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ქართულ-ევროპულ ლიტერატურულ ურთიერთობათა ისტორიიდან. From the history of the Georgian-European literary relations
No full textმონოგრაფიაში ნაჩვენებია, თუ როგორ არის დანახული
ევროპელ მწერალთა და მოგზაურთა მიერ საქართველო, როგორ
უკავშირებენ ისინი ქართულ რეალობას ევროპულს და რას
მიიჩნევენ ქართველთა იდენტობის ძირითად მახასიათებლებად.
საუბარია იმის შესახებ, თუ რა საერთო ტენდენციები ახა-
სიათებს ქართულ და ევროპულ ლიტერატურას, რომ XIX საუკუნის
ქართული ლიტერატურა ეფუძნება როგორც ეროვნულ, ასევე
ევროპულ ლიტერატურულ ტრადიციებსა და სააზროვნო
სისტემას.
წიგნი გამიზნულია ლიტერატურათმცოდნეებისათვის, საუ-
ნივერსიტეტო სწავლების სამივე საფეხურის სტუდენტებისა და
მკითხველთა ფართო წრისათვის
მეტროპოლიტენ მუზეუმის სპილოს ძვლის ფირფიტის ჯვარცმის უნიკალური იკონოგრაფია X საუკუნის მეორე ნახევრის ბიზანტიის იმპერიალური იდეოლოგიის კონტექსტში. UNIQUE ICONOGRAPHY OF AN IVORY CRUCIFIXION PLAQUE AT THE METROPOLITAN MUSEUM OF ART IN THE CONTEXT OF BYZANTINE IMPERIAL IDEOLOGY IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE X CENTURY
No full textThe rapid military successes of the Muslims, who at the beginning
of the eight century were able to subdue the lands of the Middle
East and North Africa posed a great threat to the Byzantine Empire.
The Empire’s failed attempt to regain territories lost in the wars
demonstrated the weakness of Byzantine war ideology and the need
to revise the concept of war. A changed ideology was formed by the end of the IX century,
during the rule of the Macedonian dynasty, and especially during
the reign of Byzantine Emperor Constantine VII Porphyrogennetus
(945-959).
The changes in rhetoric had a reflection in Byzantine visual media.
The religious iconography underwent a significant conceptual
change and acquired a semantic meaning of war.
The paper analyzes Byzantine ivory plaque from the Metropolitan
Museum of Art, which is only surviving portion of a triptych
whose wings are now missing. The plaque’s iconography is unique
among the surviving Byzantine representations of the Crucifixion
and no other related images survive.
While the crucified Christ, Virgin, St John and the two angels
are frequent elements of the iconography of Crucifixion, there are
unusual iconographic details. First of all is unique depiction of the
reclining figure at the foot of the cross whose belly is pierced by
Christ’s cross. The scholarly discussion has been concentrated on
this remarkable innovation. Some identified it as Hades- the god of
the underworld, another as Adam-a usual image of the Crucifixion
iconography.
The paper will off er a new analyze of this unique iconography. It
will show that to decipher its complex visual syntax, it is necessary to
understand the components of the composition as a whole system,
as well as to take into account the historical and political context in
which such changes in the crucifixion iconography were made. The
paper offers a new opinion on the date and the possible donor of
the ivory plaque
The Reality Changed by Discourse
No full textIt is well known that, in the 20th century, philosophy turned to linguistic
patterns and methods. The distinction made by linguists between language and
speech, the interest towards the semantic and pragmatic aspects of functioning
of language and semiotic research have proved that the study of types of
conjunctions in certain sentences was insufficient for the explanation of human
interaction. Hence, the research developed beyond the limits of a sentence and embraced speech as a sequence of speech acts, which needs to be analyzed
from diverse angles, namely, pragmatic, semantic, referential, emotive-evaluative
and so on. In their turn, linguists addressed super-phrasal units, i.e. discourse,
which, apart from the text, embraces non-linguistic factors like the
mood of the addressor and the addressee, background knowledge, explicit aim
or intention, opinions, self-esteem, evaluation of other people and so on.
Despite numerous definitions of discourse and the multitude of methods
of discourse analysis, there is a common conceptual basis, according to which
discourse not only reflects the world, identities and social relations but also
plays an active role in their formation and change. The changes are sometimes
mild, sometimes positive and sometimes destructive. We witness the latter
changes nowadays.
