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Protection of Human Rights under the European Convention on Human Rights: Bulgaria
No full textBulgaria’s accession to the Council of Europe in 1992 was a pivotal moment in the reaffirmation of constitutional democracy, the rule of law, and the protection of human rights in the country, following the collapse of the communist regime. The 1991 Constitution established a comprehensive framework of fundamental rights for citizens, aligning with the European Convention on Human Rights. However, it was the ECHR’s framework and the progressive jurisprudence of the Strasbourg Court – renowned for its broad interpretation – that significantly bolstered human rights protections and advanced the Bulgarian legal system.
Despite facing challenges related to contentious issues and the prolonged non-implementation of various European Court of Human Rights rulings against Bulgaria for over a decade, the Convention has profoundly influenced the nation’s legal landscape. Over time, the rights enshrined in the Convention have prompted nuanced changes in legal and policy outcomes, fostering a more rights-oriented approach in legislation and judicial decisions. This shift has contributed to a culture of governmental accountability and respect for individual rights. Nevertheless, progress has been hindered by societal attitudes, political resistance, and gaps in legal scholarship and education.
Today, the ECtHR serves as a crucial and independent authority on fundamental rights in Bulgaria, establishing standards for rights protection, adjudicating individual cases, and highlighting systemic deficiencies in Bulgarian legislation and practices. The country continues to struggle with implementation issues concerning contentious human rights matters, including privacy rights related to secret surveillance, voting rights for prisoners, LGBTQI rights, the rights of incapacitated persons, and the rights of the Macedonian minority. Tensions have also emerged between the ECtHR’s jurisprudence and the rulings of the Constitutional Court, particularly regarding the unconstitutionality of the Istanbul Convention. This discord has led to a growing disconnection between Bulgarian jurisprudence and supranational legal standards.Bulgaria’s accession to the Council of Europe in 1992 was a pivotal moment in the reaffirmation of constitutional democracy, the rule of law, and the protection of human rights in the country, following the collapse of the communist regime. The 1991 Constitution established a comprehensive framework of fundamental rights for citizens, aligning with the European Convention on Human Rights. However, it was the ECHR’s framework and the progressive jurisprudence of the Strasbourg Court – renowned for its broad interpretation – that significantly bolstered human rights protections and advanced the Bulgarian legal system.
Despite facing challenges related to contentious issues and the prolonged non-implementation of various European Court of Human Rights rulings against Bulgaria for over a decade, the Convention has profoundly influenced the nation’s legal landscape. Over time, the rights enshrined in the Convention have prompted nuanced changes in legal and policy outcomes, fostering a more rights-oriented approach in legislation and judicial decisions. This shift has contributed to a culture of governmental accountability and respect for individual rights. Nevertheless, progress has been hindered by societal attitudes, political resistance, and gaps in legal scholarship and education.
Today, the ECtHR serves as a crucial and independent authority on fundamental rights in Bulgaria, establishing standards for rights protection, adjudicating individual cases, and highlighting systemic deficiencies in Bulgarian legislation and practices. The country continues to struggle with implementation issues concerning contentious human rights matters, including privacy rights related to secret surveillance, voting rights for prisoners, LGBTQI rights, the rights of incapacitated persons, and the rights of the Macedonian minority. Tensions have also emerged between the ECtHR’s jurisprudence and the rulings of the Constitutional Court, particularly regarding the unconstitutionality of the Istanbul Convention. This discord has led to a growing disconnection between Bulgarian jurisprudence and supranational legal standards.Bulgaria’s accession to the Council of Europe in 1992 was a pivotal moment in the reaffirmation of constitutional democracy, the rule of law, and the protection of human rights in the country, following the collapse of the communist regime. The 1991 Constitution established a comprehensive framework of fundamental rights for citizens, aligning with the European Convention on Human Rights. However, it was the ECHR’s framework and the progressive jurisprudence of the Strasbourg Court – renowned for its broad interpretation – that significantly bolstered human rights protections and advanced the Bulgarian legal system.
Despite facing challenges related to contentious issues and the prolonged non-implementation of various European Court of Human Rights rulings against Bulgaria for over a decade, the Convention has profoundly influenced the nation’s legal landscape. Over time, the rights enshrined in the Convention have prompted nuanced changes in legal and policy outcomes, fostering a more rights-oriented approach in legislation and judicial decisions. This shift has contributed to a culture of governmental accountability and respect for individual rights. Nevertheless, progress has been hindered by societal attitudes, political resistance, and gaps in legal scholarship and education.
