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Rászorultság, vétlenség, státusz – A nőtartás háromfeltételes modellje a magyar jogtörténetben
No full textThe study examines the historical development of women’s private law status at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, with particular focus on the institution of alimony. It explores how patriarchal social structures restricted women’s legal capacity and how “special laws” emerged in the dichotomy of legal and active capacity. The tripartite model developed in the jurisprudence of the Hungarian Curia – need, blamelessness, and status – served as a vehicle for applying aequitas (equity), dignitas humana (human dignity), and bonum commune (the common good). The concluding analysis highlights that the evolution of alimony exemplifies a broader truth: legal development can only be considered just if it simultaneously secures legal certainty, equity, and the protection of human dignity.A tanulmány a nők magánjogi helyzetének jogtörténeti alakulását vizsgálja a 19–20. század fordulóján, különös tekintettel a nőtartás intézményére. Az elemzés bemutatja, miként korlátozta a patriarchális társadalmi struktúra a nők cselekvőképességét, és hogyan jelentek meg a „különjogok” a jogképesség-cselekvőképesség dichotómiájában. A kúriai ítélkezésben kialakult háromfeltételes modell – rászorultság, vétlenség, státusz – egyszerre szolgálta a méltányosság (aequitas), az emberi méltóság (dignitas humana) és a közösségi érdek (bonum commune) érvényesítését. A kutatás zárókövetkeztetése szerint a nőtartás példája bizonyítja: a jogfejlődés csak akkor tekinthető igazságosnak, ha egyszerre képes biztosítani a jogbiztonságot, a méltányosságot és a méltóság védelmét. Jelen tanulmány a korábbi kutatásokra, feltárt kúriai döntésekre építve készült
A tulajdonjog természetjogi értelmezése a klasszikus jogelméletben: velünk született vagy szerzett jog-e?
No full textThis study examines the natural law interpretation of property rights in classical legal theory. Thinkers such as Hobbes, Locke, Rousseau, Kant and Fichte offered divergent answers to whether property is an innate right or a socially constructed, acquired right. For Hobbes, property is secured only by the state; Locke derived it from labour; Rousseau saw it as the root of inequality; Kant grounded it in pure reason; and Fichte viewed it as a condition of human freedom. In Hungarian legal thought, Mihály Szibenliszt articulated an intermediate position: property is not innate, nor solely a creation of the state, but an acquired right rooted in the right of personality. The study highlights how Szibenliszt's conception fits into the broader natural law debates and how it contributed to shaping the idea of the modern rule of law.A tanulmány a tulajdonjog természetjogi értelmezését vizsgálja a klasszikus jogelméletben. Hobbes, Locke, Rousseau, Kant és Fichte eltérő válaszokat adtak arra, hogy a tulajdon velünk született alapjog-e vagy szerzett, társadalmi konstrukció. Hobbesnál a tulajdon csak az állam által biztosítható, Locke a munkából vezeti le, Rousseau pedig az egyenlőtlenség forrását látja benne. Kant a tiszta ész következtetéseiből igazolja, míg Fichte a szabadság kibontakozásának feltételeként értelmezi. A magyar jogelméletben Szibenliszt Mihály képviselt köztes álláspontot: szerinte a tulajdon nem velünk született, de nem is csupán az állami konstrukció, hanem a személyiségi jogból fakadó szerzett jog. A tanulmány bemutatja, hogy ez a felfogás hogyan illeszkedik a 18-19. századi természetjogi vitákba, és miként járult hozzá a modern jogállamiság eszméjéhez
A Serial Communication Method For Illumination Control in a Line Scan Camera-Based Measurement System
No full textIn the field of embedded systems, communication protocols play a crucial role in enabling seamless data exchange between different hardware components. The existing RS-422-based communication method used in this application is often associated with limitations in terms of flexibility, scalability, and the ability to adapt to evolving requirements. To address these challenges, this paper outlines the development of a communication protocol that leverages the physical, the data link and the application layers of the OSI model. This communication protocol aims to provide a more versatile and efficient solution for transmitting control commands from a Raspberry Pi 4 microprocessor-based development board to an Altera Cyclone II-based FPGA development board in a line scan camera-based measurement system.Az beágyazott rendszerek területén a kommunikációs protokollok alapvető szerepet játszanak a különböző hardver komponensek közötti adatcsere biztosításában. A kutatómunkában használt kamera által biztosított, RS-422-alapú kommunikációs módszert gyakran a rugalmasság, a skálázhatóság és a változó követelményekhez való alkalmazkodás képességének hiánya korlátozza. A cikk egy olyan kommunikációs protokoll fejlesztését mutatja be, amely az OSI modell fizikai, adatkapcsolati és alkalmazási rétegeit használja. A protokoll kidolgozásával a vezérlő parancsok továbbítása a cél egy Raspberry Pi 4 mikroprocesszor alapú fejlesztőkártyáról egy Altera Cyclone II alapú FPGA fejlesztőkártyára egy line scan kamera-alapú mérőrendszerben
