identified and analysed a wide range of risks associated with uncontrolled and unstoppable development of general AI, as well as several ethical and legal, operational and strategic risks. We have shown how and why these risks are dangerous and some even pose a threat to human security, values, norms, democracy, human rights, etc. These risks need to be carefully examined in order to improve the military use of AI and regulation in this area. The wide range of risks identified and their extremely diverse nature show that regulating the military use of AI will be difficult and complex, requiring all disciplines of law, and that regulatory rules need to be applied at national, regional and global level. The rapid development of military AI suggests that some risks are likely to be considered and regulated before any malicious military use of AI occurs, while unfortunately some others will only be regulated after the first instances of its malicious and illegal use by some armed forces.The application of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in the armed forces brings about a number of new possibilities and also new risks. In this paper, we have identified and analysed a wide range of risks associated with uncontrolled and unstoppable development of general AI, as well as several ethical and legal, operational and strategic risks. We have shown how and why these risks are dangerous and some even pose a threat to human security, values, norms, democracy, human rights, etc. These risks need to be carefully examined in order to improve the military use of AI and regulation in this area. The wide range of risks identified and their extremely diverse nature show that regulating the military use of AI will be difficult and complex, requiring all disciplines of law, and that regulatory rules need to be applied at national, regional and global level. The rapid development of military AI suggests that some risks are likely to be considered and regulated before any malicious military use of AI occurs, while unfortunately some others will only be regulated after the first instances of its malicious and illegal use by some armed forces.The application of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in the armed forces brings about a number of new possibilities and also new risks. In this paper, we have identified and analysed a wide range of risks associated with uncontrolled and unstoppable development of general AI, as well as several ethical and legal, operational and strategic risks. We have shown how and why these risks are dangerous and some even pose a threat to human security, values, norms, democracy, human rights, etc. These risks need to be carefully examined in order to improve the military use of AI and regulation in this area. The wide range of risks identified and their extremely diverse nature show that regulating the military use of AI will be difficult and complex, requiring all disciplines of law, and that regulatory rules need to be applied at national, regional and global level. The rapid development of military AI suggests that some risks are likely to be considered and regulated before any malicious military use of AI occurs, while unfortunately some others will only be regulated after the first instances of its malicious and illegal use by some armed forces