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Human oversight and risk-based approach to artificial intelligence: What does the Artificial Intelligence Act have in common with discussions about lethal autonomous weapon systems?
Get PDFThe regulation of artificial intelligence (AI) is a pressing global concern, with various regulatory bodies aiming to foster innovation while safeguarding humanity’s interests. This article synthesises perspectives on AI regulation in civilian and military domains, highlighting common ethical foundations and legal proposals. Emphasising the European Union’s ethical community as delineated by fundamental rights, it explores the Artificial Intelligence Act and debates on lethal autonomous weapon systems within the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons. By analysing the overlap between civilian and military ethics, the article argues for a shared objective: promoting innovation while upholding human dignity through robust regulations that ensure human oversight and a risk-based approach. The article contends that the consensus on substantive issues regarding military AI regulation is imminent, but its formalisation through legal means may lag behind.The regulation of artificial intelligence (AI) is a pressing global concern, with various regulatory bodies aiming to foster innovation while safeguarding humanity’s interests. This article synthesises perspectives on AI regulation in civilian and military domains, highlighting common ethical foundations and legal proposals. Emphasising the European Union’s ethical community as delineated by fundamental rights, it explores the Artificial Intelligence Act and debates on lethal autonomous weapon systems within the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons. By analysing the overlap between civilian and military ethics, the article argues for a shared objective: promoting innovation while upholding human dignity through robust regulations that ensure human oversight and a risk-based approach. The article contends that the consensus on substantive issues regarding military AI regulation is imminent, but its formalisation through legal means may lag behind.The regulation of artificial intelligence (AI) is a pressing global concern, with various regulatory bodies aiming to foster innovation while safeguarding humanity’s interests. This article synthesises perspectives on AI regulation in civilian and military domains, highlighting common ethical foundations and legal proposals. Emphasising the European Union’s ethical community as delineated by fundamental rights, it explores the Artificial Intelligence Act and debates on lethal autonomous weapon systems within the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons. By analysing the overlap between civilian and military ethics, the article argues for a shared objective: promoting innovation while upholding human dignity through robust regulations that ensure human oversight and a risk-based approach. The article contends that the consensus on substantive issues regarding military AI regulation is imminent, but its formalisation through legal means may lag behind
Defence capability development optimisation
Get PDFThis article outlines comprehensive research methodologies and practical outcomes aimed at enhancing strategic decision-making processes in defense capability development. It introduces a structured and applicable methodological framework that integrates theoretical principles, advanced technological approaches, and practical experiences. Central to this framework are advanced modeling and simulation techniques, specifically constructive wargaming and operations research methods. These techniques systematically integrate a set of capability optimization tasks exploiting detailed mathematical modeling and simulation, supported by specialized software tools. The article outlines thirteen conceptual steps for optimizing military force structures and capability configurations by evaluating a vast array of combat scenarios by operational effectiveness criteria within established financial and strategic constraints. The proposed framework is the subject of serious research activities and a defense project development aimed at enhancing the practical applicability of the described methods and approaches to computer-aided capability development processes, effectively supporting strategic planning and substantially improving overall military preparedness.This article outlines comprehensive research methodologies and practical outcomes aimed at enhancing strategic decision-making processes in defense capability development. It introduces a structured and applicable methodological framework that integrates theoretical principles, advanced technological approaches, and practical experiences. Central to this framework are advanced modeling and simulation techniques, specifically constructive wargaming and operations research methods. These techniques systematically integrate a set of capability optimization tasks exploiting detailed mathematical modeling and simulation, supported by specialized software tools. The article outlines thirteen conceptual steps for optimizing military force structures and capability configurations by evaluating a vast array