The discourse of the contemporary war is entirely based on linguistic
manipulations. This reminds us of our recent past, the Soviet regime, which was
termed as “logocracy”. The term “Soviet language” refers not only to the discourse
of the Soviet Union, but, generally, to a discourse which disguises reality
by means of words and thus controls everything. This phenomenon is also related
to the French expression “Langue de bois” (literally: “wooden language”),
meaning a language consisting of clichés, the so-called “dead expressions”. The
key mechanism of fake meanings in the ideological discourse is the substitution
of denotats, hence, the term “the language of deceit”.
The link between the signifier and the signified is still inexistent. Besides,
the key constituents of present-day discourse (“war”, “peace”, “freedom” etc.)
belong to the concepts that are distinguished by high degree of semantic
diffusion. This helps the manipulator in achieving his aim.
The latest examples of disguising the truth by means of words remind us
of “Newspeak” – an imaginary language of the totalitarian society in George
Orwell’s dystopian novel “1984”. However, the contemporary Russian «Новояз»
(new language) is characterized by more deceit, cynicism and severity: “peaceful
operation”, “special operation” / “special military operation” are used as substitutes
for war, whereas the purposes of the special operations are “demilitarization”
and “denazification” of Ukraine. It should be noted that such contexts
do not contain expressions like brother / neighbour / co-believer Ukrainians.
Instead, there are new-born complex terms “Ukronazi” / “Ukrofascists”.
Therefore, the majority of Russian citizens perceives the events in the Ukraine
as peaceful, noble operation and not war. The rest of the world urges Russia to
stop war, but Russia continues the war and punishes its own citizens who dare
pronounce the word “war”. As we have seen, dystopian discourse is still topical:
“war is peace, freedom is slavery, ignorance is power”
On the formal marker of statisticality in Kartvelian
No full textIn Georgian linguistic reality, different classifications of Kartvelian
verbs are known. According to Arn. Chikobava's classification, verbs are
divided into two main classes: dynamic and static verbs. Dynamically
considered is the class of verbs that convey the action - xat-av-s
“he/she paints”. At the same time, there is a static verb that indicates
the statics of an action / situation – xat-ia “it is painted”. According to
A. Shanidze, the classification of verbs is related to the category of
transitivity, and static verbs are grouped with intransitive verbs and
form a single subclass - intransitives. Moreover, here static verbs are
considered to be a subset of the passive voice and they are called
static verbs of medial passive voice. But, if we share this theory, then
the question arises as to which kind of voice we should attribute these
verbs to: t’ir-i-s “weeps”, k’iv-i-s “whires”, cekv-av-s “dances”, etc. In a
situation like this we have to partially agree with Arn. Chikobava, who
called them voiceless verbs. Clearly, t’ir-i-s “weeps” type verbs oppose
each other in terms of dynamics / statics. However we can not agree
with Arn. Chikobava's view that static verbs reflect the stage of
language development when the verb denoted a state, and that state,
like its quality, was unchanged over time. On the contrary, binary
opposition: statics - dynamics was prevailing in the entire system of
common Kartvelian origin from the very beginning. The case is that
static verbs did not have the ability to have the time-mood of the
aorist series (in Kartvelian reality, a formal expression of this, at the
level of grammatical semantics, is also impossible). That is why in
linguistic Kartvelology the terminology of the middle voice appears,
which borrows this or that verbform from other types of (actually
dynamic) verbs. Based on our observations, we can say that it was the
limitation of form formation (formative production) of static verbs that
created the solid ground due to which these types of verbs did not
develop the morphological category of the voice. This assumption also
works successfully in all Kartvelian subsystems, i. e. the verbs of the
medial passive voice separated by Akaki Shanidze as an independent
group by their origin are nothing more than static verbs, the peculiarity
of which is that the verbs with different morphological status are
opposed not by the voice but by the dynamics. The verbal form t’ir-i-s
is not even a verb of the middle-active voice, but a static verb of the active voice, and does not even fill the forms of the second series i-t’ira,
and so on, but has no aorist at all, nor can it have or ever had it. In
fact, the verb t’ir-i-s is a static verb of the active voice and correlates
with the forms of dynamic i-t’ir-eb-s / i-t’ir-a by dichotomy: static (t’iri-
s) / dynamic (i-t’ir-eb-s / i-t’ir-a), the time difference is too late if it
was functioning somewhere, or if it functioned at all. So it can be
boldly said that the forms of t’ir-i-s - a-t’ir-eb-s type oppose each
other not by voice but by the morphological category static-dynamics.
