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The Structure of Toponyms of Vazisubani Village
Get PDFThe paper focuses on the structure of toponyms of Vazisubani village in Gurjaani Municipality (Georgia).1 The historical name of Vazisubani is Uriatubani, and even earlier name is Ortubani.
According to contemporary data, there are 105 geographical names in Vazisubani. Their absolute majority are created on the Georgian lexical basis. There are no superstratum layers.
Special mention should be made of toponyms based on plant names. The very toponym Vazisubani* is derived from a plant name (vazi means vine in Georgian). The attribute in the genitive case (vazis) is combined with the modified noun (ubani - district). Another toponym based on the same principle is Verkhvisubani* (the district where a large asp tree used to stand. Verkhvi means asp in Georgian). In such toponyms, the root morphemes are written together (Apridonidze, 1983, p. 49). The toponymic nature of the noun will enhance if the consonantal part of the affix (-s) is lost, for instance: Shvindi[s]qeli (a place where cornelian cherries grow. Shvindi means cornelian cherries in Georgian).
Bardalos Akho*. According to one version, this toponym is derived from shrubs (thorns). Yet, in my opinion, the toponym appeared earlier, before the initial cultivation of land. On the given territory, a granular plant “bardalo” (cow vetch) was widespread (for the definition of cow vetch, see Maqashvili, 1961, p. 260). This plant is still found on the given area, and the toponym is, most probably, related to this plant.
Zimartli lands* - ploughlands at the beginning of the village. In Kiziqi dialect of the Georgian language, Zimartli is a variantt name of Zghmartli - medlar (Ghlonti, 1974, p. 127) which was widespread in this area.
Khurmis Mitsebi* - is a name of a vineyard, derived from a large persimmon tree which stood here (khurma is a Georgian name for persimmon).
Tkhilis Tskaro (nut spring), Tkhilis Khevi (nut ravine). In such toponyms, the semantics of the modifier is strong, and the modifier is not morphologically weakened. Based on Sh. Apridonidze, (Apridonidze, 1983, p. 58), like geographical names derived from anthroponyms and toponyms (cf: Gomebis Tsqaro – stall spring), the microtoponyms derived from plant names are given separately in the paper (in case the noun in the genitive is represented in its full form in the syntagm, e.g. Zimartlis Mitsebi). It should also be mentioned, that such place names rarely turn into macrotoponyms. The majority of Vazisubani toponyms are patronymic oeconyms, consisting of two roots. They mostly represent surnames obtained from nicknames and denote the residence of people under this or that surname or a territory belonging to the family having this or that surname: Abazaanubani, Bragvadzian(t)ubani, Gognaanubani, Datunaanubani, Tadiaanubani//Tadiantubani, Kanaanubani, Londriaan(t)ubani, Mananiaanubani, Mekokiaanubani, Mghebriaan(t)ubani, Revaziaanubani, Rostiaanubani, Solomniaanubani, Gharibaan(t)ubani, Shakaraanubani, Charakaanubani, Khechoaanubani.
On the initial stage of formation of toponyms, names and surnames are given in the form of a modifier in the genitive case, denoting possession. Therefore, the modifier and the modified are written separately, for instance: Kakulaant Akho. However, as we have seen, the syntagms of patronymic toponyms derived from names and surnames show a tendency to be written together (cf: Abazaanubani).
The syntagms are rarely combined in case of toponyms of possession derived from anthroponyms (nicknames): Anakalo Lands* (the lands that used to belong to a woman whose name was Ana) and so on.
Some toponyms of the village under analysis (microtoponyms) denote possession of the geographical name (macrotoponym) itself: Vazisubnis Khevi* (Vazisubani ravine) etc. In the proper names of this type, the appellative, e.g.: Khevi (ravine) shows an attitude to the macrotoponym. Hence, the function of a toponym is expressed by the modifier (Vazisubani).