of combat scenarios by operational effectiveness criteria within established financial and strategic constraints. The proposed framework is the subject of serious research activities and a defense project development aimed at enhancing the practical applicability of the described methods and approaches to computer-aided capability development processes, effectively supporting strategic planning and substantially improving overall military preparedness.This article outlines comprehensive research methodologies and practical outcomes aimed at enhancing strategic decision-making processes in defense capability development. It introduces a structured and applicable methodological framework that integrates theoretical principles, advanced technological approaches, and practical experiences. Central to this framework are advanced modeling and simulation techniques, specifically constructive wargaming and operations research methods. These techniques systematically integrate a set of capability optimization tasks exploiting detailed mathematical modeling and simulation, supported by specialized software tools. The article outlines thirteen conceptual steps for optimizing military force structures and capability configurations by evaluating a vast array of combat scenarios by operational effectiveness criteria within established financial and strategic constraints. The proposed framework is the subject of serious research activities and a defense project development aimed at enhancing the practical applicability of the described methods and approaches to computer-aided capability development processes, effectively supporting strategic planning and substantially improving overall military preparedness
Az állampolgári közösségből kirekesztés két esete: a szlovéniai töröltek és a lettországi nem-állampolgárok
Get PDFAlthough international law intends to exclude statelessness, the transfer of nationality is often not automatic after gaining independence. In the Central European region, both Slovenia and Latvia, engaged in nation-building, have excluded some of the former Yugoslav and Soviet citizens respectively living legally on their territory in 1991 from their redefined citizenry. The political and, in particular, legal problems related to these situations have also been appeared in the international arena and considerable domestic and international case law has been developed thus, which may serve as a guide for the international community in the future.Habár a nemzetközi jog a hontalanság lehetőségét kizárni igyekszik, az állampolgárság-transzfer sokszor nem automatikus a függetlenedés után. A köztes-európai térségben a nemzetépítést megvalósító Szlovénia és Lettország is kirekesztette a területén élő és 1991 után helyben maradó volt jugoszláv, illetve szovjet állampolgárok egy részét az újradefiniált állampolgári közösségéből. Az e helyzetekkel kapcsolatos politikai és különösen jogi problémák nemzetközi színtéren is megjelentek és mára jelentős belső, illetve nemzetközi bírói esetjog alakult ki a két ország szabályozásának vonatkozásában, amely iránymutatásul szolgálhat a nemzetközi közösség számára a jövőben
A részvénytársaságok jogi szabályozásának változásai 1993-2023
Get PDFThe study describes the changes in the law on companies limited by shares over the last 30 years. In particular, the periodic change in the dominance of norms of imperative and dispositive nature, the amendments to the rules for the incorporation of public limited companies and the evolution of the legal requirements for each type of shares.A tanulmány bemutatja a részvénytársaságok jogi szabályozásában az elmúlt 30 évben bekövetkezett változásokat. Ezen belül a kógens és diszpozitív jellegű normák dominanciájának periodikus váltakozását, a részvénytársaságok alapítási szabályainak módosulását, valamint az egyes részvényfajták törvényi előírásainak fejlődését
A Miskolci Egyetemi hosszú tanulmányi épület (A/2-A/1-A/3) rezgési frekvenciáinak mérése LDV módszerrel
Get PDFThe transversal vibrations of the long education building (A/2‑A/1‑A/3) of the University of Miskolc were measured by an LDV (Laser Doppler Vibrometer) interferometer. These very weak vibrations (less than 1 µm amplitude) are generated by ambient sources (including indoor human activities). The measurements were made inside the building on supporting walls; the device was on an anti-vibration table. In the case of 7 measuring points, the averages of one-hour frequency spectra (on work days); at the other 9 points, the averages of 24‑hour frequency spectra (on work days) are shown. The majority of measure-ments were made on the top floor, where the 2.8 Hz vibration, which is characteristic of the complete building, has the maximal amplitude. Going downwards in the building, this amplitude decreases to zero at ground level. The amplitude of the vibrations around 7 Hz, identified as the vibrations of building parts, has a maximum at the intermediate floors.LDV (Laser Doppler Vibrometer) interferométerrel mértük a Miskolci Egyetem hosszú tanulmányi épületének (A/2‑A/1‑A/3) keresztirányú rezgéseit. Ezeket az igen gyenge (kisebb mint 1 µm amplitúdójú) rezgéseket környezeti hatások (beleértve az épületen belüli emberi tevékenységeket is) generálják. A méréseket az épületen belülről, mobil rezgésmentes asztalra helyezett berendezéssel végeztük külső és belső tartófalakon. 7 mérési pont esetében a munkanapokon mért egyórás frekvencia spektrumok átlagait, 9 mérési ponton pedig a hétköznapi 24 órás frekvenciaspektrumok átlagait mutatjuk be. A mérések nagy részét a legfelső emeleten végeztük, ahol az egész épület rezgését jellemző 2,8 Hz‑es rezgés amplitúdója maximális. Ez az amplitúdó az épületben lefelé haladva csökken, a talaj szintjén egészen nulláig. Mindeközben az egyes épületrészek rezgéseként azonosított 7 Hz körüli rezgések amplitúdója a középső szinteken a legnagyobb
