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EFFECTS OF PROCESS VARIABLES ON THE LEACHING OF ITAKPE IRON ORE USING TETRAOXOSULPHATE VI ACID
Full text linkEffects of process variables (acid concentration, solid/liquid ratio, temperature and time) on the leaching
of Itakpe iron ore were examined. The iron ore sample was obtained from Itakpe, Kogi State, Nigeria.
It was ground into a fine powder and then sieved to create fractions of 0.1 mm in size. To determine the
type of iron ore, XRD (x-ray deffractometer) was employed. The functional groups of the sample were
ascertained using FTIR (Fourier transform infrared) spectrophotometer. The total iron content of the ore
was measured using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer and the redox titrimetric method. The iron
ore sample was beneficiated by treating it with H2SO4. For subsequent measurements of iron in aqueous
solutions, the redox titrimetric method was employed since the two methods did not differ by more than
5%. The experimental screening found that Itakpe iron ore is largely composed of quartz and hematite.
The compositions of the ore changed due to acid treatment, with hematite and goethite as dominant iron
minerals. Barite, quartz and halite were present as minor minerals. The FTIR analyses revealed the
presence of heteroatoms with free electron pairs and substituent groups in the ore. Leaching efficiency
of H2SO4 was found to be time, acid concentration, mass/volume ratio and temperature dependent.
Maximum value of Fe leached was recorded as 92.05% in the beneficiation process. It showed that
H2SO4 is suitable for the leaching of Itakpe iron ore
NIGERIAN'S EDUCATION SYSTEM POLICY REVIEW FOR EFFECTIVE EDUCATIONAL MANAGEMENT: A CENTURY OF TRANSFORMATION AND INNOVATION (1925–2025)
Full text linkThis paper presents a comprehensive review of Nigeria’s educational
policy evolution over the past century, analyzing the trajectory from
colonial educational ordinances to recent 21st-century reform
frameworks. It critically examines the policies within the context of
political
transitions,
regional
autonomy,
post-independence
reconstruction, and global educational paradigms. Special focus is
given to recent innovations aimed at inclusivity, digital transformation,
and skills development, positioning the Nigerian education system for
more effective management and socio-economic relevance. The study
recommends strategic policy coherence, robust data infrastructure, and
institutional accountability as foundational pillars for sustainable
educational reform in Nigeria
MANAGEMENT OF EDUCATIONAL CHALLENGES OF E-LEARNING APPLICATIONS AT PUBLIC TERTIARY INSTITUTIONS DURING AND POST COVID-19 ERA
Full text linkCOVID-19 has wreaked havoc on the majority of the world’s economies. In
most nations throughout the world, education is the only industry that has
totally transmitted to online form. During the pandemic online learning was
the best option for continuing education, particularly in post-secondary
education. The first quarter of 2020 was a difficult time for the global
community. The Coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic that swept the world
affected many aspects of human endeavour, from the decline in industrial
production to the readjustment of the academic calendars of all educational
institutions worldwide. Efforts to reform education as a result of the
prolonged lockdown compelled the government to impose e-learning in
tertiary institutions across the country. It is important to note, however, that
these directions did not result in significant change due to inadequate
infrastructure and network management. As a result, this study evaluated
compliance with e-learning during the COVID-19 pandemic shutdown in
Nigeria’s tertiary institutions in relation to education factors and constrains
faced. Through an online Google form, a systematic selection approach was
used to choose 388 respondents from various institutions across Nigeria. This
study discovered the educational variables are significantly related to elearning compliance, with academic attainment serving as the major predictor.
It was also discovered that there was variation in e-learning compliance across
the selected public tertiary institutions, indicating that e-learning has been
effectively incorporated into tertiary education in Nigeria, public universities
which had forced long break, has the lowest of e-learning compliance during
the COVID-19 pandemic, which can be attributed to lack of connectivity.
Data limit, poor data speed, little/no face to face interaction, intense
requirement for self-discipline, lack of a multiplier of device, poor learning.