Thus, the superstratum layers are not found in the toponyms of Vazisubani village. The function of toponyms is usually expressed by patronyms, plant names and geographical names. Patronyms are mostly represented by nicknames, which have turned into names and surnames. Unlike the toponyms expressed by means of real names and surnames (personal names), the toponyms based on nicknames are usually written together. Some microtoponyms derived from plant names are given in the form of a syntagm
Marketing aspects of the use of digital technologies in Georgian banks (ციფრული ტექნოლოგიების გამოყენების მარკეტინგული ასპექტები საქართველოს ბანკებში)
No full text1. თიბისი ბანკი (2020). თიბისი ბანკის მმართველობითი და ფინანსური ანგარიშგებები.
https://www.tbcbank.ge/web/documents/10184/0/JSC+TBC+Bank+Annual+Report+2020_GEO.pdf/0524
2731-2f5f-4f87-a320-20a00db4f94f
2. საქართველოს ბანკი (2020). საქართველოს ბანკის მმართველობითი და ფინანსური
ანგარიში. https://bankofgeorgia.ge/files/96738e3e-a584-407f-82c4-29a654865cd0.pdf
3. საქართველოს ბანკი (2022). ონლაინ გადახდის სისტემების მომავალი, https://fintech.ge/
4. Anouze, A. L. M., & Alamro, A. S. (2019). Factors affecting intention to use e-banking in
Jordan. International Journal of Bank Marketing, 38(1), 86-112.
5. Bhadeshiya, H. B. (2021). Role of Cryptocurrency in Digital Marketing. In Blockchain Technology and
Applications for Digital Marketing (pp. 64-83). IGI Global.
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toward a next generation of insights. MIS quarterly, 37(2), 471-482.
7. Catalina, T. V. M. (2010). Concept and evolution of bank marketing. Annals of the University of Oradea:
Economic Science, 1(2), 1165-1168.
8. Capgemini (2022). World Retail Banking Report 2022. Retrieved from
https://www.capgemini.com/news/press-releases/world-retail-banking-report-2022-incumbent-banksmust-
embrace-data-centric-capabilities-to-drive-personalized-customer-experiences/#
9. Chaouali, W., Yahia, I. B., & Souiden, N. (2016). The interplay of counter-conformity motivation, social
influence, and trust in customers' intention to adopt Internet banking services: The case of an emerging
country. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 28, 209-218.
10. Kitsios, F., Giatsidis, I., & Kamariotou, M. (2021). Digital Transformation and Strategy in the Banking
Sector: Evaluating the Acceptance Rate of E-Services. Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market,
and Complexity, 7 (3), 1-14.
11. Madni, G. R. (2014). Consumer’s behavior and effectiveness of social media. Global Journal of
Management and Business Research: E Marketing, 14(8), 56-62.
12. Nso, M.A. (2018). The role of e-banking as a marketing tool. Innovative Marketing, 14(4), 56-64.
13. Piriyakul, M., Piriyakul, R., Chuachareon, O., Boonyoung, M., Piriyakul, P., & Piriyakul, I. (2015). Effects of
Trust, Satisfaction and Factors Corresponding to TAM on Intention to Reuse Internet Business
Transaction. International Review of Management and Business Research 4(3),344-358.
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Issues, Solutions, and Strategies , IGI Global, 1-8.
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Revolution. International Journal of Scientific Development and Research, 3(7), 169-175.
16. Sathye, M. (1999). Adoption of Internet banking by Australian consumers: an empirical
investigation. International Journal of bank marketing, 17, 324-334.
17. Tarhini, A., El-Masri, M., Ali, M., & Serrano, A. (2016). Extending the UTAUT model to understand the
customers’ acceptance and use of internet banking in Lebanon: A structural equation modeling
approach. Information Technology & People, 29(4), 830-849.
18. Todua, N., & Gogitidze, N. (2021). Features of the Use of Digital Marketing in the Banking Sector. The
New Economist,16 (3/4), 7-15.
19. Tran, N. A. (2021). Intention to Use Digital Banking Services of Young Retail Customers in Vietnam. The
Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business, 8 (8), 387-397.
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customer satisfaction-An Indian experience. Journal of Critical Reviews, 7 (2), 546-551.
