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a case of Hirakud Dam
No full textDams are the man-made structure which acts as a barrier for the natural flow of rivers, surface water or underground streams. These dams create reservoirs and not only help in flood management but also helps in managing the water resources for the communities in agriculture and farming, food production, water supply for drinking and household chores, sanitation and hygiene, etc. The dams have an average life expectancy of 100 years. Many dams in India have crossed their life expectancy and many others are there with a lot of pressure on the dam due to siltation and increased water volume during monsoons. As sediments are being collected in the reservoir of dams, the reservoir cannot hold as much water. It obstructs the surge control dam’s capacity to capture flood water effectively. So, it is felt much essential now to work out feasible arrangements and provide sustainable solutions for managing this volume and pressure discharge from dams.
These dams cause many ill-effects to the environment like Habitat fragmentation, negative impact on water body on which it is built, decrease of ground water table, downstream sediment erosion and prove to be a risk to the environment and overall biosphere.
This thesis showcases a detailed landscape assessment approach and identifies vulnerability of landscape of Hirakud Dam. Potential opportunities have been identified to restore its strength. Alternate strategies to dams have been proposed for storing and ensuring the availability of water through change in landscape measures
A case Study- Visakhapatnam
No full textCities today use the majority of energy produced and are a significant cause to Global warming and emissions of greenhouse gases. The majority of Emissions of co2 are generated from urban areas, with transportation and building development being the most significant drivers. The transport sector in India is the third largest emitter of CO2, with road transport accounting for the majority of emission, public transport is one of the major sectors in transportation sector in which there is a chance to reduce emission factors by introducing electric vehicles into its fleet, Electric vehicles appear to play an essential role in the solution of this topic once it is described as having zero exhaust gas emissions. Due to the constraints of electric bus technologies, further changes to the current bus transportation planning difficulties are required. Electric Mobility in Public Transport is a new buzz word. State Transport Undertakings are on the way of acquiring a sizable fleet of E-buses under government incentives. However, these new genres of the vehicle are quite different than conventional ICE vehicles. They have limited range, need substantial recharging time and are costlier to acquire but are affordable to operate. Different efforts are made for the fleet replacing of E-buses in India. To address the need, thesis aims to devise Infrastructure and optimize fleet for E-buses for APSRTC. The thesis will consider all popular charging strategies and uses a best optimization for E-bus fleet replacement, which makes the work distinctive in terms of scope and accuracy. Initially, different parameters which would affect the electric bus optimization, charging infrastructure are identified, based on these parameters’ current scenario of existing public transport demand levels problems are identified and then best possible EV technology options that are appropriate to the study area are identified by considering technical details in terms of Battery Capacity, Charger Power and Bus efficiency will be worked out for each charging strategy. For Battery Swapping station a non-conventional way of operation promising lower battery requirements will be developed and evaluated. Later, case depot and case routes are selected for E-bus Operation. The ability of depot to accommodate E-buses along with required infrastructure and serviceability of route considering the range of E-buses as prime criteria for selection. Later different E-bus fleet replacement Scenarios with different vehicle specifications that are locally available in India will be evaluated
Redefining the urban form for the suburbs of Hill Town Manali
No full textThe thesis is an attempt to comprehend the relationship between north India's hilly
topography and its social and spatial systems. Increased urbanisation in towns as a
result of tourism has had a negative impact on their physical environment. There is a
strong need to maintain the urban form of hill settlements due to drastic changes in
the physical environment and the urban form of such environmentally fragile areas.
With the core of the towns being developed irrespective of their carrying capacity,
there is a need for alternative tourist centres to accommodate further growth. The
suburbs of tourist towns are gaining popularity as they offer a glimpse into the Pahari
people's culture and way of life.