Today, the ECtHR serves as a crucial and independent authority on fundamental rights in Bulgaria, establishing standards for rights protection, adjudicating individual cases, and highlighting systemic deficiencies in Bulgarian legislation and practices. The country continues to struggle with implementation issues concerning contentious human rights matters, including privacy rights related to secret surveillance, voting rights for prisoners, LGBTQI rights, the rights of incapacitated persons, and the rights of the Macedonian minority. Tensions have also emerged between the ECtHR’s jurisprudence and the rulings of the Constitutional Court, particularly regarding the unconstitutionality of the Istanbul Convention. This discord has led to a growing disconnection between Bulgarian jurisprudence and supranational legal standards
European Convention on Human Rights from the perspective of the Republic of Serbia
No full textThis article explores the role of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) in the constitutional and legal order of the Republic of Serbia. It outlines the historical development of the constitutional guarantees of human rights and the gradual incorporation of international human rights standards into domestic constitutional law. The paper discusses the constitutional stratus of the ECHR and the obligation of the domestic authorities to interpret national law in accordance with the case-law of the European Court of Human Rights. Particular focus is placed on the role of the Constitutional Court as a key domestic mechanism for the protection of Convention rights. The paper analyses selected landmark cases against Serbia and highlights the transformative effect of the ECtHR jurisprudence on national law and judicial practice. The paper concludes that effective implementation of the Convention remains essential for ensuring sustainable human rights protection in Serbia.This article explores the role of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) in the constitutional and legal order of the Republic of Serbia. It outlines the historical development of the constitutional guarantees of human rights and the gradual incorporation of international human rights standards into domestic constitutional law. The paper discusses the constitutional stratus of the ECHR and the obligation of the domestic authorities to interpret national law in accordance with the case-law of the European Court of Human Rights. Particular focus is placed on the role of the Constitutional Court as a key domestic mechanism for the protection of Convention rights. The paper analyses selected landmark cases against Serbia and highlights the transformative effect of the ECtHR jurisprudence on national law and judicial practice. The paper concludes that effective implementation of the Convention remains essential for ensuring sustainable human rights protection in Serbia.This article explores the role of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) in the constitutional and legal order of the Republic of Serbia. It outlines the historical development of the constitutional guarantees of human rights and the gradual incorporation of international human rights standards into domestic constitutional law. The paper discusses the constitutional stratus of the ECHR and the obligation of the domestic authorities to interpret national law in accordance with the case-law of the European Court of Human Rights. Particular focus is placed on the role of the Constitutional Court as a key domestic mechanism for the protection of Convention rights. The paper analyses selected landmark cases against Serbia and highlights the transformative effect of the ECtHR jurisprudence on national law and judicial practice. The paper concludes that effective implementation of the Convention remains essential for ensuring sustainable human rights protection in Serbia
A gyermek érdeke mint védett jogtárgy a kodifikált magyar büntetőjog történetében
No full textOver the past century, we have witnessed a revolutionary progress in the legal protection of children. Even in the second half of the 1800s, parents had almost unlimited power over their children, which has been replaced by an enhanced system of state intervention by now. The legal framework for child protection embraces various fields of law, including criminal justice. The development that the Hungarian criminal law have undergone since the first Criminal Code was adopted in 1878, can be described with three main characteristics. After naming and explaining these tendencies, this article surveys the legislative history of child protection in Hungary.A kiskorúak büntetőjogi védelmének kialakulása forradalmi folyamatnak tekinthető. Nagyjából másfél évszázad alatt a szülő majdhogynem korlátlan egyoldalú döntési pozícióját felváltotta a közhatalmi beavatkozás kiterjedt rendszere, amely számos területen szab határt a kiszolgáltatott helyzetben lévő gyermek érdekében. Ez a folyamat a kodifikált magyar büntetőjog fejlődésében három megfigyelhető tendencia mentén vázolható fel. Ezek megnevezését és kifejtését követően a tanulmány áttekinti a gyermek érdekét szolgálni hivatott büntetőjogi tényállások történeti vázlatát