21. Vinerean, S., Cetina, I., Dumitrescu, L., & Tichindelean, M. (2013). The effects of social media marketing
on online consumer behavior. International Journal of Business and Management, 8(14), 66-79.The article discusses the features and challenges of using digital banking technologies on the example of
the two largest providers in the financial market, TBC Bank and Bank of Georgia. It has been shown that these
companies in Georgia are considered digital marketing pioneers and were supplying customers with innovative
products and services even before the global pandemic. The article emphasizes that the competition between
these banks is the most pronounced in the financial market. Therefore the paper presents the specifics of the
digital development of these banks, innovative products and services, and the advantages and disadvantages of
using digital marketing tools, which are essential information for studying the marketing aspects of using new
digital technologies
NIKHAKHI FORTRESS
No full textNikhakhi fortress is situated in Yusufel district of Artvin province (the Republic of Turkey) in 40 km from town Yusufeli, on the road that goes in direction of Speri. The contemporary Turkish name of the village is Yokuşlu while the old name is Nikhakh (Nihah). The old name of the village is still preserved in minds of local population.
The fortress is erected near the road on the banks of the Çoruh river. Nikhakhi fortress is constructed on the high hill which is 900 m above the sea level.
It is interesting that Nikhakhi fortress similar to other fortresses is constructed on very unassailable place. It is situated on a hill in mountainous area and in front of this fortress a lots of large estates are placed. Among the other obligations of the owner of the fortress was the protection of roads and estates which are in that gorge.
In the Georgian defense system fortresses erected for the defense of the roads leading to Tao (south-western province of historical Georgia, now part of the Republic of Turkey) are very important. Those roads needed special defense and care as the roads and the households that were situated in this vicinity must have been protected.
Except for the roads coming from outside the Georgian borders there were fortresses built for the protection of the roads connecting the different Georgian provinces with each other. Nikhakhi fortress is especially interesting as it lies on the road that comes from Speri (historical province in the south of Tao, now Ispir in the Republic of Turkey). Speri province, mount of Speri and the road that comes from this region was the border of historical Georgia. Hence, the Georgian kings were very concerned for the protection and strengthening of those roads. The Çoruh River valley as well as the whole Tao was inhabited by the Georgian tribes at the beginning. From 12th to 8th centuries BC it was part of Diaokhi. Later, from 4th-3rd centuries BC this land was the part of Kingdom of Iberia and was annexed by the Armenians in the beginning of 2nd century BC. Since that period the part of Tao where Nihahi is located was under the Georgian or the Byzantine control as well. At last, in the second half of the 8th century the Georgian Bagrationi managed the recapture those lands. Later, during existence of the United Georgian Kingdom this land was properly defended. In 1231-1232 sultan of Rum Kayqubad I (1220-1237) campaigned against Nikhakhi fortress. Seljuks managed to capture the fortress, but the Georgian regained it soon.
After the division of the United Georgian Kingdom Tao became a part of Samtskhe-Saatabago. The independence of this principality was soon challenged by the Ottomans. According to the Turkish sources this process was opposed by the local feudal lords.
According to the historical sources (İbrahim Peçevi, Ḥasan Beg Rumlu etc.) Nikhakhi fortress was conquered by sultan Suleiman I (1520-1566) in 1549.Sultan had valued this victory very much. He sent the letters in Europe for the commemoration of this victory which he won against the Georgians. In the letter that was sent to the French king Henry II Valois (1547-1559) sultan had praised himself for the capture of Tortom, Nikhakh and Akçakale (Azordi) fortresses.
During the next sultan Selim II (1566-1574) the Ottomans made the first census in the newly conquered lands. Nikhakhi was listed in “Gürcistan Vilâyeti Defteri of 1574”. According to the administrative division Nikhakhi fortress and its settlement was assigned to Pertekrek nahie (district). According to that census 50 families lived in the village. Nikhakhi population paid the same taxes as other villages of Gürcistan Vilâyet. Defteri (Census Book) includes taxes on ispençe (tax levied from non-Muslims), badihava (tax for Air), resm-i arusane (bride-tax), tapu resmi (was a feudal land-registration tax), taxes on fruits and vegetables Hay tax, Resm-i hınzır (pig tax), beehive taxe etc.