In order to accommodate further growth, alternative centres that are beginning to
urbanise require guidance in order to maintain a balance between the physical
environment, the social system, and the built form. Hence, this study shall identify
the local development practices and reflect them while enhancing the sense of place
along with safeguarding the environment with the help of urban design as a too
a critical review
No full textThe government of Bihar has approved to form of 95 Nagar panchayats, 40 Parishads and 7 municipal corporations in December 2020 as per the proposal made by Bihar Urban Development and Housing department. This is a change that is going to affect Bihar which has a predominantly agrarian population. The
transformation will alter the demography of at least 194 gram panchayats and add an urban population of 2.1 million just by new towns. The urbanization rate of Bihar is very low around 11.3% in comparison to the national average of 31.2%. Therefore, the state government mentions that this step will help in increasing the
urbanization rate of the Bihar by adding more areas under urban development
through reclassification of the local bodies. The urban area in India is defined by two
processes. The first one is by giving the functional status which is called the census towns and the second is by giving the administrative status which is called statutory towns. Census towns are classified based on three pre-defined criteria of population, density, percentage of male main working population engaged in non-agricultural activities. The census towns may or may not be given the official urban status by the state government and thus may remain to be governed by the gram panchayat. The statutory towns are defined by the state government even if they do not qualify for census town criteria. Each state has its own Municipal Acts which is used are define these towns. The political pull also plays a huge role in demarcating such towns. Higher policy engagement at the urban level is also one of the reasons for the State government to form new towns to make more settlements eligible to attract funds for urban development. There are several other factors as suggested by the literature which are responsible for urbanization. In the case of Bihar, out of 95 new Nagar Panchayats, there are only 11 census towns which officially turned urban. The formation of the other 84 Nagar panchayats remains unjustified. The study focuses on exploring the motivation behind the urbanization taking place in Bihar and check for any hidden agenda. A Nagar Panchayat from Gaya district has been selected as the study area as it is the district that has high development along with maximum transformation from rural to urban. The idea is to cross-check the eligibility of the settlement to be called urban not just focusing on physical parameters but also the socio-economic parameters. Finally, suggest recommendations for Bihar State Urban Policy for defining norms for urban-rural classification based on thegaps identified from the analysis. The study will contribute to reinterpreting definitions of urban-rural classifications
A case study of Kanpur India
No full textUrban regions are home to around 34% of India's population. The number and size of Indian cities have grown in recent years. Increased urbanisation is virtually usually related to economic growth potential. These development initiatives, however, frequently have a detrimental influence on the environment. One of these effects is on riverine systems as a result of indiscriminate abstraction and pollution in rivers and bodies of water. Citizen Involvement becomes critical for the long-term viability of urban river bodies and the effectiveness of any urban local government effort. This support is significantly easier to obtain when folks are aware of the challenges at hand and how they may assist in addressing them. It is critical to change from "citizens as spectators" to "citizens as actors." In recent years, there has been a huge surge in community-based river management. Citizens benefit from the river's ecological, social, and economic importance. Citizens are increasingly becoming involved in the management of their rivers and watersheds, through organisations ranging from watershed associations to citizen action groups to municipal advisory committees. The realisation that surface water degradation is a combined effect of land-use change and human alteration of the landscape has increased the need for stakeholder and resource user engagement and collaboration to better identify the sources of the problem and contribute to the development of workable solutions. The thesis intends to identify strategies to promote citizens' engagement in river management and sustainable use of the river economy in the Ghat of Kanpur, India. The livelihood and activity mapping have been done to understand civic engagement and their relationship with the river. This will lend insights into how deteriorating citizen-river connection impacts the citizens' behaviour toward the river and the livelihood of the riverine community. The research also intends how a river economy as a catalyst can bridge the gap between citizen-river connections. The assessment and analysis of citizen engagement are based on Arnstein’s model of the ladder of participation. Primary surveys such as the Perception survey and the DFID livelihood framework for the household survey have been used for understanding the Real ground scenarios of participation and development scenarios. Based on the analysis, site-specific and policy specific recommendations have been given for civic engagement and improving the connection between citizens and the river
Effect of safety perception of mode choice on first and last mile connectivity
No full textAll around the world, 1.3 million people die each year due to the cause of road accidents in which the most vulnerable are pedestrians, bicyclists, and motorcyclists. In 2019, India itself counted 4.4 lakh injuries and 1.8 lakhs deaths due to road accidents only. As transportation is an essential part of our day-today lives for which we may use different types of modes like walking, auto, etc. all these accidents do make us think of our safety while travelling in these modes of transport. For each trip, we may use different modes of transport. So, for safe and efficient travel different transport modes should be integrated. A metro system proposes a stop service in place of a more convenient end-to-end services. This makes first- and last-mile an integral part of it which is also the core of many connectivity issues. The use of mass transit systems like the metro depends on its first and last-mile connectivity. It is essential to understand the factors affecting a person’s choice of mode in transportations of initial and final part of the trip. The choice of mode of transport for traveling initial and final part of the travel is influenced by many factors like trip time, frequency, cost of the trip, the overall quality of service provided on the trip, safety, etc. while all the variables have been dealt with in many kinds of research, the soft factors like attitude and perception of user are still not explored. After reading through different kinds of literature there was a sufficient research gap found in the research area of safety perception and its impact on choosing different transportation modes. So, this research intends to identify the influence of safety perception on mode choice for first and last-mile connectivity.The study is to examine whether perception of the traffic safety of the commuters impacts the mode choice for the first and last-mile connectivity for the mass transit system of Lucknow. The methodology will start with the selection of the topic followed by a literature study. This will help in identifying the research gap and establishing the topic. This is followed by site selection, which is the operational stretch of the Lucknow metro of 22.84km which consists of 17 elevated and four underground stations. After a thorough literature study and site selection, an aim, objectives, and scope for the study will be formulated. The objectives of this study are to understand the role of safety perception on mode choice for first and last mile connectivity, factors affecting a commuter’s safety perception while analyzing if it affects the mode choice of the commuter. The study narrows down five broad factors that can provide a person’s perception of safety like vehicle condition, safety precaution, driver characteristics, supporting infrastructure and other factors like weather, etc. The analysis is done in three stages starting with descriptive analysis followed by correlation between the factors of safety perception and ending with a multinomial logit regression model .
