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From skincare to surgery - South Korea’s influence in beauty and health tourism
Get PDFSouth Korea's beauty ideals are not only culturally significant; they are also the driving force behind the nation's thriving K-Beauty industry and medical tourism sector. Historically, beauty in Korea has been associated with Confucian values of inner strength and duty. Over time, there has been an increasing emphasis on appearance, leading to the development of specific beauty standards such as the "three whites" (skin, teeth and eyes) and the "three blacks" (hair, eyebrows and pupils). Nowadays, these ideals are amplified by the influence of K-pop and K-dramas, promoting features such as pale skin, V-shaped faces and heart-shaped lips. The global popularity of K-Beauty products and skincare routines has made South Korea a leading destination for beauty tourism. Tourists are flocking to Korea for skincare treatments and beauty workshops, supported by social media and beauty industry influencers. In addition, South Korea has become a top destination for medical tourism, particularly plastic surgery. In 2023, a record 606,000 foreign patients sought medical treatment, with more than half of them seeking dermatological or cosmetic procedures. The South Korean government aims to further promote medical tourism and expects 700 000 foreign patients per year by 2027. The financial impact is significant, with medical tourists spending 10 times more than the average tourist.South Korea’s beauty ideals are not only culturally significant; they are also the driving force behind the nation’s thriving K-Beauty industry and medical tourism sector. Historically, beauty in Korea has been associated with Confucian values of inner strength and duty. Over time, there has been an increasing emphasis on appearance, leading to the development of specific beauty standards such as the “three whites” (skin, teeth and eyes) and the “three blacks” (hair, eyebrows and pupils). Nowadays, these ideals are amplified by the influence of K-pop and K-dramas, promoting features such as pale skin, V-shaped faces and heart-shaped lips. The global popularity of K-Beauty products and skincare routines has made South Korea a leading destination for beauty tourism. Tourists are flocking to Korea for skincare treatments and beauty workshops, supported by social media and beauty industry influencers. In addition, South Korea has become a top destination for medical tourism, particularly plastic surgery. In 2023, a record 606,000 foreign patients sought medical treatment, with more than half of them seeking dermatological or cosmetic procedures. The South Korean government aims to further promote medical tourism and expects 700,000 foreign patients per year by 2027. The financial impact is significant, with medical tourists spending 10 times more than the average tourist
Újszülött és csecsemőkori sárgaság differenciál diagnosztikája: Defferential diagnosis of neonatal and infantile jaundice
Get PDFIntroduction
Jaundice, medically known as icterus, is a common symptom among newborns and infants, characterized by a yellowish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes. In full-term, otherwise healthy newborns, jaundice is the most frequent reason for hospital readmission. (3,9) Although in most cases it is a physiological process that resolves spontaneously, underlying pathological conditions—some of which may require urgent medical attention—can also be present. Accurate differential diagnosis is crucial to ensure timely recognition of potentially serious disorders, such as hemolytic diseases, metabolic disorders, or other abnormalities affecting the liver or bile ducts. The aim of this publication is to provide a comprehensive overview of the various forms of jaundice, their pathophysiological mechanisms, diagnostic approaches, and appropriate treatment strategies.(4,9)Bevezetés
A sárgaság, orvosi nevén icterus, az újszülöttek és csecsemők körében gyakran előforduló tünet, amely a bőr és a nyálkahártyák sárgás elszíneződésében nyilvánul meg. Az időre született, egyébként egészséges csecsemőknél a sárgaság a leggyakoribb oka az újbóli kórházi felvételnek. (3,9) Bár a legtöbb esetben fiziológiás folyamatról van szó, amely spontán megszűnik, a háttérben kóros, akár sürgős ellátást igénylő állapotok is meghúzódhatnak. A pontos differenciáldiagnózis kulcsfontosságú annak érdekében, hogy időben felismerjük a potenciálisan súlyos rendellenességeket – például haemolytikus betegségeket, anyagcserezavarokat vagy egyéb, májat vagy epeutakat érintő eltéréseket. Jelen közlemény célja, hogy átfogó képet nyújtson a sárgaság különböző formáiról, azok patomechanizmusáról, diagnosztikai megközelítéseiről és a megfelelő kezelési stratégiákról.(4,9
A magyarországi javítóintézeti hálózat történeti-térszerkezeti fejlődése a kezdetektől napjainkig
Get PDFThe establishment and development of juvenile correctional institutions or reformatories in Hungary—ranging from 18th-century ecclesiastical and private initiatives, through the reformist efforts of the 19th century, to the state-organized network from the late 19th century onwards—exemplifies how the management of juvenile offenders (punishment and detention) can be effectively integrated with pedagogical and social care. Throughout history, this system has undergone interruptions, reductions, and transformations, influenced by events such as the two World Wars, territorial losses, and political regime changes. Nevertheless, it can be asserted that correctional education in Hungary remains a crucial component of child protection, combining elements of both criminal law and pedagogy. The current institutions (located in Aszód, Rákospalota, Budapest, Debrecen, and Nagykanizsa) provide regional coverage and, in response to 21st-century challenges, place increasing emphasis on fostering a family-like atmosphere, offering individualized development programmes, and ensuring post-release support.
