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Conservation of a Heritage Railway Station: a case of Kochi Harbour Termius in Willington Island
No full textExploring Parking as a contributor to financial sustainability of urban transport
No full textAs the world gets more urbanized by the day, legislators and urban planners are becoming increasingly concerned about efficient parking management. This study, which focuses on a particular Municipal Corporation of Delhi (MCD) zone, is to investigate the possibilities of parking as a revenue-generating instrument in urban transport planning. Managing parking resources has become an essential part of urban development, rather than only a logistical task, as private vehicle ownership and urbanization have increased. It is essential to comprehend how pricing techniques affect parking management dynamics in order to advance financial sustainability and improve the standard of urban living.
Analysing current parking issues and trends, comprehending the connection between accessibility of public transportation and parking demand, pinpointing important variables affecting parking demand and usage patterns, and formulating plans to maximize parking as a source of income and encourage modal shift in urban transportation planning are some of the goals of the study. These goals will be met by doing a comprehensive study of the parking environment, looking into problems unique to the chosen MCD zone, and researching innovative management strategies. Major parking issues arise in large cities due to the quick growth in parking generation rate that comes with continued expansion. The study will offer insights into the financial viability of parking projects by evaluating current parking policies and financial models. Along with examining the effects of shared parking arrangements and dynamic pricing, it will provide intelligent recommendations for boosting revenue generation and easing traffic congestion.
The study has been conducted to examine parking features and gauge compliance with parking regulations. Eight portions in Delhi have had parking studies completed; these sections usually comprised PSP, commercial and residential land use. Focusing on several parking data metrics, the analysis of parking characteristics was carried out, both on-street and off-street. These included the number of cars parked in a space, the load of cars compared to the number of spaces available, the amount of time cars spends parked on average,
Exploring Parking as a Contributor to Financial Sustainability of Urban Transport
and the parking index, or efficiency of parking utilization. The investigation showed that traffic problems persisted even in places where there appeared to be adequate parking. This was frequently linked to ineffective parking management techniques, such as a lack of effective parking tactics, a lack of properly marked parking places, and a lack of the required signage to guide cars to available spaces. These results emphasize how crucial efficient parking management is in cities. In order to reduce traffic and enhance the entire parking experience for drivers, parking efficiency measures including improved signage, clearly marked spaces, and creative parking solutions can be put into practice.
The purpose of the study is to determine whether parking can be used as a reliable source of income and as a way to relieve traffic in cities. It aims to show how parking may be managed to reduce problems with urban transportation and make a major contribution to the financial elements of urban transportation planning through thorough study and evaluation. The study's inclusion of various scenarios for parking price justification based on land value, metro-set minimum costs, and public willingness to pay for rising amounts is critical for understanding parking management dynamics. The goal in studying these scenarios is to provide insights into how parking might be managed successfully to decrease congestion and contribute to long-term urban growth. For example, higher parking fees in high-value neighbourhoods or near metro stations might encourage the use of public transportation or shared mobility options, lowering the number of private automobiles on the road and alleviating congestion.