This will help in comprehending the relation between safety perception and mode choice of a commuter which will eventually benefit in forming a more sustainable feeder system for the mass transit system by promoting and improving factors affecting people from choosing public transportation
A case study of Indore
No full textUrban planning is very strongly associated with land use. However, the existing land use is not the outcome of only planning decisions but also of the morphology of the place. Urban form and function are coherently linked with each other, yet there are very few studies that actively sought the relationship between these two. This thesis tries to bridge this gap between Urban Form and Urban Land use.
The aim of this thesis is to create a model that can predict Land use, using urban form as a base. The study is done on the city of Indore, using only secondary data. All the classification and study has been done at building level, using only vector datasets. The study can be divided into three stages: urban form identification, urban land use prediction and analysis of results.
During Urban form identification, 17 urban form measures were calculated for each building and were reduced to 5 using PCA. These symbolised size, density, layout, complexity and regularity. These were used as inputs for unsupervised clustering done using k-means clustering. At K=14, where the objective of classification was achieved, the clustered were grouped into 7 urban form typologies using visual study. These were urban villages, unauthorised/regularised colonies, planned settlements, periphery of planned colonies, periphery of unplanned colonies, apartments, and special buildings. These were further analysed on basis of their cluster centres. This gave an output of Urban form map of Indore which was used as a base for land use prediction and identified the factors that affected the urban form.
During land use prediction, 30 other measures were calculated which were taken from studying various land suitability studies and location choice models. 15 of these were compressed to 4 measures using PCA which reflected network, connectivity, Walkability and intersections. The land use prediction was done using Artificial Neural Networks (ANN). Sample data was taken from the detailed land use of ABD area of Indore. The sample itself had some inherent bias, hence the land use prediction analysis was done only on the ABD area. The calculated measures along with urban form measures were used to train model only on one urban form type of unauthorised/regularised colonies. The accuracy of the model for that urban form came to be 79.0%. Further the accuracy for the same model for other urban forms for same model was just 62.3%
To analyse the interaction of urban form and land use, the ANN was run multiple times in multiple conditions. The earlier model when used to predict land use for buildings with different urban form just gave accuracy of 69.2%. Another case where ANN was run without taking any urban form measures as inputs further decreased the accuracy to just 58.5%. This proved that there is a strong relationship between urban form and land use.
This proposed model of urban land use classification based on urban form can be hence used to predict land use for any city with ample sample data for the city
A case of Gwalior
No full textHousing shortage is a major issue in India, urban housing shortage being more severe than the rural. According to the Report of the Technical Group on Urban Housing Shortage by the Ministry of Housing and Poverty Alleviation, it is found that 96 percent of this housing shortage is faced by the economically weaker sections (EWS) and low-income group (LIG) categories. In the current scenario, the
Government of India is dedicated to the national goal of Affordable Housing for All by 2022. While there is little possibility for directing land towards low-cost, affordable housing. Appropriate implementation strategies involving Private Sector can be used to incentivize the private sector in that direction. State and central
government policies are beginning to address shortage in housing by providing incentives to private developers in order to create an affordable housing stock. Government interventions, both financial and non-financial, as well as policy reforms, would be essential in any effort to increase the availability of affordable
housing. Affordable housing built under the public private partnership model is facing limited
success in achieving its purpose of reducing the existing urban housing shortage. In growing urban housing shortage, the Applicability of such modes of production need to be re-examined. To make the "PPP" model profitable inside the mass affordable housing segment, the Challenges needs to be dealt with. This study
deals with the Parameters which works for a project to be successful considering the perspective of both public and the private sector. The study is based on the analysis of cases of Affordable Housing projects in Public
Private partnership (National and Global) and identification of the essential parameters which contributes to the successful implementation of Affordable Housing Projects via PPP mode. The focus lies on the non-metropolitan class I cities that why Affordable Housing in PPP mode is not successful in these cities. To
find out how PPP model will work for the Study Area. the Primary Survey for the Study Area is done with the mixed Approach of Questionnaire Surveys and Semi Structured Interviews. The results helped in identifying the major areas of concern. The result of the analysis and inferences will then be abstracted into tentative
suggestive recommendation of using Alternative Strategy for Procurement of Affordable Housing Projects in non-metropolitan class I cities with a case-specific area of Gwalior
Defining Parameters of Wayside Amenities For Truck Drivers Which Can Affect Road Safety
No full textTruck drivers are involved in 40% of all road accidents on Indian national highways each year. Logistics service providers frequently suffer significant losses as a result of such accidents. Because of this in the logistics industry, road accidents disrupt the supply chain and have a significant impact on customers and logistics service providers. As a result of this Truck drivers and truck transportation service providers have a significant financial burden because of the damage caused to trucks in such situations. Accidents like these typically lead to a drop in the number of truck drivers because of unintentional road accident deaths. In India, the current truck-to-driver ratio is 1000:750, implying that for every two trucks there is only one driver available. Unfortunately, the number of truck drivers is decreasing every year, which has an impact on shippers' operations and leads to delay and damage of freight.