Kritikai észrevételek a mezőgazdasági ágazat foglalkoztatási jogsértéseiről a szociális feltételesség szabályainak tükrében
No full textAgriculture is a complex sector of the economy that yields unique circumstances and operations. Accordingly, the question arises as to whether the general legal framework applicable to the economy as a whole can be applied to this sector without modification. Our study attempts to examine this from the perspective of labor and social law, in light of the fact that the payment of agricultural subsidies will be linked to the enforcement of a strongly socially oriented EU legal institution in the future. In our study, we would like to pay tribute to the memory of Professor György Bíró, who himself extensively examined the relationship between general and specific law in numerous studies.A mezőgazdaság egy olyan komplex területe a gazdaságnak, mely sajátos élethelyzeteket és működést eredményez. Ennek megfelelően mindig kérdés, hogy azok az általános jogszabályi keretek, melyek a gazdaság egészére vonatkoznak, alkalmazhatóak- e transzformáció nélkül ebben az ágazatban? Tanulmányunk arra tesz kísérletet, hogy a munkajogi és szociális jogi oldalról vizsgálja annak a fényében, hogy egy elég erősen szociális töltetű uniós jogintézmény érvényesüléséhez kötik a jövőben az agrártámogatások kifizetését. A tanulmányunkkal szeretnénk leróni tiszteletünket Bíró György professzor emléke előtt, aki maga is számtalan tanulmányában vizsgálta az általános és különös jogi kapcsolatát
„A közlés és alakiság együttes követelménye” – gondolatok a felhasználási szerződések írásbeliségéről
No full textThe study examines the reasons behind the mandatory form of license contracts and the issues of problems arising in legal practice. According to the Copyright Act, license contracts shall be concluded in writing, failure to do so results in nullity. However, it is often observed that the parties conclude the aforementioned contracts only verbally or by suggestive conduct. The study also examines the applicability of Article 6:7 (3) of the Civil Code and the obstacles to its application in licence contracts.A tanulmány a felhasználási szerződések kötelező írásbelisége mögött rejlő indokokat és a joggyakorlatban felmerülő problémák kérdéseit járja körül. Az Szjt. alapján, a felhasználási szerződéseket írásba kell foglalni, ennek mellőzése semmisséget eredményez. Gyakran tapasztalható azonban az a jelenség, hogy a felek csupán szóban vagy ráutaló magatartással kötik meg az említett szerződéseket. A tanulmány vizsgálja továbbá a Ptk. 6:7. § (3) bekezdésének alkalmazhatóságát is az alkalmazás akadályait a felhasználási szerződésekben
Smart Traffic Light Management System: A Novel Approach Using IoT and AI for Emergency Handling and Congestion Reduction
No full textCity traffic congestion, together with ineffective traffic signals, continues to pose significant problems in metropolitan areas, which results in longer travel times and worsened pollution while also delaying emergency responses. This paper proposed a smart traffic light control system that implemented IoT alongside RFID and real-time camera detection of objects for enhancing emergency vehicle prioritization and managing traffic flow. The system continuously adapts traffic light intervals according to existing traffic amounts, which results in fewer jams and decreased waiting periods for all vehicles. Emergency vehicle detection through RFID technology directs ambulance and fire truck vehicles to safely access intersections without delays. The system utilized Arduino microcontrollers alongside ESP32-CAM modules and Python-based object detection algorithms for implementing the system that proved its success in handling complex traffic situations. The implemented system generated important results, which improved traffic efficiency while lowering vehicle emissions and accelerating emergency response service. AI, alongside IoT technologies, enables the system to bring transformative changes to how cities manage their urban traffic flow by delivering both expandable and eco-friendly solutions for smart cities. Intelligent traffic systems demonstrate essential value for tackling modern urbanization-related challenges as well as pollution problems and public safety issues
Triglyceride-to-HDL-cholesterol Ratio as a Measure of Insulin Resistance in Obese Children and Adolescents
No full textChildhood obesity is closely linked to insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, and metabolic syndrome. [1] [2] Traditional methods of assessing insulin resistance, such as the hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp, are precise but impractical for routine clinical use in pediatric populations. [3] This study evaluates the triglyceride-to-HDL-cholesterol (TG/HDL) ratio as an alternative, simple and effective marker of insulin resistance in obese children and adolescents