The results of this study will, in general, add to the body of knowledge on urban mobility planning and offer useful suggestions to help planners and policymakers better manage parking resources, encourage sustainable urban growth, and improve urban quality of life
a Case of Ujjain
No full textPedestrian management in mass religious gatherings in India, especially in towns like Ujjain, will always be challenging, especially when it comes to large crowds. This thesis explores the critical domain of pedestrian safety in such events and regular days. The will focus on the city of Ujjain, renowned for its religious importance. Depicting this city, this will examine the parameters of pedestrian parameters as presented in the city's dedicated pedestrian sections where physical distancing becomes very crucial when large public gatherings take place. The thesis will scrutinize pedestrian movement patterns, traffic dynamics, pedestrian density, speed, and point capacities of processions to draw conclusions regarding the best way to enhance pedestrian safety in the city and other such pilgrim cities in the country. Ujjain, due to its religious importance, receives heavy pilgrim traffic during festivals and other events. While pilgrims throng to towns and cities to take part in culturally and spiritually significant gatherings, pedestrian flow management and safety issues are immense challenges in this context. An analysis of the complex interaction of pedestrian behavior with infrastructure dynamics is key to risk reduction and improving the pedestrian experience overall. Therefore, this thesis embarks on a comprehensive analysis of pedestrian dynamics within the vicinity of the Ujjain city, specifically focusing on areas that experience heavy footfall during religious and non-religious gatherings. At its core, the study assesses pedestrian movement and Level of Service in these areas, which include pedestrian density, flow rate, and pedestrian speed, and the availability of separate pedestrian space. Estimation of these parameters shall pinpoint potential bottlenecks and congestion points and areas that may lack adequate infrastructure to serve pedestrian traffic to the best of its capacity. Besides, the study looks into the capacity of the procession point, an area that serves as the focal point where crowds gather during religious processions throughout the year and during special months to have an idea of its impact on the whole pedestrian flow and safety. Furthermore, a pedestrian network simulation model in PTV Vissim/Viswalk was established to focus on high footfall points and the Mahakaal corridor. It helps analyze the pedestrian movement patterns during both peak and off-peak periods. This will help in ascertaining the dynamics of the pedestrians and subsequently
Pedestrian Safety in Pilgrim City-A case of Ujjain
Department of Transport Planning, School of Planning and Architecture, Bhopal (MP)-462030 v
plan the management concerning the same. Interventions proposed towards enhancing pedestrian safety and LOS include the improvement of the infrastructure, encompassing widening of pathways for pedestrians, better signage and wayfinding systems, and the implementation of the crowd management strategies. In this way, the study proposes that these public spaces need to be cultivated to provide sufficient resting spots and facilities for pilgrims. This way, the health and well-being of the pilgrims can be well taken care of during these religious gatherings.
Keywords:, Pedestrian Level of Service, Procession Point, Simulation, Safet
a Case of Manipur
No full textEthnic conflict, regarding land use and land distribution has been a prevailing issue in Manipur since the early 1990’s. Recently there has been a conflict between the Kuki and the Meitei community. Around 90% of the total land is reserved land leading to a major disparity of resource distribution. All the conflicts in history have been to take control of Moreh border town due to its potential to be a large trading hub. Both the tribes in majority, i.e., Kuki and the Naga are claiming of Churachandpur, Chandel, Senapati, Tamenglong and Ukhrul and Chandel, Senapati, Tamenglong and Ukhrul respectively, creating an overlap in claimed territory.
The study will begin by creating thorough understanding the historical and cultural contexts that lead to the conflict between the communities, highlighting the significance in the livelihood and identity of the communities in the state. The research will explore how spatial planning can act as an incentive in resolving the conflict and promote social cohesiveness. The basis of the thesis will be formed for the development of an ingenious and inclusive land use policy, informed by comprehensive qualitative and quantitative research, dialogues and community engagement.
The proposed land use policy aims at equitable distribution of land and its resources, with special consideration to the unique history of the state, the cultural value of the local communities. Attention will be given to create a zoning regulation that accommodates differing needs of the communities, ensure the safety of ancestral land and preserve the cultural heritage of the communities. Socio-economic development, through skill development programs, will also be focused within the spatial planning framework and policy. Legal reforms are necessary to ensure the effectiveness of the planning interventions to be prepared, land tenure reform should address the rights of indigenous people and development goals equally.
This thesis should provide an integrated approach to mitigate the ethnic/community conflict through spatial planning policies and provide a framework to promote a harmonious coexistence, cultural and socio-development of the state
Enhanching Public Bicyle Sharing Adoption in Bhubaneswar
No full textIn today's dynamic urban cities, Public Bicycle Sharing (PBS) has emerged as a key element for promoting environmentally conscious urban transportation, alleviating traffic congestion, and cultivating improved air quality. PBS embodies a pragmatic and cost-efficient alternative, catering to the evolving commuting needs of urban populations. Despite its promise, numerous cities that have embraced PBS initiatives are encountering formidable challenges, witnessing a decline in effectiveness. This thesis underscores the imperative for a comprehensive approach aimed at remedying these challenges and revitalizing PBS systems. The proposed multifaceted strategy encompasses four core dimensions: firstly, the expansion and enhancement of PBS infrastructure through strategic augmentation of stations and bicycles across urban domains, bolstering accessibility and usability. Secondly, advocating for adaptable and financially feasible pricing models, designed to cater to a diverse spectrum of users and encourage broader adoption. Thirdly, integrating seamless mobile technology into the PBS framework, facilitating user-friendly applications for bike locating, reservations, payments, and real-time updates, thereby enhancing user convenience and engagement. Lastly, the execution of meticulously targeted awareness campaigns to elucidate the multifarious advantages of PBS, cultivating community involvement and augmenting its appeal. Through the holistic implementation of these strategies, cities can invigorate their PBS systems, thereby harnessing the manifold benefits they bestow upon urban mobility and sustainability endeavors. This thesis seeks to provide a comprehensive roadmap for overcoming the current challenges plaguing PBS initiatives, ultimately contributing to the resurgence of effective and impactful PBS systems in contemporary urban landscapes.