The relationship between 3D technologies and circular manufacturing using the 10R toolbox
No full textIn this article, we are looking for a possible connection between the 10R toolkit, which represents the basic concept of the Circular Economy, and 3D technologies (scanning, printing, additive manufacturing, CAxx systems). We will examine each of the 10R tools one-by-one and with the help of examples, suggestions and our own experiments, we will point out opportunities that may even predict a general trend in the future. We criticise the participants in society (population, industry, government). Pointing out that any positive change is only possible with the joint action and change of attitude of the participants
The Creative Use of Non-Specific Legal Provisions Regarding Assisted Reproduction in Romania
Full text linkRomania, like any other contemporary high-income society, has its share of fertility and demographic problems. The last several decades have seen a resurgence in both medically assisted reproduction techniques and the societal demand for solutions to fertility issues. The statutes currently in force have not kept pace with technical evolutions and, due to both political and technical reasons, there is currently no comprehensive and targeted statute concerning medically assisted reproduction. However, society at large and the fertility services market have not been kept back by this lack of specific statutory provisions. General, non-specific or tangentially relevant normative provisions have been brought to the fore to construct a patchwork statutory environment for the needs of medically assisted reproduction providers and beneficiaries.
This patchwork approach is not without its drawbacks, and we will try to identify the gaps and unanswered legal questions that arise at each step using a black-letter approach to applicable Romanian law up to October 2024. A future statute on assisted reproduction should cover at least the areas of parental eligibility, informed consent, allowed and banned techniques, liability, parental filiation and confidentiality.Romania, like any other contemporary high-income society, has its share of fertility and demographic problems. The last several decades have seen a resurgence in both medically assisted reproduction techniques and the societal demand for solutions to fertility issues. The statutes currently in force have not kept pace with technical evolutions and, due to both political and technical reasons, there is currently no comprehensive and targeted statute concerning medically assisted reproduction. However, society at large and the fertility services market have not been kept back by this lack of specific statutory provisions. General, non-specific or tangentially relevant normative provisions have been brought to the fore to construct a patchwork statutory environment for the needs of medically assisted reproduction providers and beneficiaries.
This patchwork approach is not without its drawbacks, and we will try to identify the gaps and unanswered legal questions that arise at each step using a black-letter approach to applicable Romanian law up to October 2024. A future statute on assisted reproduction should cover at least the areas of parental eligibility, informed consent, allowed and banned techniques, liability, parental filiation and confidentiality.Romania, like any other contemporary high-income society, has its share of fertility and demographic problems. The last several decades have seen a resurgence in both medically assisted reproduction techniques and the societal demand for solutions to fertility issues. The statutes currently in force have not kept pace with technical evolutions and, due to both political and technical reasons, there is currently no comprehensive and targeted statute concerning medically assisted reproduction. However, society at large and the fertility services market have not been kept back by this lack of specific statutory provisions. General, non-specific or tangentially relevant normative provisions have been brought to the fore to construct a patchwork statutory environment for the needs of medically assisted reproduction providers and beneficiaries.