The limitations impede compliance with e-learning, which would have a
multiplier effect on academic progress at the institutions and might and might
further widen the nation’s socio-economic skills gap, both on management
and academic provisions. The study’s findings will be very useful to
university administrators and management in making future emergency
choices on the deployment on online learning programs for students from
various backgrounds
MANAGEMENT PERSPECTIVES OF INNOVATIONS AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP EDUCATION IN NIGERIAN EDUCATION THE WAY FORWARD
Full text linkThis chapter examines management perspectives of innovations and entrepreneurship education
in Nigerian education: The way forward. It discusses the importance of innovation in education management and
reveals entrepreneurship education as a potential strategy to battle unemployment, retrenchment. It serves as a
tool for social, economic and societal, even global development. More so, the prevalent health and social
circumstance of COVID- 19 Pandemic has generated obvious changes in the world in all spheres of life. The
natural focus on education is not misplaced if it can successfully navigate the survival of people and bring about
some order in society on equitable parallel with galloping technological development. This chapter draws
attention to the need in the management and implementation of entrepreneurship education in Nigerian education
and the challenges facing it. It concludes with the ways of implementing sustaining and promoting innovation
and entrepreneurship education by suggesting various options including that Nigerian government should emulate
Western countries like Israel, China and United States of America by supporting the programme financially, and
also by policies supporting entrepreneurs that would drive big and fast job growth. It also suggests that priority
attention should be placed in innovation and entrepreneurship by expanding the scope of “mass entrepreneurship”
innovation campaign. Wealthy and good spirited individuals should also encourage and motivate university
undergraduates, irrespective. of their course of study, out of school youths, people already in business to embrace
entrepreneurship and innovative education as an alternative option in helping them to survive in the current and
modern competitive economy and thereby escape the bitter grips of unemployment that is almost ravaging the
zeal of the unemployed to be useful to the Nigerian society
Interpersonal Dependency as Predictors of Marital Satisfaction Among Female Tutors
Full text linkThe study investigated interpersonal dependency as a predictor of marital satisfaction among
female tutors. One hundred (100) participants, with 54 females and 34 males, with an age
range of 30 years, with a mean of 35.68 and standard deviation of 5.79, were selected as
participants. Multi-stage sampling techniques were adopted as sampling techniques to draw
students from secondary schools in Uvwie LGA of Delta State. The Interpersonal Dependency
Inventory (Hirschfield et al., 1977) and the Index of Marital Satisfaction (Hudson, 1982; Anene,
1994) were used for data collection. A correlational design was adopted, while a linear
regression using SPSS version 27 was used for data analysis. Findings revealed that
interpersonal dependency (emotional reliance sig.= 212, lack of confidence sig.= .157,
assertion of autonomy sig.= .462) at p< .05 did not predict marital satisfaction among married
female tutors. Future researchers should investigate other factors that can predict marital
satisfaction
POLITICAL VOLATILITY, FINANCIAL AND DEVELOPMENT ISSUES IN POST- COLONIAL ZIMBABWE, 1980-2008
Full text linkThis paper examines the administration and financial downfall in post-colonial Zimbabwe,
focusing on the period between 1980 and 2008, with specific attention to how political volatility
influenced national development. The main objective is to investigate the extent to which
administrative mismanagement, authoritarian governance and inconsistent economic policies
contributed to Zimbabwe’s prolonged developmental crisis. Employing a qualitative historical
methodology, the research draws upon archival government records, economic reports, academic
literature and international financial data to assess the dynamics between governance and
economic collapse. The paper highlights key events such as the Gukurahundi massacres, the
centralization of executive power under ZANU-PF and the Fast-Track Land Reform Programme,
revealing how political decisions aimed at regime survival undermined institutional integrity,
agricultural production and investor confidence. Findings indicate that poor fiscal discipline,
patronage-driven policy choices and the militarization of public administration catalyzed
hyperinflation, unemployment and the decline of both public services and national currency. The
analysis further identifies how global sanctions and diplomatic isolation exacerbated internal
dysfunction, pushing Zimbabwe into economic freefall by 2008. The paper concludes that
Zimbabwe’s post-independence trajectory offers critical lessons for understanding the link
between governance quality and development outcomes in post-colonial African states. It
emphasizes the need for transparent administration, institutional reform and inclusive
policymaking to reverse long-term decline
STYLISTIC MARKERS OF PSYCHOLOGICAL TRAUMA: A COMPARATIVE STYLISTIC ANALYSIS OF OKWIRI ODUOR’S “MY FATHER’S HEAD” AND MARY WATSON’S “JUNGFRAU”
Full text linkThis paper offers a stylistic and trauma theoretical analysis of two contemporary African short
stories, Okwiri Oduor’s “My Father’s Head” and Mary Watson’s “Jungfrau”, to explore how
psychological trauma is encoded in language and narrative form. Drawing on the theoretical
frameworks of Cathy Caruth, Judith Herman, and Paul Simpson, alongside African feminist
criticism, the study investigates how trauma manifests not merely as a thematic concern but as a
structural force that distorts syntax, disrupts temporality, and fragments narrative voice. In “My
Father’s Head,” Oduor uses surreal imagery, temporal disjunction, and syntactic fragmentation to
portray a protagonist caught in the throes of mourning and memory denial. Conversely, Watson’s
“Jungfrau” employs semantic ellipsis, narrative restraint, and emotional minimalism to mirror the
repressive environment of apartheid era South Africa and the protagonist’s internalized silence.