The historical overview also highlights the critical role of spatial distribution and institutional network organization in juvenile care. Different eras and political contexts have prioritized either centralization or regional expansion. This study examines the development of the reformatory network based on surviving cartographic sources, statistical data, and archival records, emphasizing how various regions of the Carpathian Basin have been integrated into this unique child protection and penal system.A magyarországi javítóintézetek kialakulása és fejlődése – a 18. századi egyházi és magánkezdeményezések, a 19. századi reformkori próbálkozások, majd a 19. század végétől kezdődően az állami hálózat megszervezése – példaértékű folyamatként mutatja be, hogy miként lehet a fiatalkorú bűnelkövetők kezelését (megbüntetését, elzárását) összekapcsolni a pedagógiai és szociális gondozással.
Történelmünk során többször megszakadt, lecsökkent, átalakult ez a rendszer: a két világháború, a területvesztések és a politikai rendszerváltások mind-mind alakították a hálózatot. Mindazonáltal kijelenthetjük, hogy a javítóintézeti nevelés Magyarországon napjainkban is a gyermekvédelem speciális, egyszerre büntetőjogi és pedagógiai elemeket ötvöző, fontos eszköze. A jelenlegi intézmények (Aszód, Rákospalota, Budapest, Debrecen, Nagykanizsa) regionális lefedettséget tesznek lehetővé, és a 21. századi kihívásokhoz igazodva egyre nagyobb hangsúlyt fektetnek a családias légkör, az egyénre szabott fejlesztés, valamint a szabadulás utáni pártfogás biztosítására.
A történelmi kitekintés egyúttal rámutat arra is, hogy a területi elhelyezkedés és az intézményi hálózat térbeli szerveződése kulcsszerepet játszik a fiatalkorúak ellátásában. A különböző korokban és politikai helyzetekben eltérő prioritások érvényesültek: hol központosítás, hol regionális kiterjesztés valósult meg. E tanulmány a fennmaradt térképi források, statisztikák és levéltári adatok alapján vizsgálja a javítóintézeti hálózat fejlődését, kiemelve, hogy a Kárpát-medence különböző régiói miként kapcsolódtak be ebbe a sajátos gyermekvédelmi és büntetőintézeti rendszerbe
Investigation of relationships between entrepreneurial attitude and business performance in regional comparison
Get PDFIn my study I give an overview of the interrelationships between entrepreneurial attitudes, which have a major impact on the performance, economic and social perception and success of enterprises. In the literature review, I define entrepreneurship as an economic unit as defined by researchers in the field, and I interpret entrepreneurial attitudes, raising the issue that its regional analysis is far from simple, and its interpretation is complicated. I present my independent research on the impact of entrepreneurial attitudes on family entrepreneurship based on the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) 2021-2022-2023. I will explain in detail the methodological issues, such as the source of data, the sample of the analysis, formulate research questions, outline my analytical approach and the statistical methods used for the research
A kiterjesztett humán fejlettségi index területi megoszlása Magyarországon
Get PDFThis study aims to highlight, through the application of the Local Human Development Index (LHDI), those NUTS 3 level areas in Hungary that perform exceptionally well based on the quality-of-life analysis. The LHDI methodology retained the three main components of the traditional HDI (education, health, income), however, due to data availability limitations, "different" indicators were used. Regarding the results of the LHDI analysis, it can be stated that more developed regions performed outstandingly during the study also in the quality of life, and the negative impact of the 2008-2009 crisis slightly affected the values.Jelen tanulmány célja, hogy a lokális humán fejlettségi index alkalmazásával előtérbe kerüljenek Magyarország azon NUTS3-as területei, amelyek kiemelkedően teljesítenek életminőségben. Az LHDI módszertanában megtartottam a hagyományos HDI három fő komponensét (oktatás, egészség, jövedelem), azonban az adatok elérhetőségének korlátai miatt „eltérő” indikátorok kerültek alkalmazásra. Az LHDI vizsgálat eredményeit tekintve kijelenthető, hogy fejlettebb térségek kiemelkedően teljesítettek a vizsgálat során az életminőség szempontjából is és a 2008-2009-es válság negatív hatása kismértékben befolyásolta az értékeket
A kiberagresszióval kapcsolatos bűncselekmények: a jordániai és a magyar jogi keretek összehasonlító vizsgálata
No full textThe rapid advancement of the Internet and information and communication technologies in the 21st century has reshaped criminal activities, introducing new challenges for legal systems worldwide. Governments face increasing pressure to develop cyber laws that effectively support law enforcement in combating cybercrime. Among these challenges, cyber aggression has emerged as a significant concern, particularly in Jordan and Hungary, where legalframeworks have undergone modifications to address evolving threats. This study provides a comparative analysis of the legal approaches to cyber aggression in both countries, examining the effectiveness of their implementation and enforcement in practice.Az internet, valamint az információs és kommunikációs technológiák gyors fejlődése a 21. században átformálta a bűnözést, és világszerte új kihívások elé állította a jogrendszereket. A kormányokra egyre nagyobb nyomás nehezedik, hogy olyan kiberjogszabályokat dolgozzanak ki, amelyek hatékonyan támogatják a bűnüldözést a kiberbűncselekmények elleni küzdelemben. E kihívások közül a kiberagresszió jelentős aggodalomra ad okot, különösen Jordániában és Magyarországon, ahol a jogi kereteket az újabb fenyegetések kezelése érdekében módosították. A tanulmány összehasonlító elemzést nyújt a két ország kiberagresszióval kapcsolatos jogi megközelítéseiről, megvizsgálva azok gyakorlati végrehajtásának és érvényesítésének hatékonyságát