Nikhakhi fortress as we have already mentioned is situated near the road on the high hill. Despite this fact it should have been well fortified. At the west of the fortress there is tower about 10 meters height. It is a construction that has several floors which are later addition and the product of reconstruction of this building. The tower has embrasures as well. The tower is also constructed with the use of fragmented stones and limestone. Entry gate was above the ground level, but now it lies on the ground.
The whole territory of Nikhakhi fortress was dug up by the treasure seekers. The courtyard of the fortress is overclouded with remnants of limestone and ceramics.მასალა მოპოვებულია შოთა რუსთაველის ეროვნული სამეცნიერო ფონდის მიერ დაფინანსებული პროექტის ფარგლებში განხორციელებული მეოთხე სამეცნიერო ექსპედიციის დრო
Aspects of Georgian Terminological Work
No full textIn the conditions of modern globalization, when new fields are created or introduced to the country, the mechanism of selection and establishment of terms has not yet been fully developed. Therefore, in many cases, the borrowing of terms relevant to this or that field reveals a spontaneous character. At the same time, a large amount of technical literature is translated, and new terms appear, including those that are calqued or transferred directly, without translation. The old term frequently continues to exist along with the new one.
The object of our research is one of the main problems in modern Georgian technical terminology – the standardization and normalization of the variants of borrowed terms. This is not a new phenomenon. Specialists point to this problem even today: "Terminological diversity is the main difficulty, due to which the "growth of the language" is hindered" (Karosanidze 2020).
The article briefly discusses the role of previous terminologists in the formation and development of Georgian technical terminology; According to the dictionary material and the data available in various publications, several groups of borrowed technical parallel terms are separated and analyzed:
Old and new terms: carbonic acid (nakhshirzhangi) || carbon monoxide (nakhshirbadis monoxidi) (CO); carbonic acid (nakhshiror-zhangi) || carbon dioxide (nakhshirbadis dioxidi) (CO2)...
Foreign and Georgian terms: intoxication (intoxicatia) || poisoning (motsamvla); toxic (toxikuri) || toxic (toxiuri) || poisonous (momtsamlavi) || poisonous (momwamvleli); intoxicated (intoxirebuli) || poisoned (motsamluli); Lead glaze (tqviis glazuri) || Lead glazing (tqviis mochi-kureba)...
Calqued terms: Refrigerant (matsivaragenti) (Russ. Хладагент); refrigerant agent (samatsivro agenti) (Russ. холодильный агент) („Technical Terminology“ 1982)...
There are also variants of Georgian (Georgianized) terms determined by various factors:
a) Phonetically determined: to spray (sheskhureba) || to spray (sheshskhureba) – to spray („sheskhureba“) is correct (Saghinadze 2006)...
b) Semantically determined (formed with different affixes): energy efficiency (energoefekturoba) || Energy efficiency (energoefektianoba) – both are considered to be correct by specialists in the field D. Chomakhidze, K. Tskhakaya (Chomakhidze, Tskhakaya 2015)...
This article concludes that analyzing more extensive material representing variants of borrowed technical terms allows us to identify standard issues and, more generally, to plan the ways of solving certain problems
შუა საუკუნეების ესთეტიკის ერთი ასპექტის შესახებ. ABOUT ONE ASPECT OF MEDIEVAL AESTHETICS
No full textAccording to the rationalist and scientist paradigm established
in modern European culture, such unfair notions are still used in the
assessment of the Middle Ages, such as backwardness, darkness, etc.
The point is that the scientific spirit has become the only unmistakable
factor in establishing the truth of the new time.
Our aim is to show that the medieval picture of reality is based
on the ontological preconditions by which that picture is conditioned.
Thus, the assessment of the Middle Ages from the position
of European rationalism is not entirely correct. This era is not an era
of intellectual crisis, as modern-day thinkers understand it. In the
medieval model of the relationship between man and reality, we find
brilliant examples of thinking, what is demonstrated is the doctrine
of John of Damascus about the “face-icon”. Nearly a millennium of “iconoclasm” has weakened some areas
of culture. In particular, the development of religious fine arts has
virtually ceased. But, it is this period that Byzantine culture should
be thankful for, the formation of the whole Eastern Byzantine aesthetic
theory.
Face-icon theory combined ontology, epistemology, religion, art.