Also due to lack of dedicated truck parking facility the drivers restrain themselves from taking routine check-up of trucks. Due to a shortage of good truck garages on the route, the driver is forced to return the damaged vehicle back to his origin location, where he normally gets his truck repaired. These elements combine to form the primary cause of an accident. By constructing separate restrooms for truck drivers, a health facility, dedicated parking spaces, and adequate garages, logistics service firms, state governments, and the central agencies can work together to tackle this problem.
The aim is to compare the wayside facilities for truck drivers on the NH, which can have an impact on their road safety. Then, by combining all these services required by truck drivers to one location under one single roof on National Highways, researchers can assess the influence on road safety
The case of Tiretta, Kolkata, West Bengal/
No full textThe Chinese neighborhoods of Kolkata play a paramount role in enrichingthe culture as well the historic footprint of the city, known for its pluralistic anddiverse cultural background. It is one of the critical areas in Kolkata, but now the condition of this area is degrading due to rapid globalization. The Chinese immigration to India began in the 1770s. The British allowed only men into British India, and the Chinese population dwindled and blended into the Indian society. In the late 1800s, a new wave of Chinese immigrants arrived in India, and this time they came with women and children on account of the civil wars and the Japanese invasion of China. They settled in the fringe areas of Central Kolkata, which were neither British nor Bengali due to its proximity to both the Bengalis of black town and the Britishers of the white town, yet there was a considerable physical and cultural distance. As most of their businesses relied on either the Bengali or the British, the locational factor played a crucial role in site selection for settlement growth. As conservation architects, it is necessary to take up an important role to focus this Chinatown to the whole world and conserve the various heritage aspects of the Kolkata Chinese community. Due to the political conflict of 1962, the Chinese Indians were identified as foreigners by the Indian Government, and they had to refer to themselves as "Indians," which was considered a hybrid identity. They referred to themselves as Indian as they were born in India. Linguistic parameters set them apart.
There are no stories of ethnic assimilation or acculturation. The Chinese in Kolkata always distance themselves from Indians and try to preserve their distinctiveness. Tangra is a perfect example of an exclusive settlement of the Chinese that preserves their culture and heritage. They have been attempting to integrate themselves with the host culture of Calcutta. Chinese New Year celebrations, MidAutumn Festivals, Hungry Ghost festivals, endogamous marriages, associations, and organizations such as Hakkas, Hupe, the Cantonese are still preserving their ethnicity. However, it is observed that the Chinese living in Tiretta Chinatown have been
affected by factors like the migrations of non-Chinese immigrants, urban development projects, ethnic intermingling, intermarriages where integration with the host community takes place, and few cases of assimilation may be found. Kolkata Chinatown's unassuming demeanour and seemingly unimpressive
structures have a stark contrast to the other China towns of the world. Hence, with a 250-year history, the city's Chinese continue to enrich Calcutta's urban culture through built heritage and traditional practices. Owing to the numerous smart city initiatives, these ethnic minority populations have recently come under a threat,
resulting in a sharp decline in the community’s demography. This issue requires immediate attention. It is how the community has been seen with distrust and mistrust, despite the fact that they have made significant contributions to Kolkata's cultural environment and in making it a global city. The anti-Chinese sentiment was
present from the start, when they first settled down over the border, far away from the dominant Hindu Bengali community. The city's ongoing efforts to maintain its identity as a city built and inhabited by Bengalis stifle any other cultural vestiges or marginal voices. These diasporic neighborhoods of Kolkata have different ways of life, and the cultural landscape also varies greatly. Their contribution to the social and economic spheres of Kolkata is also multidimensional owing to the various tanneries of Kolkata run by them, along with the shoemaking industry, trade of opium, carpentry, among many others. These ethnic minority populations have recently
come under threat due to numerous smart city proposals failing to protect Kolkata's prominent metropolitan heritage's ethnic roots and cultural variety.School of Planning and Architecture Bhopa