The comparative analysis reveals that both stories reflect gendered and sociocultural dimension
Deposition and Characterization of Antimony Tin Sulphide using Spray Pyrolysis
Full text linkSpray pyrolysis is a method commonly used in aerosol processes for atomizing chemical precursors into aerosol droplets ready for dispersion in gas mediums to form thin films on passing through a hot reactor and getting evaporated. In this study, antimony tin sulphide was synthesized using spray pyrolysis, as it is a simpler and economical technique. Doping with antimony (Sb) showed a persistent decrease in band gap with an increase in Sb. Results showed that doping tin sulphide (SnS) with Sb enhanced the absorption spectrum of the SnS film by widening the absorption peaks of SnS (Sb) films, and consequently broadening the absorption band. The absorption spectrum of SnS film was extended from 424 nm (ultraviolet edge) to 493 nm, 517 nm, 516 nm and 512 nm (visible regions), respectively. This shows that Sb serves as an opaque material in the SnS (Sb) films, which absorb light more than transparent materials. Detailed information about the optical band gap was obtained using the dependence of the absorption coefficient on the photon energy. The bandgap was varied between 3.33 and 1.90 eV. Further results on antimony tin sulphide films at different annealing temperatures are presented. X-ray diffraction (XRD) showed a preferential peak of the plane (1 1 1) at 2θ = 31.69, which was predominantly persistent in all the synthesized films. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), which showed the surface morphology of the synthesized SnS and SnS(Sb), indicates that the formed films were non-uniformly sparsely distributed grains, thus, depicting high-quality crystal films
Comparative Assessment of Neutrophil Counts and use of Neutropenia to predict Low CD4 Count in Anti-Retroviral Therapy (Art)-Naive HIV positive Children in Enugu, Nigeria
Full text linkNeutropenia has been noted to be associated with HIV disease progression and reduced survival in children. Neutropenia has been postulated to be associated with low CD4 count in HIV-positive children by some researchers. Hence, this study sought to assess the prevalence of neutropenia in ART-naïve HIV-positive patients and compare them to HIV-negative subjects and also to investigate if reduced absolute neutrophil counts can be used to predict low CD4 count in the HIV-positive patients. This study was a prospective observational study carried out at the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Enugu, involving a total of 200 children (100 test subjects and 100 test controls). Biodata was collected with a proforma and blood samples were subsequently collected and analysed for neutrophil count and CD4 count. Data generated were analysed with Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 22. The result showed that neutropenia with a prevalence of 18% is not significantly associated with HIV infections. It was also shown that there is no significant association between the age of the children and neutropenia. Likewise, CD4 count was not significantly associated with neutropenia. The study showed that neutropenia in the subjects is comparable with that of the controls and cannot be used as a substitute for CD4 count or as one of the criteria for commencement of antiretroviral medications in ART-naive HIV-positive children
TABLE OF SPECIFICATIONS: AN EFFECTIVE TOOL FOR THE CONSTRUCTION OF CHRISTIAN RELIGIOUS STUDIES’ TEST (CRST)
Full text linkThe present study demonstrates how table of specifications (TOS) serve as a tool for designing effective
Christian Religious Studies (CRS) test by the teacher for assessment. It is presented as a foundational tool used
by the teacher for educational assessment. This entails an alignment between assessment content and intended
learning outcomes. TOS facilitates the creation of teacher-made test that accurately measure student
understanding. By delineating the distribution of topics, cognitive levels, and weightage of each of item, TOS
enhances assessment quality and fairness. Teachers can use this framework to construct CRS tests that reflect
both content mastery and critical thinking skills. In general, teachers hardly make use of table of specification in
constructing test items used to assess their students’ knowledge. As a result, they have no idea about the weighting
and quality of the test administered to students. Table of specification should help the teacher to plan instruction
and construct items before achievement test is taken. This paper, therefore, looks at how to close the gaps between
the table of specifications and the construction of CRS test. It is recommended among others that TOS should be
adopted by the teacher for classroom test because it gives direction to the teacher about the number of items to be
included in the test. It guides the teacher in the development and evaluation of classroom test