Reducing the density of fired ceramic products
Get PDFFired brick is one of the most widespread building materials, in the manufacture of which, in addition to strength, great emphasis is placed on the thermal insulation capacity of products. Reduction in bulk density is essential to further improve thermal insulation performance. During our work, in addition to adding sawdust of different fractions, we reduced the bulk density of the fired ceramic samples by mixing 10, 20, and 30 vol% expanded perlite. For the experiments, clay masses were prepared with a laboratory pan mill with a moisture content of 22 wt%. The formed and dried samples were fired at 870 °C for 4 hours. The body density of the samples decreased from 1708 to 1295 kg/m3 as the mixing rate of expanded perlite increased. The coefficient of thermal conductivity decreased significantly, the lowest value was 0.16 W/m·K. Thermal insulation capacity can be improved without significant reduction in compressive strength, by mixing expanded perlite.Fired brick is one of the most widespread building materials, in the manufacture of which, in addition to strength, great emphasis is placed on the thermal insulation capacity of products. Reduction in bulk density is essential to further improve thermal insulation performance. During our work, in addition to adding sawdust of different fractions, we reduced the bulk density of the fired ceramic samples by mixing 10, 20, and 30 vol% expanded perlite. For the experiments, clay masses were prepared with a laboratory pan mill with a moisture content of 22 wt%. The formed and dried samples were fired at 870 °C for 4 hours. The body density of the samples decreased from 1708 to 1295 kg/m3 as the mixing rate of expanded perlite increased. The coefficient of thermal conductivity decreased significantly, the lowest value was 0.16 W/m·K. Thermal insulation capacity can be improved without significant reduction in compressive strength, by mixing expanded perlite
Strength evaluation and melt rheology of highly mineral filled polymer composites
Get PDFThis study investigated the effect of high mineral-filled high-density polyethylene (HDPE). The filler as natural zeolite highly affected the mechanical, rheological, and physical properties of the composites. The HDPE composite was extruded up to 60 weight percentage(wt%) to make it possible to use as heat sink material. The electron microscope showed that zeolite has homogeneous distribution inside the composite with zeolite increases even its high filled version. The results showed favorable rheological behavior of the composites that the zeolite has negligible effect on viscosity within the highly filled HDPE. The composites kept the shear thinning behavior in the high shear rate as well. The amount of zeolite filler content improved the mechanical properties of the composites with an increase in the content of the natural filler.This study investigated the effect of high mineral-filled high-density polyethylene (HDPE). The filler as natural zeolite highly affected the mechanical, rheological, and physical properties of the composites. The HDPE composite was extruded up to 60 weight percentage(wt%) to make it possible to use as heat sink material. The electron microscope showed that zeolite has homogeneous distribution inside the composite with zeolite increases even its high filled version. The results showed favorable rheological behavior of the composites that the zeolite has negligible effect on viscosity within the highly filled HDPE. The composites kept the shear thinning behavior in the high shear rate as well. The amount of zeolite filler content improved the mechanical properties of the composites with an increase in the content of the natural filler
Method to estimate pixel intensity in line scan camera-based measurement systems using exposure and lighting control signal characteristics
Get PDFThe operation of machine vision control systems is greatly influenced by the lighting technology used. If the camera exposure signal and the LED pulse train come from different sources, their start times may not align. While matching the frequency of the exposure signal and the lighting control signal can enable full synchronization by adjusting the phase shift, in practice, the camera’s sampling frequency and the lighting controller’s signal frequency may differ, potentially leading to resonance effects and intensity variations in the captured images. To investigate this phenomenon and develop a compensating algorithm for frequency discrepancies, a procedure was devised to estimate the intensity resulting from the overlap of the signal curves.The operation of machine vision control systems is greatly influenced by the lighting technology used. If the camera exposure signal and the LED pulse train come from different sources, their start times may not align. While matching the frequency of the exposure signal and the lighting control signal can enable full synchronization by adjusting the phase shift, in practice, the camera’s sampling frequency and the lighting controller’s signal frequency may differ, potentially leading to resonance effects and intensity variations in the captured images. To investigate this phenomenon and develop a compensating algorithm for frequency discrepancies, a procedure was devised to estimate the intensity resulting from the overlap of the signal curves