Keywords: Non-motorised transport, public bicycle sharing, Shared use, Urban transportation, Pricing model
A case of coastal taluks of ernakulam district, kerala
No full textEndless conflicts are happening during the processes of drafting, revision and ongroundimplementation of various Master Plans and Coastal Zone Management Plans, between coastal settlements and coastal regulation authorities. Theinterests of coastal settlements are also to be safeguarded along with the coastal
ecology. But there is no clear provision for the same incorporated, in the Coastal
Regulation Zone (CRZ) Notifications of India. That is when the dire need forstudying effectiveness of CRZ Notifications using Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) for consensus building and for better implementation ofsame, were identified. The research investigated the implementation andeffectiveness of the Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ) Notification in fosteringconsensus between stakeholders in Kerala's ErnakulamDistrict. The researchexamined how CRZ regulations impacted coastal areas and explored methods to bridge the gap between theoretical guidelines and their practical application. Itaddressed several key questions. Firstly, it explored how CRZ Notifications affected coastal areas and the effectiveness of thei implementation. Secondly, it investigated methods to consider the viewpoints of both coastal communities and
authorities for consensus building. Finally, the research examined whether ascience-based modelling tool alongside climate-resilient urban planning strategies
could aid in resolving conflicts and protecting coastal regions and communities.
Several objectives were pursued in this research. The first objective was to analyse
the CRZ Notification 2019 and its amendments in the context of the specific coastal
taluks of Ernakulam District. Secondly, the research aimed to assess the needs of
coastal communities and CRZ authorities regarding the notification. Finally, the
research proposed tailored strategies and recommendations for building
consensus between these stakeholders. Finding answer for one of the research
questions ended up in adapting a mixed methods approach, namely Multi-Criteria
Decision Analysis (MCDA) and Participatory Action Planning containing Action
Prioritization, which were employed to achieve the research objectives and aim.
The research reviewed relevant literature on CRZ Notifications, Integrated Coastal
Zone Management (ICZM) best practices, and shoreline change mapping. Data
collection involved quantitative surveys, qualitative interviews, participatory
observations, and stakeholder consultations. Statistical methods and thematic
coding were used to analyse the collected data. Furthermore, the research created
baseline maps incorporating elevation profiles, Kerala's coastline, land-use land
cover (LULC), and shoreline changes. Additionally, Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis
(MCDA) was employed to prioritize actions within an ICZM framework. Finally, the
analysis of data was used to propose strategies and recommendations for
improved CRZ notification implementation and consensus building.
The study identified gaps in the 2019 CRZ Notification and the existing CZMP for
the study area. Land-use land cover analysis revealed changes in built-up area
and agricultural land between 2014 and 2024, suggesting potential urbanization or
shifts in land use. Shoreline change analysis from 2018 to 2024 highlighted the
dynamic nature of shorelines. The MCDA identified various tasks and actions for
improved coastal zone management, with priorities varying between different
communities. The research concluded by recommending modifications to the CRZ
notification implementation structure, the establishment of a public engagement
committee, and the integration of science-based modelling tools for effective
shoreline management. By understanding the real-world implications of CRZ
regulations on coastal communities, this research offered valuable insights for
sustainable coastal governance in Kerala. The proposed framework for consensus
building and science-based planning can be used by policymakers to develop
effective coastal management strategies that consider the needs of both coastal
communities and environmental protection.
In short, in this research, the contentious issue of CRZ implementation is
addressed, as a case study of coastal taluks of Ernakulam District, Kerala, focusing
on consensus building between coastal settlements & coastal regulation
authorities, via GIS Mapping and Consensus Building model, to bridge the gap.