This patchwork approach is not without its drawbacks, and we will try to identify the gaps and unanswered legal questions that arise at each step using a black-letter approach to applicable Romanian law up to October 2024. A future statute on assisted reproduction should cover at least the areas of parental eligibility, informed consent, allowed and banned techniques, liability, parental filiation and confidentiality
Compliance as a strategy to avoid criminal, administrative and civil sanctions
Full text linkCompliance, which has found its place in the corporate practices of European companies, has changed from the backward-looking, traditionally reactive criminal and administrative offence law to a forward-looking control system with a focus on modern prevention, which refers to the enforcement of legal prohibitions and regulations and the company's internal guidelines, including organizational measures within the company. This is supplemented by the pursuit of the goal of compliance integrity, the creation of a compliance culture within the company and the introduction of formal structures with preventative effects. This article shows the growing legalization and juridification of ethical and internal company rules and the growing importance of sanction-related compliance. One of the main reasons for this development is the increasing plurality of prosecutions in sanctions law - the plurality of sanctions, of sanctioned subjects and of prosecution and sanctioning bodies as well as the parallel administrative and criminal investigations in several states. At present, there is no guarantee that the various sanctions will be applied in a proportionate manner and that appropriate sanctions will be imposed. As a result, the sanctions imposed on companies can lead to overwhelmingly high penalties, which should therefore be avoided at all costs.Compliance, which has found its place in the corporate practices of European companies, has changed from the backward-looking, traditionally reactive criminal and administrative offence law to a forward-looking control system with a focus on modern prevention, which refers to the enforcement of legal prohibitions and regulations and the company's internal guidelines, including organizational measures within the company. This is supplemented by the pursuit of the goal of compliance integrity, the creation of a compliance culture within the company and the introduction of formal structures with preventative effects. This article shows the growing legalization and juridification of ethical and internal company rules and the growing importance of sanction-related compliance. One of the main reasons for this development is the increasing plurality of prosecutions in sanctions law - the plurality of sanctions, of sanctioned subjects and of prosecution and sanctioning bodies as well as the parallel administrative and criminal investigations in several states. At present, there is no guarantee that the various sanctions will be applied in a proportionate manner and that appropriate sanctions will be imposed. As a result, the sanctions imposed on companies can lead to overwhelmingly high penalties, which should therefore be avoided at all costs.Compliance, which has found its place in the corporate practices of European companies, has changed from the backward-looking, traditionally reactive criminal and administrative offence law to a forward-looking control system with a focus on modern prevention, which refers to the enforcement of legal prohibitions and regulations and the company's internal guidelines, including organizational measures within the company. This is supplemented by the pursuit of the goal of compliance integrity, the creation of a compliance culture within the company and the introduction of formal structures with preventative effects. This article shows the growing legalization and juridification of ethical and internal company rules and the growing importance of sanction-related compliance. One of the main reasons for this development is the increasing plurality of prosecutions in sanctions law - the plurality of sanctions, of sanctioned subjects and of prosecution and sanctioning bodies as well as the parallel administrative and criminal investigations in several states. At present, there is no guarantee that the various sanctions will be applied in a proportionate manner and that appropriate sanctions will be imposed. As a result, the sanctions imposed on companies can lead to overwhelmingly high penalties, which should therefore be avoided at all costs
Geospatial analysis and analytical hierarchy process for delineating groundwater potential zones: A case study in Debarwa catchment, Eritrea
Full text linkGroundwater is a crucial water resource worldwide, particularly in arid and semi-arid regions such as Eritrea. This study employs an approach that integrates geospatial techniques with the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) to identify groundwater potential zones within the Debarwa catchment area in southern Eritrea. Seven key parameters significantly influencing groundwater recharge were selected for analysis: geology, soil, lineament density, rainfall, land use/land cover, drainage density, and slope. Using Geographic Information System (GIS) tools, thematic layers for each parameter were created and subsequently weighted through pairwise comparisons based on the AHP methodology. Consistency tests were conducted to ensure the reliability of the assigned weights. The final weighted overlay map classified the groundwater potential into four categories: poor, good, very good, and excellent. The spatial distribution of these categories revealed that 0.01% of the area fell into the ‘poor’ potential zone, 80.9% into the ‘good’ potential zone, 19.1% into the ‘very good’ potential zone, and 0.002% into the ‘excellent’ potential zone. These results indicate that most of the Debarwa catchment area has good to very good potential for groundwater resources. This delineation provides a valuable tool for decision-makers to prioritize regions for detailed groundwater exploration and management. The study’s innovative combination of GIS and AHP methodologies offers a systematic and objective framework for groundwater potential assessment. However, further validation studies are recommended to evaluate the accuracy and robustness of the proposed groundwater potential zones. Such validation would enhance the reliability of the