Deferred tax in the Hungarian national and international accounting regulations
Get PDFWith the amendments of the Accounting Act of 2024, a new set of concepts was added to the Hungarian accounting vocabulary, the clear inducer of which is the harmonization of the global minimum tax. Deferred tax is therefore a new concept in the Hungarian accounting system, but it has long been an important element in international accounting systems. In our article, we present the theory of this in a descriptive manner, and then examine its operation through numerical example. Deferred tax is not a new concept in the IAS/IFRS framework; however, with its inclusion in the Accounting Act, entities that have not previously prepared their financial statements in accordance with international standards now have the option to apply it. In the theoretical section, we will examine how deferred tax may appear in individual financial statements, followed by a review of its practical application.With the amendments of the Accounting Act of 2024, a new set of concepts was added to the Hungarian accounting vocabulary, the clear inducer of which is the harmonization of the global minimum tax. Deferred tax is therefore a new concept in the Hungarian accounting system, but it has long been an important element in international accounting systems. In our article, we present the theory of this in a descriptive manner, and then examine its operation through numerical example. Deferred tax is not a new concept in the IAS/IFRS framework; however, with its inclusion in the Accounting Act, entities that have not previously prepared their financial statements in accordance with international standards now have the option to apply it. In the theoretical section, we will examine how deferred tax may appear in individual financial statements, followed by a review of its practical application
A ROMÁNIAI NÉPSZÁMLÁLÁS EDDIGI TANULSÁGAI. FÓKUSZBAN AZ ERDÉLYI MAGYARSÁG LÉLEKSZÁMVESZTÉSE
Get PDFBased on the latest publicly available data, this study attempts to outline the results of the 2022 Romanian census and its implications for the indigenous ethnic Hungarian population. Besides its undeniable scientific significance, the census also holds numerous practical benefits and is essential for political decision-making. Census data enables the precise mapping and understanding of social, economic, and demographic processes. Consequently, it provides a foundation for various international, national, regional, or local policies and offers assistance in developing long-term strategies, and forecasts. Since the census serves as the starting point of pooulation estimatesm making it the most reliable source of demographic information, I consider the results of the Romanian 2011 census as the main point of comparison and reference. In the first part, I present the methodological characteristics of the census by reference to sensus act the official Hungarian version of the census questionnaire. Subsequently, I compare the available official statistics and trends of the2022 census with the results of the 2011 census, with a particular emphasis on the characteristics of the ethnic Hungarian population in Romania.A tanulmány a legfrissebb publikus adatok alapján megkísérli felvázolni a 2022-es román népszámlálás eredményeit, annak tanulságait az őshonos, magyar kisebbségi lélekszámra vonatkozó adatok függvényében. A népszámlálás megkerülhetetlen tudományos jelentősége mellett számos gyakorlati haszonnal is bír, és politikai döntések számára is nélkülözhetetlen. A népszámlálás adatai ugyanis lehetővé teszik a társadalmi, gazdasági és demográfiai folyamatok pontos feltérképezését és megértését, ezáltal pedig egyrészt megalapozzák a különböző nemzetközi, országos, regionális vagy éppen településszintű intézkedéseket, másrészt segítséget nyújtanak a hosszú távú stratégiák és előrejelzések kidolgozásához. Mivel a lakosságszám becslésének kiindulópontját a népszámlálás jelenti, vagyis ez tekinthető a legmegbízhatóbb demográfiai adatforrásnak, ezért a 2011-es romániai népszámlálás eredményeit tekintem fő összehasonlítási és kiindulási pontnak. Az első részben a népszámlálás módszertani jellegzetességeit mutatom be a népszámlálás lebonyolításáról szóló törvény és a hivatalos, magyar nyelvű népszámlálási kérdőív segítségével. Ezt követően a 2022-es népszámlálás eddig rendelkezésre álló hivatalos statisztikáit, trendjeit vetem össze a 2011-es népszámlálási adatok eredményeivel, külön hangsúlyt fektetve a Romániában élő, de magyar kisebbségi népesség jellemzőire