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Badania nad językowym obrazem świata a semantyka filozoficzna: w poszukiwaniu pokrewieństw
Get PDFThe goal of the paper is to determine the relation between theoretical presuppositions of linguistic worldview studies (LWS) and heterodox strains of philosophical semantics, as well as the connection with the semantic prerequisites of other schools of text linguistics, in particular corpus linguistics. Semantic consequences of the concept of defining in the LWS are presented. It is claimed that they do not pose great constrains on philosophical semantics (e.g. while the concept of stereotype developed by Hillary Putnam needs to be accepted, semantic externalism does not follow). It is proved that LWS are compatible with the concept of meaning-as-use, particularly with semantic inferentialism, as developed by Robert Brandom and Jaroslav Peregrin. The paper also considers the ontological status of meaning reconstructions proposed in the framework of the LWS, as an answer to critiques originating in more traditionalist or minimalist approaches to semantics. It is demonstrated that similar issues occur in other strains of text linguistics, for instance, in corpus linguistics. However, the paper claims that methodological precision and proper choice of a text corpus guarantee results satisfying from the perspective of empirical linguistics.The goal of the paper is to determine the relation between theoretical presuppositions of linguistic worldview studies (LWS) and heterodox strains of philosophical semantics, as well as the connection with the semantic prerequisites of other schools of text linguistics, in particular corpus linguistics. Semantic consequences of the concept of defining in the LWS are presented. It is claimed that they do not pose great constrains on philosophical semantics (e.g. while the concept of stereotype developed by Hillary Putnam needs to be accepted, semantic externalism does not follow). It is proved that LWS are compatible with the concept of meaning-as-use, particularly with semantic inferentialism, as developed by Robert Brandom and Jaroslav Peregrin. The paper also considers the ontological status of meaning reconstructions proposed in the framework of the LWS, as an answer to critiques originating in more traditionalist or minimalist approaches to semantics. It is demonstrated that similar issues occur in other strains of text linguistics, for instance, in corpus linguistics. However, the paper claims that methodological precision and proper choice of a text corpus guarantee results satisfying from the perspective of empirical linguistics
Profil kolokacyjny employment i work w brytyjskim prawie pracy
No full textThe paper investigates the collocational profile of two words of similar meaning, i.e. employment and work, in the UK employment law. The study is intended to shed some light on the behaviour of the two words in the specialist language context of UK employment law. It is a corpus study based on a corpus of 12 UK employment statutes compiled for the purpose of analysing this area of English legal language. The empirical material is collected and processed with Sketch Engine, a corpus analysis tool. In particular the study looks at (a) the status of the words as terminological units and synonyms, (b) word combinations in which the words appear in the corpus, (c) the meaning that the context of use implies, and (d) the potential benefits of such empirical material in the area of foreign language for special purposes use. The findings suggest that employment and work are synonyms, yet they are used in different word combinations in the context of UK employment law which may derive from the strictly legislative context that does not welcome synonymy.The paper investigates the collocational profile of two words of similar meaning, i.e. employment and work, in the UK employment law. The study is intended to shed some light on the behaviour of the two words in the specialist language context of UK employment law. It is a corpus study based on a corpus of 12 UK employment statutes compiled for the purpose of analysing this area of English legal language. The empirical material is collected and processed with Sketch Engine, a corpus analysis tool. In particular the study looks at (a) the status of the words as terminological units and synonyms, (b) word combinations in which the words appear in the corpus, (c) the meaning that the context of use implies, and (d) the potential benefits of such empirical material in the area of foreign language for special purposes use. The findings suggest that employment and work are synonyms, yet they are used in different word combinations in the context of UK employment law which may derive from the strictly legislative context that does not welcome synonymy
Wstęp do rozważań na temat obrazu MEDIO AMBIENTE (ŚRODOWISKO) w języku hiszpańskim