The study is limited to a 500-meter buffer zone (from Kerala coastline) spanning
various taluks, highlights shoreline changes, predominantly coastal accretion. The
research delves into the persistent conflicts arising during the drafting and onground
implementation of plans, emphasizing the need to safeguard both coastal
settlements and ecology. The absence of clear provisions in India's CRZ
notifications necessitates an investigation into their effectiveness. Through ICZM,
this study offers valuable insights, emphasizing the urgent requirement for
consensus-driven strategies for better CRZ implementation. The research also
presents a comprehensive analysis of the Coastal Regulation Zones (CRZ)
Notifications and their influence on the coastal communities. CRZ regulations,
designed to balance environmental conservation and community livelihoods, form
the backdrop for this study
a case study of Bangalore”
No full textCo-living spaces have become a prominent trend in India, reflecting a change in societal attitudes and housing preferences. The younger generation's shifting lifestyle preferences and urbanization have increased the demand for flexible, community-focused living arrangements. This trend is particularly prevalent in urban locations across India, where high real estate costs and the need for affordable housing solutions have driven the popularity of co-living models.
This thesis explores the assessment of co-living spaces, with a particular emphasis on location preferences and their ensuing effects on travel characteristics and affordability. This study's main goal is to gain a thorough understanding of the relationships between co-living space location preferences and the effects they have on urban living. The study progresses through multiple objectives. First, it seeks to acquire a comprehensive grasp of the current co-living space reality in the chosen study location. The study aims to determine the current state of co-living arrangements by carefully examining and finding significant patterns and trends. Additionally, the study aims to investigate how co-living spaces affect travel patterns. The study intends to clarify the intricate relationship between travel patterns, co-living choices, and the total density of the urban landscape by examining these dynamics. Determining the elements that are most important in influencing co-living spaces' location preferences is another important goal. By conducting a thorough examination, the study seeks to identify the factors that affect people's decisions when choosing co-living spaces, which will advance our understanding of the factors that influence these choices.
Additionally, the study broadens its scope to examine the demand in the research sector for co-living places. The study aims to provide insights into the possible expansion and sustainability of co-living arrangements in the urban context by assessing societal demands and market demand
Linking Urban Open Spaces: Mangalavanam and it's Precincts, Kochi
No full textKochi, after Mumbai and Surat, is the third largest city on India's western coast, with 53 urban agglomerations with populations of more than one million. It is the nerve centre of all commercial activities in the state of Kerala and is a rapidly growing coastal settlement on the western coast. It was once home to rich, natural ecosystems of rivers, creeks, and wetlands, but Kochi's landscape matrix has been battling for survival in this modern world. Since the end of the twentieth century, rapid urbanisation has fragmented this landscape matrix, exacerbating the impact of climate change at high environmental, social, and economic costs. The adaptation of the cities towards these modern problems is emerging as one of the most significant challenges that urban designers will face in this century. Unfortunately, there is a misunderstanding about how to use green spaces against climate change. Considering the population of 21,19,724 and available open space as 113.79 ha, the per green space for a resident of Kochi would be around 0.53 sqm. In this task of densification, policies do not make adequate provisions for green open spaces, which are now considered a luxury. The green open spaces are recognized not only as green fragments that are in contrast with urban masses but also as effective factors in enhancing the citizens lives. The key planning challenge is to provide people with opportunities to access and use good-quality green spaces and to ensure that species can move within and migrate between habitats, thus supporting their continued survival, the fundamental aspect of these challenges is the connectivity of green spaces. A green space network is one possible way to solve these challenges and create a sustainable urban environment, it could help cities adapt to climate change, and the strategy of expansion of greening in urban planning could play an important role in enhancing the resilience of cities and communities. The study aims to find the appropriate approaches and strategies for creating a green space network by linking the urban open spaces in Kochi. It involves identifying different typologies of open spaces present in the city, understanding and resolving the qualitative deficiencies of open spaces and finding linkages between them via a tool kit that consists of mapping and surveys based on various analyses like walkability, urban permeability, people’s preferences, and perceptions of urban open spaces and then apply the study to improve the biodiversity and quality of life of people in Kochi
a case of NCT Delhi
