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KKV források lehívása a V4 országokban – azonosságok és eltérések
Get PDFThe Visegrád countries share a common historical and economic background, as well as a cooperation framework established in the 1990s to pursue shared objectives. Historical events have had a significant impact on all four countries and continue to influence their present-day situations. This is also true for the small and medium-sized enterprise (SME) sector operating within these countries. In terms of competitiveness and development, SMEs require external support, which they can access—indirectly—through funding opportunities provided by the European Union. These opportunities are channelled through various operational programmes, tailored to each country’s economic context and future strategic goals.
This study examines the operational programme documents affecting the SME sector across two programming periods, 2007–2013 and 2014–2020, based on a defined set of analytical criteria. Based on the eight programme documents reviewed across the two cycles, it can be concluded that all four countries aimed to modernise their national economies and strengthen research, development, and innovation (R&D&I) activities. During the planning process, each country considered its specific circumstances and adapted its strategic priorities accordingly in the next period. The number and breakdown of priority axes also followed this logic. Overall, no significant structural differences were found among the countries' documents, as both the main objectives and the defined priorities were formulated in a largely similar manner.A kkv szektor meghatározó szereplője minden gazdaságnak, azonban versenyképességük és fejlődésük tekintetében szükségük van külső támogatásokra. Az Európai Unió a tagországok számára az egymáshoz való felzárkózás érdekében különféle alapokon keresztül nyújt támogatásokat, így a kkv szektor is a célcsoportok között jelenik meg. Jelen tanulmányban a Visegrádi országokban a kkv szektor támogatására irányuló operatív programok dokumentumai kerülnek összehasonlításre két tervezési időszakban, 2007-2013 és 2014-2020
When the Polish Constitution is silent: axiological and constitutional basis for the application of ART
Get PDFThe Constitution of the Republic of Poland of 2 April 1997 does not contain a provision referring explicitly to “assisted reproductive technologies” (ART). However, this does not imply the “silence of the Constitution”. In contrast, the recognition of inherent human dignity as the source of freedoms and rights and of freedom and equality as fundamental values and principles underpinning an individual’s status in the state obliges public authorities to respect and protect individuals and citizens when assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs) are applied. In addition to these values and principles, constitutional provisions regarding the protection of human life (Article 38), privacy (Article 47), and health (Article 68) are significant in the context of ART. These provisions establish a framework and point of reference for the legislature and public authorities that apply the law in the context of ART.The Constitution of the Republic of Poland of 2 April 1997 does not contain a provision referring explicitly to “assisted reproductive technologies” (ART). However, this does not imply the “silence of the Constitution”. In contrast, the recognition of inherent human dignity as the source of freedoms and rights and of freedom and equality as fundamental values and principles underpinning an individual’s status in the state obliges public authorities to respect and protect individuals and citizens when assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs) are applied. In addition to these values and principles, constitutional provisions regarding the protection of human life (Article 38), privacy (Article 47), and health (Article 68) are significant in the context of ART. These provisions establish a framework and point of reference for the legislature and public authorities that apply the law in the context of ART.The Constitution of the Republic of Poland of 2 April 1997 does not contain a provision referring explicitly to “assisted reproductive technologies” (ART). However, this does not imply the “silence of the Constitution”. In contrast, the recognition of inherent human dignity as the source of freedoms and rights and of freedom and equality as fundamental values and principles underpinning an individual’s status in the state obliges public authorities to respect and protect individuals and citizens when assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs) are applied. In addition to these values and principles, constitutional provisions regarding the protection of human life (Article 38), privacy (Article 47), and health (Article 68) are significant in the context of ART. These provisions establish a framework and point of reference for the legislature and public authorities that apply the law in the context of ART
Compliance in competition law
Get PDFThis study aims to examine the operation of competition law compliance from two perspectives. First, it examines how competition regulation's compliance mechanism works from the perspective of promoting compliance. Subsequently, it highlights the difficulties associated with corporate competition compliance. Furthermore, it describes how to avoid automatic fine reduction while recognizing compliance efforts.This study aims to examine the operation of competition law compliance from two perspectives. First, it examines how competition regulation's compliance mechanism works from the perspective of promoting compliance. Subsequently, it highlights the difficulties associated with corporate competition compliance. Furthermore, it describes how to avoid automatic fine reduction while recognizing compliance efforts.This study aims to examine the operation of competition law compliance from two perspectives. First, it examines how competition regulation's compliance mechanism works from the perspective of promoting compliance. Subsequently, it highlights the difficulties associated with corporate competition compliance. Furthermore, it describes how to avoid automatic fine reduction while recognizing compliance efforts
The new anti-money laundering and countering the financing of terrorism (AML/CFT) legislative package of the European Union
Get PDFThe final elements of the new anti-money laundering and countering the financing of terrorism legislative package of the EU were published in the Official Journal on 19 June 2024. The highly ambitious legislative package delivers a stronger and consistent set of anti-money laundering and countering the financing of terrorism rules at EU level. The implementation of the legislative package can be achieved by comprehensively amending the Hungarian AML/CFT Act (or the adoption of a new AML/CFT Act) and the provisions of the current AML/CFT Act must be reviewed and modified on the basis of the new requirements.
