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Investigating the impact of vibration characteristics on the surface roughness using MPU6050 sensor at turning of 11SMn30 steel
Get PDFManufacturing system automation is becoming more and more important in sectors due to the growing digital revolution (Industry 4.0) and economic competitiveness. One of the key criteria for making machines entirely automatic is the installation of sensors on the machine. Industrialists have used speed, temperature, and other sensors to offer real-time data and examine faults but sensors to interpret vibration are still being developed. One of the primary impacts of vibration is on the surface roughness. Surface roughness has an impact on several factors affecting the machine, including stress concentration, frictional wear, corrosivity, and so on. To prevent such failures, this study focused on identifying a correlation between vibration and surface roughness by adjusting the feed rate and it was found 92.2 % correlation is noted in between vibration and arithmetic average surface roughness.Manufacturing system automation is becoming more and more important in sectors due to the growing digital revolution (Industry 4.0) and economic competitiveness. One of the key criteria for making machines entirely automatic is the installation of sensors on the machine. Industrialists have used speed, temperature, and other sensors to offer real-time data and examine faults but sensors to interpret vibration are still being developed. One of the primary impacts of vibration is on the surface roughness. Surface roughness has an impact on several factors affecting the machine, including stress concentration, frictional wear, corrosivity, and so on. To prevent such failures, this study focused on identifying a correlation between vibration and surface roughness by adjusting the feed rate and it was found 92.2 % correlation is noted in between vibration and arithmetic average surface roughness
PÉNZÜGYI GARANCIÁK AZ ADMINISZTRÁCIÓ VÉDELMÉRE A SZERZŐDÉS VÉGREHAJTÁSÁNAK HIBÁIVAL SZEMBEN AZ ARAB TÖRVÉNYHOZÁSBAN
Get PDFPublic works contracts occupy a prominent place in the scope of administrative contracts, as they play an effective role in advancing the national economy of Arab countries and completing projects with high quality and at the lowest possible cost. The public needs huge funds that enter the state’s general budget. There had to be guarantees to ensure its proper implementation, and financial guarantees constituted the most important mechanisms introduced by Arab legislation, which protect the administration from the risks that it may incur as a result of poor implementation of the works, and provide a wide degree ofprotection, for public money.Az építési beruházási szerződések kiemelt helyet foglalnak el az adminisztratív szerződések között, mivel hatékony szerepük van az arab országok nemzetgazdaságának erősítésében, valamint a projektek minőségi és minél alacsonyabb költségű megvalósításában. A társadalomnak hatalmas pénzügyi forrásokra van szüksége, amelyek az állam általános költségvetésében szerepelnek. A befektetések megfelelő végrehajtásához garanciákat kell nyújtani, apénzügyi garanciák pedig az arab törvények által kidolgozott legfontosabb mechanizmusok közé tartoznak, amelyek megvédik az adminisztratív műveleteket a munka nem megfelelő végrehajtásából eredő kockázatoktól, és széles körű védelmet nyújtanak a közpénzeknek
KIHÍVÁSOK ÉS ÁLLÁSPONTOK A MUNKAVÉGZÉS BINÁRIS MODELLJÉT ILLETŐEN
Get PDFThe dogmatics of work has traditionally been based on the binary model across Europe. This traditional structure is becoming obsolete due to digitalization and flexibility, as well as employers’ demands to reduce costs, with critical consequences for the self-employed, particularly those in a vulnerable position. The challenge for legislation at the national or EU level is to address this problem and extend labour law protection to those who need it. However, the way to do this is problematic, and different views are emerging on achieving this. The paper will briefly present these, comparing foreign (mainly German) and domestic literature.A munkavégzés jogi szabályozásának dogmatikája hagyományosan a bináris modellre épül Európa-szerte. A digitalizáció és a flexibilitás, valamint a munkáltatói költségcsökkentő igények miatt ez a tradicionális szerkezet elavulni látszik, amely főként a kiszolgáltatott helyzetben lévő önfoglalkoztatók helyzetét befolyásolja. A nemzeti vagy uniós szintű jogalkotás előtt áll a feladat, hogy e problémát rendezze, és kiterjessze a munkajogi védelmet az azt igénylő személyekre. Ennek mikéntje ugyanakkor problémás, a megoldásra különböző nézetek formálódnak. Ezek rövid bemutatására vállalkozik a tanulmány, összehasonlítva külföldi (főleg német) és hazai szakirodalmi álláspontokat
The Internal Security Agency and Poland’s Critical Infrastructure Protection: Challenges and Solutions
Get PDFThis article is devoted to critical infrastructure protection issues, with a focus on national regulations. It does not omit issues concerning the authorities which, according to the regulations, are responsible for critical infrastructure protection, including: relevant ministers, the Government Security Centre as well as the Internal Security Agency. The publication also presents issues related to ensuring information and communication technology security and countering terrorist threats, espionage and cyber-attacks. The empirical aspect of citing an excerpt from a research on terrorism, which was conducted in 2022 by ABW officers among representatives of academia as well as representatives of services and institutions belonging to the anti-terrorism community involved in terrorism studies, has not been disregarded either. The research points to a growing threat to the European Union from terrorist attacks. The article concludes with postulates on the need to increase the protection of critical infrastructure, in particular through proper risk assessment, as well as the need to develop an IT model for threat knowledge management.This article is devoted to critical infrastructure protection issues, with