No full textThe government’s archetype for providing everyone with access toaffordable housing is to encourage housing ownership through a rangeof affordable housing schemes and to issue land titles to the economicallydisadvantaged. However, given the state of the contemporary housing market,rental housing asan accessible housing option cannot be disregarded,particularly in major studentified areas and IT cities. In recent years, as the rental mhousing market moved online, the digitalization of housing has reshaped the housing search. Even though online platforms for house hunting have beenaround for over a decade, the number of users on the platform registered a sharp increase over the past two years post-pandemic. The loss of work during and post-pandemic bridged the divide between what could be accomplished online and offline. This resulted in a significant shift in favour of the former, bothin terms of scope and reach. People and social groups who had previously been more reluctant were somehow obliged to experiment with platform-based rental solutions and services. Digital technology has enabled new forms of private rental spaces - short-term rentals (STRs). On one hand, these digitally mediated platforms facilitate rental market information, increase the legibility and visibility of the housing market, and expand and exchange the data available for vendors,
buyers, landlords, and tenants. On the other, it entangles categories of identity, race, gender, class, location etc. To comprehend how these digital networks, affect equality across spaces, this thesis proposes to study the expanding impact of digitally mediated short-term rental housing options on the alteration of
urban structures. To explore this relationship, this research studies short-term rental properties through data from the past 10 years using the Google Maps Point of Interest dataset, Airbnb data of the listings and price and sale of properties from 99 acres. It then uses Emerging Hot Spot Analysis (EHA) to identify neighbourhoods that are prone to changes. The data is extracted from the online STR platforms,
Impact of Short- term rental housing on Urban Transformations in an Era of Digital Networks: A
Case of NCT Delhi (Airbnb) to investigate spatial disparities in digital rental listings and to ascertaintheattributes correlated with rental properties in specific geographical areas. To
further clarify patterns of the spatial effect within a neighbourhood, this researchsubsequently analyses the spatial effects within the selected neighbourhoods in Delhi through a survey of households and stakeholders. This data is then analysed using regression analysis to study the spatial inequality on certain parameters. This study informs our understanding of how city networks aredigitally transforming and affect housing dynamics across locations in a city and how these networks influence equality across spaces which may be used to motivate the distribution of resources and services to promote an equitable city
a case of Delhi
No full textInstances of criminal activity and the fear of harassment not only impede individuals'access to public spaces but also infringe upon their fundamental right to the city,instigating a sense of disconnection (Beebeejaun, 2017; Bhattacharyya, 2016; Harvey,2012; Mahadevia, 2016; Mehta, 2014). A stark 19.7% increase in crimerates has been observed in India, culminating in 0.406 million reported cases as of 2022, a rise achieved within a span of three years (National Crime Records Bureau [NCRB], 2019;NCRB, 2022). This underscores the significance of addressing crime prevention within
the framework of urban planning, as highlighted by the role of security in Maslow'shierarchy of needs, the Liveability Index, and Sustainable Development Goal 11.Oscar Newman's assertion in 1972 encapsulates this perspective succinctly: "Crime is not inevitable. It is the byproduct of a poorly designed environment that breeds despair and hopelessness." The environmental approach, known as Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED), focuses on leveraging the urban environment's capacity to deter criminal behavior and instil confidence among inhabitants, guided by foundational principles (Coppola, 2021; Soomeren, 2021; Mihinjac and Saville, 2019; Fasolino et al., 2018; Cozens and Love, 2015; Cardia and Bottigelli, 2011; Crowe, 2013; Saville and Cleveland, 2008; Newman, 1972; Jacobs,1961). It is imperative that policies are enacted to ensure that CPTED is not merely a temporary measure but rather a standard for future urban development (Mitchell and Mitchell, 1969; Etzioni, 2006). This study aimed to explore the impacts of spatial and temporal configurations of Delhi’s urban crime environment for enhanced crime prevention through urban planning. To achieve this aim, three objectives for the research were highlighted:
1. To understand the need for crime prevention through urban planning
2. A. To analyse the temporal configuration of Delhi’s urban crime environment.
B. To analyse the spatial configuration of Delhi’s urban crime environment.
3. To suggest policy interventions for crime prevention through urban planning
This study delves into the spatial and temporal patterns of urban crime environment
from 2018 to 2023. It primarily focuses on five specific crime categories: dacoity
(violent theft), robbery (theft with force or the threat of force), snatching (theft by
sudden taking), motor vehicle theft (MVT) and murder. By examining both the
“Spatio-temporal change in crime hotspots: A case of Delhi”
geographical distribution and the time-based trends of these crimes, the study seeked
to gain a deeper understanding of Delhi's crime landscape. This knowledge is then
used to inform strategies for improving public safety and potentially reducing criminal
activity within the city.