This study analyzes some of the most important differences between the requirements of the EU AML/CFT Directive currently in force and the EU Single Rulebook (the new EU AML/CFT Regulation and Directive), referring also to the necessary amendment of the AML/CFT Act in these fields. The study especially focuses on key requirements of obliged entities, especially regarding the scope and the elements of the customer due diligence.The final elements of the new anti-money laundering and countering the financing of terrorism legislative package of the EU were published in the Official Journal on 19 June 2024. The highly ambitious legislative package delivers a stronger and consistent set of anti-money laundering and countering the financing of terrorism rules at EU level. The implementation of the legislative package can be achieved by comprehensively amending the Hungarian AML/CFT Act (or the adoption of a new AML/CFT Act) and the provisions of the current AML/CFT Act must be reviewed and modified on the basis of the new requirements.
This study analyzes some of the most important differences between the requirements of the EU AML/CFT Directive currently in force and the EU Single Rulebook (the new EU AML/CFT Regulation and Directive), referring also to the necessary amendment of the AML/CFT Act in these fields. The study especially focuses on key requirements of obliged entities, especially regarding the scope and the elements of the customer due diligence.The final elements of the new anti-money laundering and countering the financing of terrorism legislative package of the EU were published in the Official Journal on 19 June 2024. The highly ambitious legislative package delivers a stronger and consistent set of anti-money laundering and countering the financing of terrorism rules at EU level. The implementation of the legislative package can be achieved by comprehensively amending the Hungarian AML/CFT Act (or the adoption of a new AML/CFT Act) and the provisions of the current AML/CFT Act must be reviewed and modified on the basis of the new requirements.
This study analyzes some of the most important differences between the requirements of the EU AML/CFT Directive currently in force and the EU Single Rulebook (the new EU AML/CFT Regulation and Directive), referring also to the necessary amendment of the AML/CFT Act in these fields. The study especially focuses on key requirements of obliged entities, especially regarding the scope and the elements of the customer due diligence
Business Control System on Performance of Small and Medium Scale Enterprises (SMEs) in Ilorin Metropolis, Kwara State Nigeria
Get PDFNigeria's unfledged physical as well as social infrastructure has hampered SMEs growth of the country. Many small and medium-sized businesses supply their own basic infrastructure; those that cannot do so are forced out of business or rely on inefficiently provided public infrastructure. As a result, this study investigates the influence of a business control system on SMEs performance in the Ilorin metropolitan area. The study specifically; (i) investigate the influence of cultural control on SMEs sustainability in Kwara State; and (ii) investigate the impact of administrative control on SMEs growth in Kwara. Descriptive design was used. A straightforward random sample strategy was used to get the study's data. 278 of the 313 questionnaires that were given to the chosen SME owners or managers were completely filled out, recovered, and utilized in this investigation. The data gathered was experimentally and statistically assessed using descriptive as well as inferential statistics, and the hypotheses were tested using Statistical Products and Services Solutions (SPSS) version 23. Findings revealed administrative control variables have a substantial influence on SMEs' development (Belief [β=.360, p=.000], Values [β=.214, p=.000], and Norms [β=.494, p=.000]; with overall R2 of 86.5%,) and cultural control has a considerable impact on SMEs' sustainability (Organizational structure control [β=.189, p=.000], Vision/Mission Control [β=.218, p=.000], and Governance System Control [β=.491, p=.000]; with overall R2 of 82.6%). The study indicated that business control systems had a beneficial impact on the performance of SMEs. It was suggested, among other things, that SME owners use cultural control in their enterprises to guarantee that their employees share the same perspective and focus, norms, and values as the organization's aims, since this contributes to the sustainability of SMEs
Some aspects of the radio-magnetotelluric method and instrumentation development: ONLINE FIRST (pre-proof)