The unification of all this was done on the basis of its aesthetic significance. The problem of the face-icon was also realized by the first
Christian thinkers, but the issue comes to the fore only after the official ban on religious images.
Iconoclasm was actively opposed by John of Damascus (675-749).
Damascus believes that every face is a manifestation and display of
everything hidden. Through the face man will know the world. The
cognitive capacity of the human soul is limited by material nature, he
can not clearly imagine the invisible, that’s why he thinks the face is
made up, to act as a knowledge guide as well as to reveal the hidden.
According to Damascus, “the divine nature is not described and
is not reflected”. It is impossible to reflect an invisible deity, but the
deity embodied in the human body must be reflected, this is also
necessary. The Icon is the face of worship, worship is a sign of fear,
obedience. The Icon is worshiped not its matter, but also the image
reflected in it – the archetype
უცნობი ავტორის „ევსტათი მცხეთელის მარტვილობა“ და იოანე საბანისძის „აბო თბილელის წამება“ – ტიპოლოგიური ანალიზი. THE MARTYRDOM OF EUSTATHIUS OF MTSKHETA BY AN UNKNOWN AUTHOR AND THE MARTYRDOM OF ABO OF TBILISI BY IOANE SABANISDZE – TYPOLOGICAL ANALYSIS
Get PDFGeorgian hagiography, as the basis for the development of
Georgian literature, creates a rich and varied literary tradition. In
the genre classification of Georgian hagiographic monuments, it is
important to single out, along with traditional genres such as “martyrdoms”
and “lives”, additional characteristics and aspects, for example,
hagiographic works of the proselytizing genre.
The Martyrdom of Eustathius of Mtskheta by an unknown author
and The Martyrdom of Abo of Tbilisi by Ioane Sabanisdze belong to
the works of the proselytizing genre. These works describe the proselytism
of non-Georgians, foreigners, which is why it has become a
reason for martyrdom. Both works are the subject of extensive study
by scientists and have been thoroughly researched, various issues
of textual criticism, history of literature and literary theory of works
have been studied.
The report will focus on the typological aspects of the works the
Martyrdom of Eustathius of Mtskheta by an unknown author and the
Martyrdom of Abo of Tbilisi by Ioane Sabanisdze. We will pay special
attention to the content, structural, semantic and phraseological
similarities and coincidences in the proselyte character portrayal
model
ETYMOLOGICAL RESEARCH: k'aci (MAN), adamiani (HUMAN)
Get PDF-ian (possesive suffix in Georgian) is derived from the marker -ean,
the function of which in the Old Georgian should have been to indicate
the origin from someone from which the understanding of possession
and succession should have developed: krist’-ian-i (Christian), mahmadian-
i (Muslim), etc. (Shanidze 1953, 1976).
adamian-i (human), a descendant of Adam, a rational being.
Old Geo. adam-ean-i (A-1105, 83v – Abuladze, 1973: 2) and adamian-
i (A-162, 15v – Sarjveladze, 1995: 1). It is derived from the proper
name Adam with the suffix -ean/-ian. In the Old Georgian, k’aci (man) is
common in this sense.
k’ac-i, “human; man” has been recorded since the 5th century. It is
of common Kartvelian origin.
Based on the correspondence Geo. k’ac- k’ac-i “man; husband”:
Megr. k’oč- k’oč-i “man; husband” : Laz. k’oč- k’oč-i “man; husband”; k’očon-
i k’oč-i “manly (real) man” : Svan. č’äš- / č’š- č’äš “husband”; č’äš-jak/
le- č’š-Gr-i “fiancé” for the common Kartvelian level *k’ac1- archetype is
reconstructed (Chikobava 1938; Klimov 1964; Fähnrich, Sarjveladze 2000;
Fähnrich 2007; Kurdiani 2007; Chukhua 2008; Gigineishvili 2016).