a focus on national regulations. It does not omit issues concerning the authorities which, according to the regulations, are responsible for critical infrastructure protection, including: relevant ministers, the Government Security Centre as well as the Internal Security Agency. The publication also presents issues related to ensuring information and communication technology security and countering terrorist threats, espionage and cyber-attacks. The empirical aspect of citing an excerpt from a research on terrorism, which was conducted in 2022 by ABW officers among representatives of academia as well as representatives of services and institutions belonging to the anti-terrorism community involved in terrorism studies, has not been disregarded either. The research points to a growing threat to the European Union from terrorist attacks. The article concludes with postulates on the need to increase the protection of critical infrastructure, in particular through proper risk assessment, as well as the need to develop an IT model for threat knowledge management.This article is devoted to critical infrastructure protection issues, with a focus on national regulations. It does not omit issues concerning the authorities which, according to the regulations, are responsible for critical infrastructure protection, including: relevant ministers, the Government Security Centre as well as the Internal Security Agency. The publication also presents issues related to ensuring information and communication technology security and countering terrorist threats, espionage and cyber-attacks. The empirical aspect of citing an excerpt from a research on terrorism, which was conducted in 2022 by ABW officers among representatives of academia as well as representatives of services and institutions belonging to the anti-terrorism community involved in terrorism studies, has not been disregarded either. The research points to a growing threat to the European Union from terrorist attacks. The article concludes with postulates on the need to increase the protection of critical infrastructure, in particular through proper risk assessment, as well as the need to develop an IT model for threat knowledge management
Combatting Cyberwarfare Crimes in the European Union
Get PDFCyberwarfare crimes constitute a major threat to the security of the European countries. The effects of such attacks could be devastating for the European economy, stability and national security. The question therefore remains, whether the European Union (EU) has effective security measures and strategies against cyberwarfare attacks, and whether it has appropriate legal definitions of such phenomena. Furthermore, does the EU have cooperation measures and institutions for combatting such crimes? In this article we will first present the practical and legal definition of cyberwarfare and its impact on the security of the EU Member States. Then we will analyse the main security measures and strategies of the EU for preventing cyberwarfare attacks, the primary among which are the EU Cybersecurity Act, Directive on the security of network and information systems (NIS) and its second revised version (NIS 2 Directive), and the European Network and Information Security Agency (ENISA).We will continue with substantive legal documents, where the main role is still played by the Directive EU 2013/40/EU on attacks against information systems, which is now almost 11 years old and dated in some aspects. On the procedural level we will analyse the EU cooperation in combatting cyberwarfare attacks through two perspectives (cooperation measures and EU institutions). In the first perspective, we will exam the European Arrest Warrant, the European Evidence Warrant, the European Freezing and Confiscation Order, the European Investigation Order, the European Judicial Network (EJN), and the Schengen Information System (SIS). And in the second, we will present Europol and its European Cyber Crime Centre, Eurojust, and the European Network and Information Security Agency (ENISA). Although the EU has mechanisms in place to combat and prevent cyberwarfare crimes, the legal situation is still far from ideal. The main problem remains the lack of clear legal definition of cyberwarfare crimes and no focused legislation in regard to criminal prosecution of such crimes.Cyberwarfare crimes constitute a major threat to the security of the European countries. The effects of such attacks could be devastating for the European economy, stability and national security. The question therefore remains, whether the European Union (EU) has effective security measures and strategies against cyberwarfare attacks, and whether it has appropriate legal definitions of such phenomena. Furthermore, does the EU have cooperation measures and institutions for combatting such crimes? In this article we will first present the practical and legal definition of cyberwarfare and its impact on the security of the EU Member States. Then we will analyse the main security measures and strategies of the EU for preventing cyberwarfare attacks, the primary among which are the EU Cybersecurity Act, Directive on the security of network and information systems (NIS) and its second revised version (NIS 2 Directive), and the European Network and Information Security Agency (ENISA).We will continue with substantive legal documents, where the main role is still played by the Directive EU 2013/40/EU on attacks against information systems, which is now almost 11 years old and dated in some aspects. On the procedural level we will analyse the EU cooperation in combatting cyberwarfare attacks through two perspectives (cooperation measures and EU institutions). In the first perspective, we will exam the European Arrest Warrant, the European Evidence Warrant, the European Freezing and Confiscation Order, the European Investigation Order, the European Judicial Network (EJN), and the Schengen Information System (SIS). And in the second, we will present Europol and its European Cyber Crime Centre, Eurojust, and the European Network and Information Security Agency (ENISA). Although the EU has mechanisms in place to combat