Get PDFThe article is a collection of reflections constituting an introduction to the reconstruction of the MEDIO AMBIENTE (ENVIRONMENT) image in Spanish. In the introduction, the author discusses the methodological basis of the research, which is the theory of the linguistic image of the world and the method of its reconstruction proposed by Jerzy Bartmiński as part of the EUROJOS seminar. She then presents an analysis of the textual material, which consists of quotations that are collocations of the word medio ambiente. The results of the analysis make it possible to indicate the defining features of MEDIO AMBIENTE which constitute the image and the way of valuing the environment in Spanish.The article is a collection of reflections constituting an introduction to the reconstruction of the MEDIO AMBIENTE (ENVIRONMENT) image in Spanish. In the introduction, the author discusses the methodological basis of the research, which is the theory of the linguistic image of the world and the method of its reconstruction proposed by Jerzy Bartmiński as part of the EUROJOS seminar. She then presents an analysis of the textual material, which consists of quotations that are collocations of the word medio ambiente. The results of the analysis make it possible to indicate the defining features of MEDIO AMBIENTE which constitute the image and the way of valuing the environment in Spanish
Beletristická rekonštrukcia portrétu Štefana Krčméryho z posledných rokov života (Anton Baláž, Povedz slovo čisté, 2017)
Get PDFThe novel’s portrayal of an unknown part of the life of Štefan Krčméry (1892 – 1955), his stay in a psychiatric asylum (1949–1955), belongs to the category of rare topics in contemporary Slovak fiction. In the novel Povedz slovo čisté, Anton Baláž gradually uncovers Krčméry’s complex, dramatic internal life through depictions of the onset and overcoming of apathetic states in the narrative, which also contains a series of diary entries by Júlia Orlovská, Krčméry’s attending physician. These entries record his lasting commitment to such values as the nation, religious faith, creative freedom, and the liberating space of literature. Carefully revealing his thoughts, attitudes and desires, Baláž completes the image of Krčméry as that of an artist, scientist, and preacher, who tries to hold on to these values even at the end of his life journey. Karol Matulay, the director of the treatment center in Pezinok, who is closely monitored by the new totalitarian regime, perceives him as a person with a „liberated imagination” or creative freedom, which can serve as a model for the „crouched imagination of Bratislava’s literati”. While the image of the final stage of Krčméry’s life seems more static, the fictitious character of Jakub Daňo, an ambitious student interested the world of literature, appears as a more dynamic and emotionally active character. According to the author, Krčméry confronts himself with the emotional experience of situations in time and space contained in his memory, with the time against which he is powerless and deprived of human dignity, due to his illness, but free. As a historical and sociological document, Baláž’s novel Povedz slovo čisté (2017) did not generate the „hero/heroes” of the current chaotic digital age; instead, the motivation behind his characters’ actions and behavior is timeless, while its empirical and epistemological value for the present-day reader is indisputable.The novel’s portrayal of an unknown part of the life of Štefan Krčméry (1892 – 1955), his stay in a psychiatric asylum (1949–1955), belongs to the category of rare topics in contemporary Slovak fiction. In the novel Povedz slovo čisté, Anton Baláž gradually uncovers Krčméry’s complex, dramatic internal life through depictions of the onset and overcoming of apathetic states in the narrative, which also contains a series of diary entries by Júlia Orlovská, Krčméry’s attending physician. These entries record his lasting commitment to such values as the nation, religious faith, creative freedom, and the liberating space of literature. Carefully revealing his thoughts, attitudes and desires, Baláž completes the image of Krčméry as that of an artist, scientist, and preacher, who tries to hold on to these values even at the end of his life journey. Karol Matulay, the director of the treatment center in Pezinok, who is closely monitored by the new totalitarian regime, perceives him as a person with a „liberated imagination” or creative freedom, which can serve as a model for the „crouched imagination of Bratislava’s literati”. While the image of the final stage of Krčméry’s life seems more static, the fictitious character of Jakub Daňo, an ambitious student interested the world of literature, appears as a more dynamic and emotionally active character. According to the author, Krčméry confronts himself with the emotional experience of situations in time and space contained in his memory, with the time against which he is powerless and deprived of human dignity, due to his illness, but free. As a historical and sociological document, Baláž’s novel Povedz slovo čisté (2017) did not generate the „hero/heroes” of the current chaotic digital age; instead, the motivation behind his characters’ actions and behavior is timeless, while its empirical and epistemological value for the present-day reader is indisputable