Issues related to the understanding of the named concepts and
typological parallels from different languages will be discussed in the
paper
Reported Speech: Classification and Means of Expression’s in Georgian
No full textThe author of a text or the narrator (in the oral speech), besides their own words, can deliver the other people’s narration, to deliver which, the different languages all over the world use for their own language-particular means, and on this point, all the languages reveal large varieties. Generally, among the kinds of other people’s words (someone else's speech), the direct and indirect (or reported) kinds of speech are most usual and known. Besides that, free indirect speech and dialogue are also sorted out as the kinds of indirect speech. The given article discusses the classification of the other people’s words (someone else's speech) and the grammatical and lexical means of their delivering in the modern Georgian. Also, the history of studying the mentioned phenomenon in the different grammar books of the Georgian language (XIX-XX centuries) are studied and shown in Georgian linguistics. Special attention is paid to the valuable work done by P. Ioseliani who was the first linguist in Georgia to study this phenomenon in his Grammar Book edited in 1849 and who sorted out its two types. We should also mention the grammar books by T. Jordania, A. Benashvili, S, Khundadze, M. Janashvili, A. Kutateladze, D. Karichashvili and M. Kelendjeridze, in which the phenomenon of the direct and indirect (reported) speech is discussed and the efforts to create appropriate terminology for this phenomenon are evidenced. The bulk of the empiric material to be analyzed is taken mainly from the corpus of the Georgian language (GNC), and some material – from the Georgian dialectic corpus (GDC). The descriptive methods used in the process of study are as follow: descriptive, comparative, statistical and corpus methods. It is very important to discuss the opinions of the Georgian linguists of the 20th century as relating to the classification of the someone else's speech (or other people’s words) (A. Shanidze, L. Kvachadze, W. Boeder, Zh. Peikrishvili, A. Arabuli, L. Geguchadze, R. Kurdadze…). The opinion expressed by A. Arabuli, concerning the other people’s word which should be discussed as one of the kinds of the indirect (reported) speech, not the direct speech, as it was classified earlier, is especially interesting for us. The additional argument to support this opinion is that despite the similarity with the samples of the direct speech, (repeating the person, number and tense of the verb unchangeable), such phrases reflect neither direct communication (eye-to-eye contact) nor direct appeal to the addressee and only repeats something that already happened in the past, something that was said or thought by somebody, just as it is the characteristic feature for the indirect speech. Terminology of such phenomena should be studied and adjusted in order to specify the explanation of the term “other people’s words, as in reality it denotes not only something said by people earlier, who at the given moment are not participating in the talk, but the words expressing the opinions and thoughts of the person who is participating in the given dialogue at the given time. In such cases the quotative particles “-metki” (< me vtkvi– ‘I said’) and “-tko” (from “tkva”), are used, that makes it possible to maintain the verb forms in the indirect speech. Besides the particle “-meutxari” (from “me vutxari” ‘I told him’), which became very usual and is used in everyday speech, should be also mentioned, as it is used quite often when delivering the dialogue which took place earlier (this suggestion was expressed by the author in their papers (Zekalashvili 2004; 2010; 2020). The mentioned particle has not yet been discussed as a particle in the literary language but is used only in colloquial speech, when delivering the conversation taken place earlier then the dialogue. The article shows the results of the study of necessary transformation which takes place in the process of delivering the indirect (reported) speech from its direct original. Such transformations are usual in the process of delivering several kinds of the narrative, interrogative and imperative sentences in the indirect speech (reported speech, reported questions, reported requests or reported