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Substance Use Disorder And Treatment Courts in the American Criminal Justice System
Full text linkThe global issue of drug and alcohol addiction leads to the commission of crimes, wasted lives, and unnecessary deaths. Although judicial systems in every country are positioned to encourage treatment of this disease, the focus is too often on imprisonment. One promising alternative is “Treatment Courts,” a relatively recent program in the United States. This program incentivizes citizens accused of crimes by providing rewards for successful completion. Beyond other benefits, this alternative to confinement provides reduced punishment, and in some instances, even dismissal of the offense. This article explores treatment courts and other emerging American alternatives to imprisonment
Evaluation of Heifer Welfare in Two Different Rearing Systems
Full text linkThe welfare of domestic animals, which is a core part of livestock farming today, depends strongly on the rearing system. While free-stall systems are encouraged, tied rearing systems are still the most widely used in cattle farming, although considered less suitable due to restricted freedom of movement. As an alternative to this system, free-stall rearing, which allows movement, is proposed as a minimum standard. Although it seems self-evident that free-stall rearing is better than tied rearing system, there is still a lack of research on whether this is true for all categories of cattle or whether it might be appropriate for some of them (e.g. depending on age). The aim of the present study was therefore to compare the welfare of heifers in tied and free-stall rearing during the fattening period (at different ages). In general, we have suggested higher welfare scores in free-stall system, with the tied stall being more problematic for younger animals. The study comprised five heifers in each system per repetition (20 animals in total). Data were collected using the Welfare Quality® protocol, which involves the assessment of four main principles: feeding, housing, health and behaviour. The assessments were carried out approximately every three months during the fattening period (from 6 to 27 months of age). The results showed significant differences in animal welfare scores between tied and free-stall systems only interms of housing and the tendency of differences in behaviour. For both principles, the scores were relatively low compared to feeding and health, where no differences were found between the rearing systems. In terms of temporal dynamics, differences were only found for housing, with values decreasing with age in both rearing systems. In the free-stall system, the scores were almost optimal in young animals (>90), but decreased rapidly with increasing age, while in the tied housing system, a suboptimal welfare scores were already observed in young animals (≈40). This means that tied rearing system is a clear disadvantage for the welfare of younger animals, which are generally more exploratory and active. Our results confirmed tied stall as less suitable in terms of animal welfare, especially for young animals. It is therefore encouraged that young animals should primarily be housed in a freestall pens if both systems are available in the breeding facilities.Dobro počutje telic različnih starosti v dveh sistemih reje. Dobro počutje domačih živali, ki je premisa sodobne živinoreje, je močno odvisno od sistema reje. V govedoreji je sistem vezane reje še vedno zelo pogost, čeprav zaradi omejene možnosti gibanja velja za manj primernega. Alternativa temu sistemu je kot minimalni standard predlagana hlevska prosta reja, ki živalim omogoča prosto gibanje na omejenem območju. Čeprav se zdi samoumevno, da je prosta reja boljša od vezane, še vedno ni raziskav o tem, ali to velja za vse kategorije in starosti govedi. Namen raziskave je bil primerjati dobro počutje telic v vezani in prosti reji v obdobju pitanja pri različnih starostih. Raziskava je vključevala pet telic v vsakem sistemu na ponovitev (skupaj 20 živali). Počutje telic smo ocenili z uporabo protokola Welfare Quality®, ki vključuje oceno štirih opazovalnih področij: krmljenje, bivalni pogoji, zdravje in obnašanje. Meritve in opazovanja živali in hleva se pretvorijo/preračunajo