The present study focuses on the environmental approach to crime prevention,
commonly known as crime prevention through environmental design (CPTED). The
CPTED approach to crime prevention outlines various relevant theories which were
highlighted in the thesis- like temperature aggression theory, general strain theory,
enclosure hypothesis, encounter hypothesis, eyes on street, routine activity approach
Tobler’s law of geography and crime pattern theory. As per crime pattern theory there
are various factors known as crime predictor variables that boost the probability of
crime occurrences at certain locations. For the purpose of the study these crime
predictor variables were identified from the review of the relevant literatures and
theories, and were classified as built environment, land use, accessibility, temporal,
and crime data patterns. Further, the crime data consisting of crime point data and
monthly crime counts were used to perform the seasonal trend decomposition using
LOESS for the temporal analysis, spatial point pattern test for the spatio temporal
analysis, and the spatial autocorrelation test using Global Moran’s I and LISA
clustering for hotspot identification. Additionally, a geographically weighted regression
analysis was done to determine the correlation of crime predictor variables to the crime
hotspots. Moreover, the current policies evaluated and the need for corrections were
identified. And lastly, suitable policies were recommended for the Delhi master plan,
thereby contributing to crime prevention through an evidence based urban planning
framework.
The seasonal trend decomposition using LOESS unveiled that, while trends and
residuals fluctuated across crime types and years, the seasonal component remained
consistent throughout the five-year period. This validates the presence of statistically
significant temporal patterns in Delhi's crime rates. Moreover, the spatial point pattern
test compared the point distribution of crime incidents between 2018 and 2022. The
analysis revealed a notable resemblance across major crime types, indicating
statistically significant spatial clustering of crime within Delhi from 2018 to 2022.
Building upon these findings, the LISA cluster analysis conducted for the years 2018
and 2022 revealed statistically significant clusters of crime hotspots and coldspot
“Spatio-temporal change in crime hotspots: A case of Delhi”within the city of Delhi. Subsequently, the LISA index was employed as the dependentvariable in a spatial lag model utilizing maximum likelihood estimation. This model aimed to examine the intricate relationships between the LISA index and 40 selected
exploratory variables. Through regression analysis, the study delineated parameters
that either deterred or attracted criminal activity. Elevated values pertaining to
proximity to commercial areas, high-traffic intersections, police stations, auto stands,
metro stations, areas with high pedestrian traffic, mixed land use, building density, and
population density within the parent ward were found to be correlated with a reduction
in crime incidents. Conversely, high proximity to greenbelts, water bodies, residential
areas, busy traffic corridors, taxi stands, and higher average monthly temperatures
were identified as factors that attracted criminal activity.
Synthesizing the research findings, four key policy implications emerge. Firstly, there
is a need for interventions aimed at integrating a mix of land uses. Secondly, specific
interventions tailored to different land uses are warranted. Thirdly, efforts should be
directed towards enhancing accessibility within urban areas. Lastly, there is a
necessity for policy implications at the local level. Each of these policy implications is
accompanied by a comprehensive set of policy packages designed to achieve the
desired outcomes. Notably, local level policy implications encompass four distinct
policy packages: designing with density, promoting increased community wellbeing,
fostering placemaking initiatives, and initiating flexible approaches. However, it is
evident that solely recommending physical interventions to reduce crime rates would
be insufficient. Instead, a more holistic approach is essential. As such, the
recommendations are categorized into three main areas: physical interventions,
nudging initiatives, and technological interventions. These strategies draw upon global
best practices while also considering the specific context of crime rates in Delhi. This
research primarily examines the role of environmental design in crime prevention
through the lens of urban planning. It notably excludes considerations of social and
economic factors, as well as predictive policing, although these areas hold promise for
future studies. The proposals presented herein predominantly leverage urban
planners' tools such as Development Control Regulations (DCR) and Integrated
Roadside Control (IRC) codes. However, future research endeavors may explore
additional avenues, including behavioral science approaches such as nudging
techniques and advancements in technology