orders). The words of the author are transferred as the main sentence in the structure of the complex subordinate sentence. It is introduced as the direct object and starts within the narrative sentence, with help of the conjunction “rom” - ‘that’; and in case of the interrogative sentence – “tu ara” – ‘or (if) not’, or in case of such pronouns or other words which are by their meaning interrogative, namely (“vin” ‘who’, “ra” ‘what’, “rodis” ‘when’, “sad” ‘where’…); in the imperative sentence with help of the particle “unda” – ‘must’ plus other phrases such as: ‘it must be so’, ‘it is necessary’, ‘mandatory’ and so on…; the negative particles such as “ar” – ‘do not’ or “nu” – ‘you must (should) not do it’ and other means added to the verb forms (“ar” + Subjunctive, “nu” + Present/Futur). Basing on the language corpus, several statistic data are gathered showing the results of measuring the frequency of usage of the quotative particles, such as “metki” – ‘I said’ (or ‘I thought’) and the data, as it was expected, show us that the particle -metki overwhelms the cases with the particle “-tko”. This is because of the fact that its usage is limited by its inner content – transferring the words of the first person to the other person through the speech of the second person. As for the particle “-o”, it is the most frequently used one, it can be met with any of the parts of speech, but sometimes it is a prosodic vowel (in poetry). The particle -o is acknowledged mostly with the words which have particles “titkos” – ‘as if’, and “neta” – ‘wish’, expressing strong dream, desire in the sentences expressing the wish or dream (e. g. “ise šemomxeda, titkos ṗirvelad mxedavso” - ‘she (he) looked at me as if he saw me for the first time’); “važma inaṭra, neṭa is ulamazesi gogo gamacnoo” – ‘the young man dreamed about somebody’ or ‘some situation helped him to know that prettiest girl’). There are the verbs sorted out in the examples chosen to analyze, which are followed by word-by-word (quotative) particles, such as “-metki”, “-tko”, “-o”. As it was expected, those are the verbs out of the ‘speech’ and ‘thinking’ circles, in the different personal and tense forms: “ambobs/tkva” (iṭq̇vis, utkvams) – ‘says/said/is known that ‘he said’, “eubneba” (eṭq̇vis, utxra) ‘tells’, ‘says’ (‘will tell, say’, ‘told, said’); also: “uambobs” ‘retells’, ‘told’, “moaxsenebs” ‘reports’, “elaṗaraḳeba/esaubreba” ‘speaks to’, “uq̇viris” ‘shouts at’, “cạ moiӡaxebs” ‘shouts out’, “evedreba/exvecẹ ba” ‘begs’, “ečurčuleba” ‘whispers’, “ebuṭbuṭeba” ‘murmurs’, “ebuzγuneba” ‘growls’, “naṭrobs” ‘wishes’, “eḳamateba/edaveba” ‘discusses’, “pikrobs” ‘thinks’, “ocnebobs” ‘dreams about’, etc. As about the generalized personal forms, without showing persons: “natkvamia, tkmula” ‘as its said’, “(rogorc) amboben” ‘they say so’, (rogorc) iṭq̇vian” ‘they say’, “cnobilia” ‘as it is known’ ‘it is said’ and the like, they are comparatively rare, but it is generally known that such forms maintain the general sayings with the end-particle -o and are met in the proverbs
The Verbs of Saying in the Georgian Versions of the Four Gospels
No full textThe texts of the Gospels are characterized by the usage of one or two
verbs and verbals (participles) of saying (verba dicendi) before the direct
speech. This phenomenon is a Hebraism, peculiar of the Books of the Old
Testament (in this case, we even find three forms of saying). Under the influence of Septuagint Greek, this phenomenon is also found in the New
Testament (Blass et al., 1961). In such cases, the pleonastically used second
form is the verb λέγω (“to say”) in the aorist or participle λέγων (present,
active, nominative), which follow certain verbs of saying (as in the Septuagint):
ἀποκρίνομαι “to answer“, κράζω “to cry out“, ἐπερωτάω “to ask“, λαλέω “to
speak“ a.o.
Out of the above-mentioned Greek verbs of saying: a) One can be a finite
verb, and the other – a participle (ἀπεκρίνατο λέγων] miugo q`ovelta da eţq`oda
[Lk. 3:16 CODERPsBTLF mGMhScI] “answered, saying”; b) Both forms can be finite
(καὶ ἠρώτησαν αὐτὸν καὶ εἶπαν] hķitxes mas da hrques [Jn. 1:25
CAdODERPsBTLAFmGihvSclwtHIK…] “asked him, and said“; c) Both forms can be
participles (κράζοντες καὶ λέγοντες...] γaγadebdes da iţq`odes [Matt. 9:27
CDERPFGHIK…] “crying out, and saying”. In the old Georgian translation of the
Septuagint (preserved in the Bibles of Oshki (978-979) and Jerusalem (11th c.))