No full textIn recent decades, the demand for shallow geophysical methods and instruments has changed significantly. Today, there is only a need for methods and instruments that can provide a large amount of accurate measurement results in a short time, which are suitable for developing effective inversion procedures. Only contactless methods can meet the speed requirement. The measurement technique is significantly simplified if we can use a signal source that is of natural origin or an artificial source created for other purposes (e.g. radio transmitters). The radio-magnetotelluric method (RMT), which can be considered an extended variation of the popular very low frequency (VLF) method in terms of frequency range, is exactly such a method. Another advantage is that the created field can be considered a plane wave, thus simplifying the data processing and interpretation procedures. This study presents a brief history of the development of VLF-RMT methods, the evolution of instruments, the development of processing methods, the characteristics of modern inversion methods, and then summarizes the aspects of designing a modern RMT instrument
Analyses of graphite-bearing schists from Fertőrákos, Sopron mts., NW-Hungary
Get PDFPotential graphite-bearing schists are investigated from Fertőrákos (Sopron Mts., NW-Hungary) with ore microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, X-ray powder diffraction and X-ray fluorescence spectrometry. Disordered graphite is identified by Raman spectroscopy, which appears as <50 µm sized flakes, and as 50–300 µm sized lense-forming granular aggregates in the deformed zones of the samples detected by ore and scanning electron microscopy. Using graphite geothermometry on Raman spectra, the average formation temperature of the Fertőrákos samples is ~440 °C (±50 °C)
The influence of gypsum quality, autoclaving time and grinding on the setting time of alpha-hemihydrate
No full textThe aim of this work is to model the influence of grinding and gypsum quality on the setting time of α-hemihydrate using the design of experiments (DoE) method. The setting time of the binder is an important property determined by the particle size distribution of hemihydrate crystals. In this study, the change in particle size and setting time of hemihydrate was observed by varying the particle size and crystal water content of raw FGD gypsum, duration of autoclaving and grinding intensity as model parameters
Az időskori demencia predisponáló tényezőinek vizsgálata
Get PDFBackground
Dementia is one of the most serious public health issues in the 21st century that places a heavy burden on families and the healthcare system. Given the increased average age of people, a large increase in its prevalence is expected. Dementia develops over decades; therefore, prevention has an important role. In addition to genetic factors, previous studies highlighted the role of lifestyle factors such as education, social network and relationship, active employment, and health status (e.g. diabetes). The present study aims to investigate the effect of lifestyle, demographic factors and health status on cognitive performance in the elderly.
Methodology
40 elderly subjects participated in the study (average age: 70,23 years (SD = ±3,97), average education: 14,03 years (SD = ±8,97). We used Mini Mental Test and a complex cognitive test battery to measure working memory (Listening Span Task), executive functions (Letter and Semantic Fluency Task), and short- and long-term verbal memory (Rivermead Behavioral Memory Task. Self-made questionnaires were used to measure demographic data’s and lifestyle habits (such diabetes, romantic relationship, language knowledge, education, active employment).
Results
Our results demonstrated that those participants who worked, who could speak at least one foreign language, and who were in romantic relationship showed better cognitive performance, especially on those tasks that are related to executive functions. Furthermore, subjects who have diabetes exhibited lower cognitive performance.
Conclusions
Consequently, our results could give us deeper insight about the protective and risk factors of cognitive decline and can be relevant to help design cognitive interventions and adequate rehabilitation programs for older adults.Bevezetés: A demencia a 21. század népbetegsége, amely nagy terhet ró a családokra és az egészségügyi ellátórendszerre egyaránt. A megnövekedett átlagéletkort figyelembe véve, előfordulásában nagymértékű növekedés várható, ezért a megelőzésnek fontos szerepe van. Korábbi kutatások a genetikai tényezők mellett, az életvitelt és a szellemi tevékenységek szerepét emelték ki a demencia kialakulásának megelőzésében, illetve lefolyásában, ezért kutatásunk célja az időskori kognitív működés, valamint az ezt befolyásoló faktorok feltérképezése.