Protection of Human Rights under the European Convention on Human Rights in Central Europe: Bosnia and Herzegovina
No full textAccording to the Constitution of Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH; Annex 4 to the General Framework Agreement for Peace in BiH), the state of BiH is defined as a democratic and legal state with free and democratic elections. By signing the Dayton Peace Agreement and accepting the Constitution, BiH undertook to ensure the highest level of internationally recognised human rights and fundamental freedoms. Thus, the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (better known as the European Convention on Human Rights − ECHR) received a special status in the Constitution of BiH. Similar to other modern democratic and legal states, BiH has signed all the other international and regional instruments for the protection of human rights. Therefore, by insisting on the protection of human rights, it was necessary for all people in BiH, as well as in other democratic and legal states, to have an equal status towards the state and the government, which would ensure measures to overcome antagonisms created on the basis of religious, ethnic, racial, and national diversity in BiH.
Political participation in BiH needs to be viewed as a broader phenomenon that includes not only elections as the basis of democracy and a prerequisite for effective and legitimate decision-making, but also the participation of citizens in everyday political events and life. Furthermore, political participation in a state is limited by ethnicity and territorial origin. This means that only constituent peoples, as guaranteed by the Constitution and numerous laws, are allowed to run for the three-member Presidency of the State or the House of Peoples of BiH. National minorities are excluded from these branches of government, and their political participation is limited solely to local levels of legislative power. Although BiH, according to the Constitution, is considered a democratic state, it is unable to protect the rights of all its citizens and fulfil their basic human rights guaranteed by numerous internationally recognised conventions, but primarily by the ECHR.According to the Constitution of Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH; Annex 4 to the General Framework Agreement for Peace in BiH), the state of BiH is defined as a democratic and legal state with free and democratic elections. By signing the Dayton Peace Agreement and accepting the Constitution, BiH undertook to ensure the highest level of internationally recognised human rights and fundamental freedoms. Thus, the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (better known as the European Convention on Human Rights − ECHR) received a special status in the Constitution of BiH. Similar to other modern democratic and legal states, BiH has signed all the other international and regional instruments for the protection of human rights. Therefore, by insisting on the protection of human rights, it was necessary for all people in BiH, as well as in other democratic and legal states, to have an equal status towards the state and the government, which would ensure measures to overcome antagonisms created on the basis of religious, ethnic, racial, and national diversity in BiH.
Political participation in BiH needs to be viewed as a broader phenomenon that includes not only elections as the basis of democracy and a prerequisite for effective and legitimate decision-making, but also the participation of citizens in everyday political events and life. Furthermore, political participation in a state is limited by ethnicity and territorial origin. This means that only constituent peoples, as guaranteed by the Constitution and numerous laws, are allowed to run for the three-member Presidency of the State or the House of Peoples of BiH. National minorities are excluded from these branches of government, and their political participation is limited solely to local levels of legislative power. Although BiH, according to the Constitution, is considered a democratic state, it is unable to protect the rights of all its citizens and fulfil their basic human rights guaranteed by numerous internationally recognised conventions, but primarily by the ECHR.According to the Constitution of Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH; Annex 4 to the General Framework Agreement for Peace in BiH), the state of BiH is defined as a democratic and legal state with free and democratic elections. By signing the Dayton Peace Agreement and accepting the Constitution, BiH undertook to ensure the highest level of internationally recognised human rights and fundamental freedoms. Thus, the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (better known as the European Convention on Human Rights − ECHR) received a special status in the Constitution of BiH. Similar to other modern democratic and legal states, BiH has signed all the other international and regional instruments for the protection of human rights. Therefore, by insisting on the protection of human rights, it was necessary for all people in BiH, as well as in other democratic and legal states, to have an equal status towards the state and the government, which would ensure measures to overcome antagonisms created on the basis of religious, ethnic, racial, and national diversity in BiH.