v ocene dobrega počutja od 0 (neprimerno stanje) do 100 (optimalno stanje). Ocenjevanja so bila izvedena sedemkrat v obdobju pitanja (6–27 mesecev starosti) v trimesečnih intervalih. Rezultati so pokazali značilne razlike v ocenah dobrega počutja živali med vezano in prosto rejo le pri bivalnih pogojih ter tendenco razlik pri obnašanju. Pri obeh področjih so bile ocene razmeroma nizke v primerjavi s področjem krmljenja in zdravja živali, kjer med sistemoma reje ni bilo ugotovljenih razlik. Tudi časovna dinamika ocen meril in področij je bila značilno različna le pri bivalnih pogojih. Pri obeh sistemih reje so se vrednosti s starostjo zmanjševale. V sistemu proste reje so bile ocene pri mladih živalih skoraj optimalne (> 90), a so se s starostjo hitro znižale, v sistemu vezane reje pa ocene niso bile optimalne že pri mladih živalih (≈ 40). Rezultati kažejo, da je vezana reja manj primerna z vidika dobrega počutja živali zlasti za mlade živali. Zaradi tega je priporočljivo, da se mlade živali, če sta v vzrejnih objektih na voljo oba sistema, nastanijo v ograde s prosto rejo
EKONOMIJA VODIKA S SWOT-ANALIZO
Full text linkThe paper deals with the types of hydrogen production, methods for its storage and transport, and possibilities of the end use of hydrogen. The basics of the hydrogen economy are described briefly, and then the SWOT analysis is performed of the hydrogen economy. The strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats of the hydrogen economy are summarized in the SWOT analysis. The biggest problems and threats, with the possibilities of solving those problems, are summarized based on that analysis. The SWOT analysis considers aspects of the hydrogen economy e.g. energy demands, financial difficulty, safety, and awareness about hydrogen. The Conclusions involve suggestions on how to avoid the above-mentioned awareness, and how to increase hydrogen utilization.Prispevek obravnava vrste pridobivanja vodika, načine njegovega skladiščenja in transporta ter možnosti končne uporabe vodika. Na kratko so opisane osnove ekonomije vodika, nato pa je opravljena SWOT-analiza ekonomije vodika. Prednosti, slabosti, priložnosti in nevarnosti vodikovega gospodarstva so povzete v SWOT-analizi. Na podlagi te analize so povzeti največji problemi in nevarnosti z možnostmi reševanja teh problemov. SWOT-analiza upošteva vidike vodikovega gospodarstva, npr. energetske zahteve, finančne težave, varnost in ozaveščenost o vodiku. Sklepi vključujejo predloge, kako se izogniti zgoraj omenjenemu zavedanju in kako povečati izkoristek vodika
OHRANJANJE RIBJIH MIGRACIJ OB HIDROELEKTRARNAH: PZVO KOT OKOLJSKO ODGOVOREN UKREP
Full text linkThe geostrategic situation in the world is a stark reminder that, for any country seeking to be sovereign, it is essential to strengthen the degree of energy and food self-sufficiency as soon as possible, all the while also ensuring sustainable environmental and social development. In terms of renewable energy sources, Slovenia has the greatest privilege in being able to utilise hydropower and wood biomass for energy uses. The paper discusses the importance of implementing multipurpose and goal-oriented projects such as hydropower plants (HPPs), which fulfil a number of strategies set by the state and local communities. Since every human intervention in the environment has certain impacts, the paper shows how synergistic effects can be created between environmental protection and energy sector development through responsible environmental planning and implementation of the best possible measures, drawing from a practical example of the multipurpose construction project of HPPs on the lower course of the river Sava. The paper addresses the issue of fish migration and barriers in watercourses, presenting the current situation in Slovenia and worldwide. It also examines the success of fish passes at HPP Arto-Blanca, based on several years of monitoring. Such passes enable fish to migrate past hydropower plants, maintain healthy fish populations, preserve genetic diversity, and ensure the connectivity and preservation of the entire aquatic ecosystem. The example of the future Mokrice hydropower plant illustrates the trend and commitments in the planning of such passes in the future.Geostrateška situacija v svetu opozarja, da je