Módszertan: A vizsgálatban összesen 40 fő vett részt (átlag élekor = 70,23 év (SD = ±3,97), iskolai végzettség átlaga = 14,03 év (SD = ±8,97)). A résztvevőkkel a Mini Mental Teszt mellett egy olyan kognitív funkciókat mérő tesztcsomagot vettünk fel, amelynek során néztük a komplex munkamemóriát (Hallási Mondatterjedelem Teszt), a végrehajtó funkciókat (Betű- és Szemantikus fluencia tesztek), a rövid- és hosszútávú memóriát (Számterjedelem Teszt, Rivermead Viselkedéses Emlékezeti Teszt). Emellett, kitöltésre került egy demográfiai adatokat és életviteli szokásokat mérő kérdőív is (iskolázottság, aktív dolgozói státusz, nyelvismeret, párkapcsolati státusz, egészségügyi állapot).
Eredmények: Eredményeink alapján, a nyelvtudás, a magasabb iskolai végzettség, a párkapcsolati státusz és az aktív munkaviszony pozitív összefüggést mutatott az objektív, kognitív teszteken nyújtott teljesítménnyel. Azok, akik magasabb iskolai végzettséggel rendelkeztek, párkapcsolatban éltek, legalább egy nyelven beszéltek és aktívan dolgoztak és sportoltak, jobb eredményeket értek el főként a végrehajtó funkciókat mérő teszteken. Ezzel ellentétben, a cukorbetegség fennállása negatív hatással volt a kognitív teszteken nyújtott teljesítményre.
Következtetések: Következésképpen, eredményeink mélyebb betekintés engednek a kognitív alulműködést meghatározó protektív tényezőkre és rizikófaktorokra, valamint jó alapot képezhet kognitív intervenciók, illetve adekvát rehabilitációs programok kidolgozására idősek körében.
 
A válltájék vizsgálatának modern szemléletű metodikája a fizioterápiában
Get PDFSummary: The authors draw attention to the fact that although pain in the shoulder region ranks third among locomotor complaints, and its clinical diagnosis often encounters difficulties in identifying the exact causal background, since it is often not possible to clearly support the exact background factors of shoulder pain even with imaging procedures. For this reason, among other things, the medical history and physical examination are of particular importance to the physiotherapist, with the help of which he establishes a correct tissue and functional diagnosis, based on which he determines the treatment goals and the methods necessary to achieve them. Professional guidelines that provide advice on the course of the examination, the functional deficits established by the physiotherapist, and contain evidence-based recommendations regarding treatment options can help in this. The professional protocols compiled by the College of Health Care Professionals were reviewed in the research. The authors came to the opinion that it would be timely to review and update the guidelines in this area. As a result of the literature research, based on international trends, the risk factors, pathological factors, red flags, examination methods and treatment recommendations related to shoulder pain were revealed and reviewed. "Good practice" can be the use of clinical practice guidelines, patient examination methods, examination routes, and algorithms found in international literature for the work of a physiotherapist, as well as for updating domestic professional materials.Összefoglalás: A szerzők felhívják a figyelmet arra, hogy bár a válltájék fájdalma a harmadik helyen áll a mozgásszervi panaszok között, és klinikai diagnózisa gyakran nehézségekbe ütközik a pontos oki háttér azonosítása terén, mivel gyakran képalkotó eljárásokkal sem lehet egyértelműen alátámasztani a vállfájdalmak pontos háttér tényezőit. Többek között ezért kiemelt jelentőségű a gyógytornász számára az anamnézis és a fizikális vizsgálat, melynek segítségével korrekt szöveti és funkcionális diagnózist állít fel, ennek alapján meghatározza a kezelési célokat és azok megvalósításához szükséges módszereket. Ebben segítséget nyújthatnak olyan szakmai irányelvek, amelyek tanácsot adnak a vizsgálat menetéhez, a gyógytornász által felállított funkcionális deficitekhez, valamint evidenciákon alapuló ajánlásokat tartalmaznak a kezelési lehetőségeket illetően. A kutatásban áttekintésre került az Egészségügyi Szakmai Kollégium által összeállított szakmai protokollok. A szerzők arra a véleményre jutottak, hogy az irányelvek felülvizsgálata és korszerűsítése ebben a témakörben, időszerű lenne. A szakirodalmi kutatás eredményeként a nemzetközi trendek alapján a válltájéki fájdalmakkal kapcsolatos rizikófaktorok, kóroki tényezők, red flag-ek, vizsgálati metódusok és kezelési ajánlások kerültek feltárásra és áttekintésre. „Jógyakorlat” lehet a nemzetközi irodalomban fellelhető klinikai gyakorlati irányelvek, betegvizsgálati metódusok, vizsgálati útvonalak, algoritmusok felhasználása a fizioterapeuta munkájához, illetve a hazai szakmai anyagok frissítésére is