Political participation in BiH needs to be viewed as a broader phenomenon that includes not only elections as the basis of democracy and a prerequisite for effective and legitimate decision-making, but also the participation of citizens in everyday political events and life. Furthermore, political participation in a state is limited by ethnicity and territorial origin. This means that only constituent peoples, as guaranteed by the Constitution and numerous laws, are allowed to run for the three-member Presidency of the State or the House of Peoples of BiH. National minorities are excluded from these branches of government, and their political participation is limited solely to local levels of legislative power. Although BiH, according to the Constitution, is considered a democratic state, it is unable to protect the rights of all its citizens and fulfil their basic human rights guaranteed by numerous internationally recognised conventions, but primarily by the ECHR
A gazdaságátadási szerződésről agrárjogi és polgári jogi nézőpontból
No full textOn January 1, 2023, a regulation came into force in Hungary introducing the legal institution of farm transfer contracts, which are intended to facilitate generational change in agriculture. The fundamental legislative objective was to facilitate the transfer of agricultural holdings from the older generation to the younger generation by simplifying the administration and promoting transfers within families as legal transactions between living persons2023. január 1. napjával hatályba lépett Magyarországon az a szabályozás, ami bevezette a gazdaságátadási szerződés jogintézményét, mely a generációváltást hivatott elősegíteni az agráriumban. Az alapvető jogalkotói cél az agrárgazdaságok idősebb generációról a fiatalabb generációra történő átadásának a megkönnyítése volt, az adminisztráció egyszerűsítésével és élők közötti jogügyletként a családon belüli átadás elősegítésével
A joggal való visszaélés megítélésének nehézségei a családjogi perekben
No full textWhere is the line between legitimate and unlawful behaviour? When can we say that an entitled person is exercising their rights in an abusive way? How can we determine whether one party is unlawfully exploiting the legal options available to them against the other party in divorce proceedings or other family law cases? How should this be interpreted? Although these questions are not new to the Hungarian courts, only a few people have attempted to answer them in the legal literature or practice. This study aims to provide answers to these questions on the one hand, and to initiate a scientific debate on the application of this principle in family law, on the other hand.Hol húzódik a határ a jogos és a jogellenes magatartás között? Mikor mondhatjuk, azt, hogy a jogosult alanyi jogát visszaélésszerűen gyakorolja? Mikor állapíthatjuk meg, hogy egy házassági bontóper során az egyik fél jogellenesen használja ki a számára adott jogi lehetőségeket a másik féllel szemben? Milyen formában tudja ezt megvalósítani? Ezek a kérdések nem feltétlenül számítanak nóvumnak a magyar családjogi bíráskodás gyakorlatában, ugyanakkor megválaszolásukra igen kevesen vállalkoztak a jogirodalomban vagy akár a joggyakorlatban. Jelen tanulmány célja egyfelől, hogy válaszokat keressen ezekre a kérdésekre, másrészt, hogy tudományos vitát indítson az alapelv családjogban való megjelenésével kapcsolatban
Munkavégzés a munkajog és polgári jog határán
No full textWith the emergence of atypical work on the digital platforms of the gig economy, the use of artificial intelligence-based tools and software designed to partially or fully automate employer rights has become widespread. How did the labor market move from traditional employment relationships to the use of so-called atypical legal relationships and, further, to the practice of using civil contracts that no longer provide employee guarantees? Time is pressing. Is it still possible to restrict and intervene, or should we leave the task to the market's self-regulating mechanism, invoking the principle of freedom of contract, and stand by with our hands tied as we watch the erosion of employee rights that have been fought for over nearly two centuries? The study briefly reviews the development curve and raises the challenges of the present.A „gig” gazdaság digitális platformjain kialakult atipikus munkavégzéssel elterjedtek a munkáltatói jogkörök részleges vagy teljes automatizálására használt, mesterséges intelligenciára épülő eszközök, szoftverek használata. Hogyan jutott el a hagyományos munkajogviszonyoktól az un. atipikus jogviszonyok alkalmazásáig, illetve továbbmenve, a munkavállalói garanciákat már nélkülöző polgári szerződések alkalmazásának a gyakorlatáig a munkaerőpiac. Az idő sürget, lehet –e még korlátozni, beavatkozni, illetve a szerződési szabadság elvére hivatkozva a piac önszabályozó mechanizmusára kell hagyni a feladatot, és feltartott kezekkel végignézni a majd két évszázad alatt kivívott munkavállalói jogok erodálását. A tanulmány röviden áttekinti a fejlődési ívet, és felveti a jelen kihívásait