findings and support sustainable groundwater resource management in the region. This integrative approach can be adapted and applied globally to similar arid and semi-arid areas to optimize groundwater exploration and utilization strategies.Groundwater is a crucial water resource worldwide, particularly in arid and semi-arid regions such as Eritrea. This study employs an approach that integrates geospatial techniques with the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) to identify groundwater potential zones within the Debarwa catchment area in southern Eritrea. Seven key parameters significantly influencing groundwater recharge were selected for analysis: geology, soil, lineament density, rainfall, land use/land cover, drainage density, and slope. Using Geographic Information System (GIS) tools, thematic layers for each parameter were created and subsequently weighted through pairwise comparisons based on the AHP methodology. Consistency tests were conducted to ensure the reliability of the assigned weights. The final weighted overlay map classified the groundwater potential into four categories: poor, good, very good, and excellent. The spatial distribution of these categories revealed that 0.01% of the area fell into the ‘poor’ potential zone, 80.9% into the ‘good’ potential zone, 19.1% into the ‘very good’ potential zone, and 0.002% into the ‘excellent’ potential zone. These results indicate that most of the Debarwa catchment area has good to very good potential for groundwater resources. This delineation provides a valuable tool for decision-makers to prioritize regions for detailed groundwater exploration and management. The study’s innovative combination of GIS and AHP methodologies offers a systematic and objective framework for groundwater potential assessment. However, further validation studies are recommended to evaluate the accuracy and robustness of the proposed groundwater potential zones. Such validation would enhance the reliability of the findings and support sustainable groundwater resource management in the region. This integrative approach can be adapted and applied globally to similar arid and semi-arid areas to optimize groundwater exploration and utilization strategies
The rise of the agile approach
Full text linkAgile has become a buzzword in business. Agile is known for software development, excelled in project management, and today is about the agile transformation of management and personal life. The increase in the number and scope of related scientific articles and case studies about agility leads to a kind of self-confirmation of the approach. Compared to traditional (waterfall) project management, agile projects have a higher creative content, and participants learn more and feel more valued. At the same time, agile has several preconditions and requirements that must be fulfilled. Missing those will undoubtedly lead to failure. The study gives an overview of the agile principles, approach, and the considerations that should be made before an organization changes to it.Agile has become a buzzword in business. Agile is known for software development, excelled in project management, and today is about the agile transformation of management and personal life. The increase in the number and scope of related scientific articles and case studies about agility leads to a kind of self-confirmation of the approach. Compared to traditional (waterfall) project management, agile projects have a higher creative content, and participants learn more and feel more valued. At the same time, agile has several preconditions and requirements that must be fulfilled. Missing those will undoubtedly lead to failure. The study gives an overview of the agile principles, approach, and the considerations that should be made before an organization changes to i
Földi telepítésű napelemes szerkezet hóteher alatti modal analízise
Full text linkThis paper is devoted to some issues of the finite element analysis (FEA) of ground-mounted photovoltaic (PV) structure, focusing on the entire structure where the panels under a snow load considering regional climatic data. The eigenvalue extraction used to calculate eigenfrequencies and mode shapes is based on the Lanczos iteration method. The frame and purlins were modeled as a 3D wire frame and meshed with the linear beam elements with specify C and U cross-section shapes. Composite shell elements were used to simulate the PV panel. The purpose of finite element analysis is to provide a starting point for studies of the forced vibrations with the results of modal analysis. These are also important results for analyzing the effects of vibrations of structure on the bolts securing the panels.Jelen tanulmány egy földi telepítésű, napelemekkel felszerelt tartószerkezet modal analízisének kérdéseivel foglalkozik a hazai klimatikus viszonyoknak megfelelő, Eurocode alapján megállapított hóteher alatt. Lánczos-iterációs módszer alkalmazásával, végeselemes szoftver segítségével elvégzett numerikus szimulációk alapján kerültek az adott szerkezet sajátrezgései elemzésre. A tartószerkezet C profilú acélelemei hajlított-nyírt rúdelemekkel, a napelempanelek pedig kompozit héjelemekkel modellezve vizsgáltak. Az előállított sajátfrekvenciák és rezgésképek további modellezési lehetőségek felé is utat nyitnak, mert felhasználhatóak például a tranziens terhelési körülményekre történő vizsgálatokban is. A szerkezet sajátrezgésképeinek elemzéséből következtetni lehet a szerkezet elemeinek várható mozgásaira és ezek az eredmények kiindulópontként szolgálnak a paneleket és a szerkezeti elemeket egymáshoz rögzítő csavarokat érő hatások elemzésében.
Influence of feedstock composition on the adsorptive properties of RDF-based activated carbon: ONLINE FIRST (pre-proof)
No full textThis study focuses on converting refuse-derived fuel mixtures (composed of PS, PP, HDPE, paper, cardboard, cotton, and wood) into activated carbon through pyrolysis at 500 °C. The resulting chars underwent steam gasification at 900 °C for 60 min, with a steam flow rate of 5 cm³ h⁻¹. The physically activated chars were then systematically examined for their efficacy in removing phenol from 20 mg dm⁻³ solutions. The study demonstrated that the produced chars exhibited approximately half of the phenol removal efficiency of commercial activated carbon. Furthermore, an increased plastic content in the RDF blend enhanced the adsorption performance of the resulting activated carbons