za državo, ki želi biti suverena, nujno, da čim prej okrepi stopnjo samooskrbnosti z energijo in hrano ob sočasni skrbi za vzdržni okoljsko-družbeni razvoj. Slovenija ima na področju obnovljivih virov energije največji privilegij v koriščenju hidroenergije in lesne biomase. V prispevku je obravnavan pomen izvajanja večnamenskih in ciljno usmerjenih projektov, kot so hidroelektrarne, ki izpolnjujejo več zadanih strategij države in lokalnih skupnosti. Upoštevajoč dejstvo, da ima vsak človekov poseg v prostor določene vplive, je na praktičnem primeru večnamenskega projekta izgradnje HE na spodnji Savi prikazano, kako se lahko z odgovornim okoljskim načrtovanjem in izvedbo najboljših možnih ukrepov ustvarijo sinergijski učinki med varovanjem okolja in razvojem energetike. Predstavljena je tematika ribjih migracij in pregrad na vodotokih, prikazano aktualno stanje v Sloveniji ter po svetu in na podlagi večletnih monitoringov obravnavan primer uspešnosti ribjega prehoda pri HE Arto-Blanca. Tovrstni prehodi omogočajo ribam: migracijo mimo hidroelektrarn in ohranjajo zdrave populacije rib; vzdrževanje genetske raznolikosti; povezanost in ohranitev celotnega vodnega ekosistema. Na primeru bodoče HE Mokrice so predstavljeni trend in obveze pri načrtovanju tovrstnih prehodov v prihodnje
Ocena harmonskega popačenja v šolskih stavbah s fotonapetostnimi sistemi
No full textThe integration of photovoltaic systems into power grids can impact power quality, particularly concerning voltage and current harmonics. This study investigates the power quality of a photovoltaic system integrated into the electrical system of an educational facility, focusing on harmonic distortion in both voltage and current. Comprehensive measurements were conducted across three phases and analysed according to the EN 50160 and IEEE 519 Standards. The results demonstrated that, while the voltage quality meets EN 50160 requirements consistently, indicating stable voltage levels, the current measurements revealed significant harmonic distortion. Notably, Phase 2 exhibited Total Harmonic Distortion values substantially above the acceptable limits, with Phase 1 and Phase 3 also showing elevated Total Harmonic Distortion. To address these issues, the study recommends the implementation of advanced harmonic filters and optimisation of inverter technologies. These measures are crucial for enhancing power quality, and ensuring compliance with the industry Standards in high photovoltaic penetration scenarios. Integracija fotonapetostnih (PV) sistemov v elektroenergetska omrežja lahko vpliva na kakovost električne energije, zlasti glede napetostnih in tokovnih harmonikov. Ta študija obravnava kakovost električne energije v šolski stavbi z integriranim PV sistemom, s poudarkom na harmoničnem popačenju napetosti in toka. Izvedene so bile obsežne meritve v vseh treh fazah, analiza pa je potekala v skladu s standardoma EN 50160 in IEEE 519. Rezultati kažejo, da kakovost napetosti dosledno izpolnjuje zahteve standarda EN 50160, kar potrjuje stabilne napetostne ravni, medtem ko meritve toka razkrivajo izrazito harmonično popačenje. Posebej izstopa faza 2, kjer vrednosti celotnega harmoničnega popačenja (THD) bistveno presegajo dovoljene meje, povišane vrednosti THD pa se pojavljajo tudi v fazi 1 in fazi 3. Za obvladovanje teh težav študija priporoča uporabo naprednih harmonskih filtrov in optimizacijo pretvornikov. Ti ukrepi so ključni za izboljšanje kakovosti električne energije in zagotavljanje skladnosti s strokovnimi standardi v scenarijih z visokim deležem PV proizvodnje
Krčenje majhnih mest v Srbiji: razvojni izzivi in priložnosti prostorske politike
Full text linkSerbian territorial policies actively supported small towns during the socialist period, fostering growth. However, the post-socialist transition brought socio-political changes, economic restructuring, and widespread depopulation. Subsequent territorial policies have largely neglected the development of small towns, resulting in urban shrinkage across much of the country. This paper examines the developmental challenges facing small towns in Serbia, focusing on their current position within national spatial policy and planning framework. Drawing on European spatial policy and theoretical insights, the research aims to: 1) identify