LÉGI KÖZLEKEDÉS (ZÖLD)ADÓZTATÁSA
Get PDFThe aim of this study is to show how air transport taxation can affect its polluting role. What does it mean that a tax is green, and what role can this type of tax play in aviation? This research examines the impact of the Covid–19 epidemic on aviation, international and EU measures, and then analyses the aviation taxes applied by some countries. The French aviation taxes, which are an example, are discussed in some detail and the Hungarian legislation is also presented. In addition, the study outlines the options for the future of aviation taxation. An EU peer review and alternative options that promote the EU’s overall decarbonisation objectives will play an important role.Jelen tanulmány célja annak bemutatása, hogy a légi közlekedés adóztatása hogyan tudja befolyásolni annak környezetszennyező szerepét. Mit jelent az, hogy egy adó zöld, milyen jelentősége lehet e típusú adónak a légi közlekedésben? Jelen kutatás megvizsgálja a Covid–19-járvány hatásait a légi közlekedésre, a nemzetközi és európai uniós intézkedéseket, majd elemzi egyes országok által alkalmazott légi közlekedéssel kapcsolatos adókat. Kissé részletesebben foglalkozik a tanulmány a francia légi közlekedési adókkal, amelyek példaértékűek, illetve bemutatásra kerül e körben a magyar szabályozás is. Mindezeken felül a kutatás a légi közlekedés adóztatásával kapcsolatos jövőre vonatkozó lehetőségeket is felvázolja. E körben jelentős szerepet kap egy európai uniós szakértői vizsgálat, illetve olyan alternatív lehetőségek, amelyek az Európai Uniónak az általános dekarbonizációs céljait mozdítják elő
MIT KERES A FEGYELMI JOG CSIZMÁJA A PEDAGÓGUSOK ASZTALÁN? AVAGY A PEDAGÓGUS JOGÁLLÁSI TÖRVÉNY FEGYELMI ELJÁRÁSI SZABÁLYAI
Get PDFIn 2023, Hungarian teachers were removed from the scope of the Public Servant Act (Public Service Act) and an independent status law was adopted in relation to them. The new law affected the regulation of teachers on many points, one of which is that after 2012, disciplinary proceedings can again be conducted against them.A magyar pedagógusok 2023-ban kikerültek a közalkalmazotti törvény (Kjt.) hatálya alól, és egy önálló státusztörvényt fogadtak el vonatkozásukban. Az új törvény rengeteg ponton érintette a pedagógusokra vonatkozó szabályozást, ezek egyike, hogy 2012 után ismét lehet velük szemben fegyelmi eljárást lefolytatni
Screening for Security: The Defence Sector as a Gateway to Broader Economic Control
Get PDFThis paper explores certain aspects of defence industrial protectionism, and draws parallels with investment screening, as one of the major tools used to maintain economic security. Investment screening has been used quite often in the case of takeovers in the defence sector. Investments in this area, coming from either strategic partners or adversaries, have previously been blocked in several jurisdictions. While this was viewed as normal, the expansion of this treatment to other areas of the economy is a more recent development. Economic security, as a dimension of national security often takes precedence over liberal market principles. Several economic activities are now subject to screening, resulting in further state involvement in the economy, under the guise of the protection of economic security.This paper explores certain aspects of defence industrial protectionism, and draws parallels with investment screening, as one of the major tools used to maintain economic security. Investment screening has been used quite often in the case of takeovers in the defence sector. Investments in this area, coming from either strategic partners or adversaries, have previously been blocked in several jurisdictions. While this was viewed as normal, the expansion of this treatment to other areas of the economy is a more recent development. Economic security, as a dimension of national security often takes precedence over liberal market principles. Several economic activities are now subject to screening, resulting in further state involvement in the economy, under the guise of the protection of economic security.This paper explores certain aspects of defence industrial protectionism, and draws parallels with investment screening, as one of the major tools used to maintain economic security. Investment screening has been used quite often in the case of takeovers in the defence sector. Investments in this area, coming from either strategic partners or adversaries, have previously been blocked in several jurisdictions. While this was viewed as normal, the expansion of this treatment to other areas of the economy is a more recent development. Economic security, as a dimension of national security often takes precedence over liberal market principles. Several economic activities are now subject to screening, resulting in further state involvement in the economy, under the guise of the protection of economic security