λέγων participle is given in the form of a finite verb, which is more natural for
Georgian. In the Gelati Catenae Bible (12th-13th cc.), where there is a precise,
word for word translation, λέγων is translated by a participle (Tsikhelashvili,
2022). However, in the Georgian manuscripts of versions of the Holy Gospels of
both the Pre-Athonite period and those of George the Hagiorite, both forms of
saying are represented by finite forms of the verbs. Rendering of participles
of this group by means of finite verbs is due to the fact that since the
version/edition of George the Hagiorite (the so-called Georgian Vulgate, the
middle of the 11th century), there have not been any new versions of the
Gospels. Further elaboration of the text of the Gospels in the Hellenophile
period is found only in exegetic works and is not aimed at the creation of new
versions of the Gospels. Yet, it is interesting to observe the language of the
Kimen (the text of the Gospels) of the ultra-Hellenophile style Georgian translation
of the explanations by Theophylact of Bulgaria regarding the Holy Gospels
according to St.Luke and St.John. As it was expected, the participle λέγων, used
pleonastically in the Greek original text, like other participles, are rendered in
the text by means of participles (albeit not always), whereas the old versions of
the Gospels use finite verbs in the same places: Καὶ ἀποκριθεὶς ὁ ἄγγελος εἶπεν
αὐτῷ] miugo angelozman man da hrqua [Lk. 1:19 CRPMFmGScltHIK…]. man]-CF.
cf. da mimgebelman angelozman hrqua mas “angel answering said”; κέκραγεν
λέγων] γaγad-q`o da tqua: [Jn. 1:15 CAdODERPsBTLAFmGHIK…]. γaγaţ-q`o CFHIK.
cf. γaγadebda, meţq`ueli “cried, saying”.
Under the influence of the Biblical Greek, one and the same language
phenomenon is found in Greek christian literature and its Georgian translations,
as well as in the original Georgian hagiography (da utxra sp`arsman man parulad da hrqua: [St.ShuSh. 14:20-21] “and the Persian told him secretly and
said”; miuges da hrques mšobelta matta: [Kol. 185:3] “their parents answered
them and said”
ქართველიზმები ჯალალ ედ-დინ რუმის „არსთა მესნავიში“. SOME GEORGIAN LEXICAL ITEMS IN THE MATHNAWI BY JALĀL AL-DĪN RŪMĪ
No full textThe six-volume poem by the thirteen-century great Persian poet-
mystic Jalāl al-Dīn Rūmī (1207 – 1273) is still actively translated and
studied worldwide. Mathnawi is an inexhaustible source of themes,
plot allusions, and reminiscences. Rumi’s contemporaries rightly
recognized it as the “Encyclopedia of Sufi sm”, and the last classic
Persian poet Abd al-Rahman Jami (1414-1472) even called it the “Persian
Qur’an”.
The “Muslim-Eastern part” of the narrative has been thoroughly
and elaborately studied over the centuries. From the creation
of Mathnawi until today, dozens of commentaries have been written,
authors have interpreted the poem from different angles, and almost
no aspect of Rumi’s masterpiece remained untouched and unexplained
or unclassifi ed as much as possible in these commentaries.
Against this background, we were surprised by the fact that
there are certain passages or places in the text, in front of which
the commentators admit their weakness and, despite the proposed
version, they reason with a phrase-code common in the Arab-Muslim
literature of the Middle Ages: ولله أعلم , „and Allah knows better”,
which shows the uncertainty of the aforementioned idea.
The fact is that this above-mentioned phrase is used not only
to explain complex Sufi concepts but also with certain lexical items,
the exact content of which is unknown to the commentator, and it
is up to the context only to find out what was meant by the “Great
Esoteric”.
In the case of a large part of such lexical units, the text of Jalāl
al-Dīn Rūmī ‘s poem includes Georgian words as an artistic technique
to create the effect of “alienation”.
Our special research and observation showed dozens of such
words, which are being discussed in the paper. We classified such
lexical units into two parts – words of Georgian origin (for example,
“morning” دیلا , “castle” سیخه ) and those whose Georgian Origin is
doubtful, but we still think that Rūmī used Georgian material and
context (for example, “bread” .(بوری Apart from lexical units, we have cases where we come across
Georgians and Georgia in different contexts and for various artistic
reasons. For example, Georgians as a symbol of undefeatability and
bravery, are used to create numerous artistic metaphors and hyperbolas