the primary obstacles to development of small shrinking towns; and 2) explore potentials for policy improvement. The findings highlight the need for a more targeted and strategically aligned policy framework to revitalize Serbia’s small towns.Srbske teritorialne politike so v času socializma aktivno podpirale majhna mesta in s tem spodbujale njihov razvoj. Toda prehod v postsocialistično obdobje je prineslo družbeno-politične spremembe, gospodarsko prestrukturiranje in depopulacijo. Kasnejše teritorialne politike so večinoma zanemarile razvoj majhnih mest, kar je povzročilo krčenje urbanih območij po večjem delu države. Prispevek obravnava razvojne izzive, s katerimi se soočajo majhna mesta v Srbiji, pri čemer se osredotoča na njihov trenutni položaj v okviru nacionalne prostorske politike in prostorskega načrtovanja. Na podlagi evropskih prostorskih politik in teoretičnih spoznanj raziskava 1) opredeljuje glavne ovire za razvoj majhnih mest, ki se krčijo, ter 2) ugotavlja možnosti za izboljšanje politik. Med ugotovitvami je izpostavljena potreba po bolj ciljno usmerjenem in strateško usklajenem okviru politik za oživitev majhnih mest v Srbiji
Analiza regionalnih razlik in vključenosti različnih deležnikov v EIP-AGRI projektih v Sloveniji
Full text linkThe European Innovation Partnership for Agricultural Productivity and Sustainability (EIP-AGRI) was introduced to enhance EU’s capacity for agricultural innovation by bridging the gap between research and practise. This paper explores the implementation of EIP-AGRI Operational Groups (OGs) in Slovenia, focusing on their spatial distribution, stakeholder networks and thematic priorities. Findings indicate multi-actor participation. However, farmers often take on a passive role in innovation processes and a linear knowledge transfer model persists. Strengthening their position as co-creators of innovations could improve its applicability and long-term impact. Environmental sustainability and climate adaptation are a key thematic priority, but project selection remains administratively driven rather than reflecting bottom-up stakeholder needs. A higher concentration is found in the Eastern Cohesion Region and Central Slovenia, likely due to agriculture’s role, farm density, as well as support networks, including agricultural educational and research institutions and advisory services.Evropsko partnerstvo za inovacije na področju kmetijske produktivnosti in trajnosti (EIP-AGRI) je bilo uvedeno z namenom krepitve inovacijske zmogljivosti EU na področju kmetijstva in premostitve vrzeli med raziskavami in prakso. V prispevku preučujemo prostorsko razporeditev, mreže akterjev in deležnikov ter tematska področja EIP-AGRI operativnih skupin v Sloveniji. Ugotovitve kažejo na večdeležniško sodelovanje v EIP-AGRI projektih, vendar imajo kmetje pogosto pasivno vlogo v inovacijskih procesih in še vedno prevladuje linearni model prenosa znanja. Krepitev vloge kmetov kot so-ustvarjalcev inovacij bi lahko izboljšala praktično uporabo in zagotovila dolgoročni učinek. Okoljska trajnost in prilagajanje podnebnim spremembam sta ključna tematska področja, vendar njun izbor v prvi vrsti določajo administrativna določila in ne potrebe deležnikov, ki izhajajo iz pristopa od spodaj navzgor. Večjo zgostitev EIP-AGRI projektov prepoznamo v Vzhodni kohezijski regiji in osrednji Sloveniji, kar je verjetno povezano z vlogo kmetijstva, številom kmetij, pa tudi z mrežnim delovanjem podpornega okolja na področju kmetijstva (izobraževalno-raziskovalne ustanove, kmetijska svetovalna služba)
Perspectives on Corporate Governance in State-Owned Enterprises: Evidence from Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia and Serbia