Угрозы со стороны Российской Федерации государствам региона Балтийского моря
No full textThe article discusses the activities carried out by the Russian Federation to destabilize Euro-Atlantic security in the Baltic Sea region. Particular attention was paid to the strategy of the war of the new generation, characterized by the state’s activity on many fronts, with the use of political, social, military, and economic methods. In the case of Russia, the purpose of these methods is to regain geopolitical control over the Baltic States and to rebuild the sphere of influence from the times of the Soviet Union. The consequence of this is the increased sense of threat among the countries: Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia. The aim of the article is to present Russian pressure on the national security systems of the countries of the Baltic Sea region.W artykule omówiono działania prowadzone przez Federację Rosyjską zmierzające do destabilizacji bezpieczeństwa euroatlantyckiego w regionie Morza Bałtyckiego. Szczególną uwagę zwrócono na strategię wojny nowej generacji, która charakteryzuje się aktywnością państwa na wielu frontach z wykorzystaniem metod politycznych, społecznych, militarnych oraz gospodarczych. W przypadku Rosji jest realizowana w celu odzyskania geopolitycznej kontroli nad państwami bałtyckimi oraz odbudowania strefy wpływów z czasów Związku Radzieckiego. Konsekwencją jest wzrost poczucia zagrożenia na Litwie, Łotwie i w Estonii. Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie rosyjskiej presji na system bezpieczeństwa narodowego państw regionu Morza Bałtyckiego
Frontex w systemie zarządzania bezpieczeństwem granic Unii Europejskiej
Get PDFThe main purpose of this article is to describe the EU Agency, which is the European Border and Coast Guard Agency (FRONTEX), as well as to present the role it plays in the EU\u27s external border management system. The study uses qualitative methods and the source of information was an analysis of the content of documents and the subject literature. In the first part of the article, the authors present basic information on the asylum and migration policy of the EU. Then, they describe the EU\u27s external border management system and indicate the role of FRONTEX in this system, characterizing the Agency\u27s instruments, i.e. EUROSUR, ETIAS and FADO. The main part of the article focuses on the structure and tasks of FRONTEX. Summing up, they draw attention to globalization, cultural, economic and military changes, which bring with them serious threats and disturb the stable existence of citizens of the European Union. The article also proves that the FRONTEX Agency significantly increases the level of security of the European Union.Głównym celem niniejszego artykułu jest charakterystyka Agencji UE, którą jest Europejska Agencja Straży Granicznej i Przybrzeżnej (FRONTEX), a także przedstawienie roli jaką pełni ona w systemie zarządzania granicami zewnętrznymi UE. W opracowaniu wykorzystano metody jakościowe, a za źródło informacji posłużyła analiza treści dokumentów i literatury przedmiotu. W pierwszej części artykułu autorzy przedstawiają podstawowe informacje dotyczące polityki azylowej i migracyjnej UE. Następnie opisują system zarządzania granicami zewnętrznymi UE oraz wskazują rolę FRONTEXU w tym systemie, charakteryzując utworzone instrumenty Agencji tj. EUROSUR, ETIAS I FADO. W głównej części autorzy skupiają się na strukturze i zadaniach FRONTEXU. Podsumowując zwracają uwagę na zmiany globalizacyjne, kulturowe, gospodarcze i militarne, które niosą ze sobą poważne zagrożenia powodując zachwianie stabilnej egzystencji obywateli Unii Europejskiej. Wnioski z rozważań potwierdzają tezę o wysokiej przydatności Agencji FRONTEX w zwiększeniu poziomu bezpieczeństwa Unii Europejskiej
Problem upadłości w krajach UE we współczesnych warunkach