and prevent cyberwarfare crimes, the legal situation is still far from ideal. The main problem remains the lack of clear legal definition of cyberwarfare crimes and no focused legislation in regard to criminal prosecution of such crimes.Cyberwarfare crimes constitute a major threat to the security of the European countries. The effects of such attacks could be devastating for the European economy, stability and national security. The question therefore remains, whether the European Union (EU) has effective security measures and strategies against cyberwarfare attacks, and whether it has appropriate legal definitions of such phenomena. Furthermore, does the EU have cooperation measures and institutions for combatting such crimes? In this article we will first present the practical and legal definition of cyberwarfare and its impact on the security of the EU Member States. Then we will analyse the main security measures and strategies of the EU for preventing cyberwarfare attacks, the primary among which are the EU Cybersecurity Act, Directive on the security of network and information systems (NIS) and its second revised version (NIS 2 Directive), and the European Network and Information Security Agency (ENISA).We will continue with substantive legal documents, where the main role is still played by the Directive EU 2013/40/EU on attacks against information systems, which is now almost 11 years old and dated in some aspects. On the procedural level we will analyse the EU cooperation in combatting cyberwarfare attacks through two perspectives (cooperation measures and EU institutions). In the first perspective, we will exam the European Arrest Warrant, the European Evidence Warrant, the European Freezing and Confiscation Order, the European Investigation Order, the European Judicial Network (EJN), and the Schengen Information System (SIS). And in the second, we will present Europol and its European Cyber Crime Centre, Eurojust, and the European Network and Information Security Agency (ENISA). Although the EU has mechanisms in place to combat and prevent cyberwarfare crimes, the legal situation is still far from ideal. The main problem remains the lack of clear legal definition of cyberwarfare crimes and no focused legislation in regard to criminal prosecution of such crimes
Design conception of a food dehydrator
Get PDFNowadays, the household is unimaginable without the three main pillars of the technical field, which are mechanical engineering, electrical engineering and IT. The paper deals with the design conception of a food dehydrator unit. These types of devices are capable of drying fruits and mushrooms. The article covers the design conception of a specific version, and then by building a test system, it becomes possible to check the correctness of the control program code belonging to the system
A hazai élelmiszer diszkontok szerepe a fenntarthatóságban
Get PDFRapidly changing global trade conditions (the spread of artificial intelligence, the COVID-19 pandemic or the Russian-Ukrainian war) are opening up new challenges for food supply chains. The aim of our study is to examine the role of discounters in the food trade in terms of sustainability. We examine the role of domestic discount chains in the context of the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) adopted by the United Nations in 2018. We seek to identify the clusters where the role of domestic food discounters is dominant in the AGENDA 30 targets. In examining this issue, the analysis of measures taken to reduce food waste and safety and loss cannot be overlooked. The study also briefly discusses the changes in the food retail sector brought about by the emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic, the extent to which it has boosted online sales, accelerated the process of automation and robotisation, and the role of sustainability and social innovation in the sales process.A globális kereskedelemben a gyorsan változó körülmények (a mesterséges intelligencia térnyerése, a COVID-19 járványhelyzet vagy az orosz-ukrán háború) új kihívások elé állítja az élelmiszer kereskedelmi láncokat. Tanulmányunk célja az élelmiszer kereskedelmen belül a diszkontok szerep vállalásának vizsgálata a fenntarthatóságban. Az ENSZ 2018-ban elfogadott 17 fenntartható fejlődési céljának (SDG) elemeit sorba véve vizsgáljuk a hazai diszkont láncok szerepét. Törekszünk arra, hogy feltárjuk azon csomópontokat, melyekben a hazai élelmiszer diszkontok szerepe meghatározó az AGENDA 2030 célelemei között. Ezen kérdéskör vizsgálatánál nem hagyható figyelmen kívül az élelmiszer pazarlás és biztonság és veszteség csökkentéséért tett intézkedések elemzése. A tanulmányban röviden kitérünk arra is, hogy az élelmiszer kiskereskedelemben, milyen változásokat hozott a COVID-19 világjárvány megjelenése, milyen mértékben erősítette fel az online értékesítést, gyorsította az automatizáció, robotizáció folyamatát, valamint az értékesítés folyamatában milyen szerepet kapott napjainkraa fenntarthatóság és a társadalmi innováció
China’s grand strategy within 21st-century megatrends
Get PDFThe main aim of this study is to identify possible components of China’s grand strategy and check how they can influence global megatrends. Based on a literature review, four grand strategy components are identified: 1) building up military power, 2) consolidating power at the peripheries and pushing for more control over disputed territories, 3) expanding economic influence through the Belt and Road Initiative, and 4) establishing new standards in digital technologies and promoting cyber sovereignty. These strategic tools can directly affect the following megatrends that are commonly mentioned in the literature: shift of economic power, emerging markets, new economic order; digitalisation; globalisation; deglobalization, trade reduction; diversity of governance, trust in the political system; and scarce resources. Using data taken from Google Trends it is shown that in the 2004-2023 period the trends of Chinese grand strategy terms correlate most with terms that represent the following three megatrends: digitalisation, globalisation, and scarce resources