Full text linkThis paper examines the key aspects of corporate governance of state-owned enterprises (SOEs) through a comparative survey conducted in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, and Serbia. The research explores two distinct perspectives: the state\u27s view on the necessity and governance of SOEs, and the perspective of SOE boards on operational and strategic challenges. From the state’s perspective, the survey addresses issues such as the protection of national economic interests, state ownership in key industries, equitable service provision, and the reinvestment of SOE profits into public projects. Findings suggest a strong alignment among respondents across all three countries, supporting the idea that state ownership ensures economic sovereignty and guarantees fair access to essential services. On the other hand, the board perspective highlights concern about the bureaucratic barriers faced by SOEs, the influence of political interference on financial performance, and the limitations of public ownership in enhancing global competitiveness. Board respondents expressed the need for greater autonomy in decision-making and stressed the importance of partnerships with the private sector to optimise SOE efficiency and market position. The article synthesises these findings to address the broader question: Are SOEs essential in modern economies, or do they require reform to meet contemporary challenges? The results indicate that while SOEs hold strategic importance, reforms focused on reducing bureaucracy, enhancing governance, and promoting public-private partnerships are crucial for their future viability
Interdisciplinarni pristop v osnovnem izobraževanju: animirani filmi kot orodje za medkulturno ozaveščanje
No full textThe paper presents results from a study exploring the effectiveness of animated films in primary education for enhancing cross-cultural awareness. The study examined how animated films can broaden young learners’ perspectives on diverse cultural practices, values, and traditions, and identified factors that affect information processing in complex, cross-cultural contexts. Using triangulation, data were gathered and analysed from twenty primary students (ages 8-11). The study employed Tobii Pro Glasses 3 for eye-tracking, supplemented by a questionnaire to support the eye-tracking findings. Analysis revealed that integrating culture-specific concepts from animated films can effectively enhance cross-cultural awareness in interdisciplinary education.V prispevku predstavljamo rezultate študije o učinkovitosti animiranih filmov v osnovnošolskem izobraževanju za krepitev medkulturne zavesti. Preučevali smo, kako lahko animirani filmi razširijo perspektive mladih učencev na različne kulturne prakse, vrednote in tradicije, ter identificirali dejavnike, ki vplivajo na obdelavo informacij v zapletenih medkulturnih kontekstih. S triangulacijo smo zbrali in analizirali podatke 20 osnovnošolcev (starih 8–11 let). V študiji smo za sledenje očem uporabljali očala Tobii Pro Glasses 3, dopolnjena z vprašalnikom za podporo ugotovitvam sledenja očem. Analiza je pokazala, da lahko vključevanje kulturnospecifičnih konceptov iz animiranih filmov učinkovito poveča medkulturno zavest v interdisciplinarnem izobraževanju.
Raziskava o učnem uspehu osnovnošolcev glede na sedežni red v razredu
Full text linkPrevious research has shown a link between seating position and student interest in and motivation for learning. This study explores classroom potential based on seating preferences and reasons behind student choices. Teachers rarely allow students to select their own seats, despite the benefits of comfort and engagement. Conducted in 5th and 6th elementary grades, this research used a participatory approach involving students and teachers. The study found that students’ seating preferences were influenced by spatial characteristics, opportunities for social engagement, and academic motivations. Understanding these preferences can help create a more conducive learning environment, enhancing student comfort, participation, and overall academic motivation.Dosedanje raziskave so pokazale povezavo med sedežnim redom v razredu in zanimanjem ter motivacijo učencev za učenje. V študiji raziskujemo učni uspeh učencev glede na njihovo izbiro sedežev v razredu in razloge za izbiro. Učitelji redko dovolijo učencem, da si sami izberejo, kje bodo sedeli, kljub prednostim, kot sta udobje in vključenost pri pouku. V raziskavi, izvedeni v 5. in 6. razredu osnovne šole, je bil uporabljen participativni pristop, ki je vključeval učence in učitelje. Ugotovitve so pokazale, da so na izbiro sedežnega reda vplivale prostorske značilnosti, možnosti za socialne stike ter učna motivacija. Razumevanje teh učenčevih želja lahko pripomore k oblikovanju spodbudnejšega učnega okolja, ki izboljšuje udobje, sodelovanje in splošno učno motivacijo učencev