No full textThe relevance of the study is due to the consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic, which fundamentally changed the global economy, provoking a global recession. Legal entities suffered significant losses, being the main subjects of economic activity and, as a result, individuals became insolvent. This was followed by the energy crisis, which caused a second recession and massive bankruptcy of businesses and individuals - consumers. In the conditions of a difficult epidemiological, economic and geopolitical situation, the EU countries were forced to create additional legal mechanisms in order to more effectively regulate the institution of bankruptcy. The purpose of the study is to analyze the consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic and the energy crisis, their impact on the growth of bankruptcies in the EU countries and measures taken to improve the economy and protect the fundamental rights of individuals to return them to economic circulation. The trends and conclusions formulated by the author made it possible to emphasize the importance of applying bankruptcy proceedings. The article uses theoretical and empirical research methods.Актуальность исследования обусловлена последствиями пандемии COVID-19, которая в корне изменила мировую экономику, спровоцировав глобальную рецессию. Юридические лица понесли существенные убытки, являясь основными субъектами экономической деятельности и, как следствие, физические лица стали неплатежеспособными. За этим последовал энергетический кризис, вызвавший повторную рецессию и массовое банкротство бизнеса и физических лиц – потребителей. В условиях сложной эпидемиологической, экономической и геополитической обстановки страны ЕС были вынуждены создать дополнительные правовые механизмы, с целью более эффективного регулирования института банкротства. Целью исследования выступает анализ последствий пандемии COVID-19 и энергетического кризиса, их влияние на рост банкротств в странах ЕС и меры, принимаемые для оздоровления экономики и защиты фундаментальных прав физических лиц по их возвращению в экономический оборот. Тенденции и выводы, сформулированные автором, позволили подчеркнуть важность применения процедуры банкротства. В статье использованы теоретический и эмпирический методы исследования. Актуальность исследования обусловлена последствиями пандемии COVID-19, которая в корне изменила мировую экономику, спровоцировав глобальную рецессию. Юридические лица понесли существенные убытки, являясь основными субъектами экономической деятельности и, как следствие, физические лица стали неплатежеспособными. За этим последовал энергетический кризис, вызвавший повторную рецессию и массовое банкротство бизнеса и физических лиц – потребителей. В условиях сложной эпидемиологической, экономической и геополитической обстановки страны ЕС были вынуждены создать дополнительные правовые механизмы, с целью более эффективного регулирования института банкротства. Целью исследования выступает анализ последствий пандемии COVID-19 и энергетического кризиса, их влияние на рост банкротств в странах ЕС и меры, принимаемые для оздоровления экономики и защиты фундаментальных прав физических лиц по их возвращению в экономический оборот. Тенденции и выводы, сформулированные автором, позволили подчеркнуть важность применения процедуры банкротства. В статье использованы теоретический и эмпирический методы исследования. 
K-means is probabilistically poor
No full textKleinberg introduced the concept of k-richness as a requirement for an algorithm to be a clustering algorithm. The most popular algorithm k means dos not fit this definition because of its probabilistic nature. Hence Ackerman et al. proposed the notion of probabilistic k-richness claiming without proof that k-means has this property. It is proven in this paper, by example, that the version of k-means with random initialization does not have the property probabilistic k-richness, just rebuking Ackeman\u27s claim
The concept of twin digital models as support for production and service processes of technical facilities
Get PDFThe article presents the concept of using twin digital models as support for production and service processes of technical facilities. The implementation of the concept can be helpful in diagnostic processes and proactively diagnose the condition of technical objects in real time and report actions to ensure the continuity of processes. The concept assumes the creation of a digital model of a technicalobject for the purposes of improving the operation processes of the machine park (means of transport, means of production). A comprehensive and integrated solution will improve work efficiency and lower service costs
The VR Therapy platform for social anxiety treatment
Get PDFDuring the period of online learning related to the pandemic situation, a cooperation was established between the Institute of Computer Science and the Institute of Pedagogy at Siedlce University of Natural Sciences and Humanities to create a therapeutic environment in virtual reality for the treatment of social anxiety or shyness. Anxiety disorders are classified as the most common mental disorder in children and adolescents, their prevalence is estimated at 2-10 percent of the population. The phenomenon hasincreased due to the pandemic situation. The aim of the project is to develop a low-cost and user-friendly technological solution using virtual reality and biofeedback elements for social anxiety therapy, dedicated to children and adolescents aged 12 to 19