In terms of voice, their partner / correlative is the verb a-t’ir-d-eb-a (atir-
d-a), which is a form of the passive voice with a clearly expressed
content of the inchoative in the present time. Thus, the forms are verbs
of the active voice t’ir-i-s - a-t’ir-eb-s / i-t’ir-eb-s, which correlate with
the form of the passive voice a-t’ir-d-a, while all the dynamic allomorphs
taken together are dynamic forms of the t’ir- verb in contrast
to the static verb t’ir-i-s. So, in Kartvelian reversibility (B. Jorbenadze),
transitivity, causativity (from original) and so on are separate independent
morphological categories, the separation of which, in the
classification of verbs, is conditioned by the necessary requirement of
the factual situation (existence of the empirical material)
ბერძნები და რომაელები პონტოს და ჰირკანიის ზღვებს შორის. სალექციო მასალები
No full textA few papers here are auxiliary data of the course “Georgia in Antiquity”
for MA students at the Faculty of Humanities, Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi
State University, Georgia
საჯარო რეესტრის მონაცემთა უტყუარობისა და სისრულის პრეზუმფციის გავლენა საკუთრების კეთილსინდისიერ შეძენაზე
No full textამ სტატიაში განხილული მაქვს უძრავი ნივთების კეთილსინდისიერი შეძენა, საჯარო რეესტრის როლი უძრავი ნივთის შეძენისას, ასევე უძრავი ნივთის თანასაკუთრებისას არსებული სამართლებრივი პრობლემები. დასაბუთებული მაქვს ის, რომ კეთილსინდისიერი შეძენა საბოლოოდ ნამდვილია და შეიძლება უძრავზე წარმოშობილი საკუთრების კვლავ გადაცემა ნებისმიერ პირზე, მათ შორის მაზეც, რომელმაც იცოდა რეესტრის ჩანაწერის უსწორობის შესახებ
Sectoral statistical analysis of labor compensation indicators in the field of business (ბიზნესის სფეროში შრომის ანაზღურების მაჩვენებელთა სექტორული სტატისტიკური ანალიზი)
No full text1. გელაშვილი ს., ოქრუაშვილი მ. (2020). შრომის ანაზღაურების გენდერული დისპროპორცია
საქართველოს ადმინისტრაციული რეგიონების მიხედვით. მე-5 საერთაშორისო სამეცნიერო კონფერენცია, გლობალიზაციის გამოწვევები ეკონომიკასა და ბიზნესში, თბილისი.
ხელმისაწვდომია ბმულზე: https://tsu.ge/assets/media/files/7/conf.%20V2020.pdf
2. გელაშვილი ს., თოდრაძე გ. (2020). დასაქმებისა და შრომის ანაზღაურების გენდერული
დისბალანსი ეკონომიკური საქმიანობების მიხედვით. მე-5 საერთაშორისო სამეცნიერო
კონფერენცია, გლობალიზაციის გამოწვევები ეკონომიკასა და ბიზნესში, თბილისი. ხელმისაწვდომია ბმულზე: https://tsu.ge/assets/media/files/7/conf.%20V2020.pdf
3. გელაშვილი ს., შონია ზ., ქინქლაძე რ. (2020). სოციალური სტატისტიკა. გამომცემლობა
„უნივერსალი“, თბილისი.
4. მენქიუ, გ. (2008). ეკონომიკის პრინციპები. გამომცემლობა „დიოგენე“, თბილისი.
5. მსოფლიო ბანკი. წლიური ანგარიში (2020). IBRD. IDA. The World Bank Group.
6. მცირე და საშუალო ბიზნესი საქართველო שი და მათი ხელშეწყობის პროგრამები [ვებ პორტალი Geoeconomic.ge ].
7. „საქართველოში თანაბარი ანაზღაურების მიმოხილვისა და ანგარიშგების მეთოდოლოგიის
დანერგვის მოდელების შეფასება“. ხელმისაწვდომია ბმულზე:
https://iset-pi.ge/ka/publications/research-reports
8. საქართველოს სტატისტიკის ეროვნული სამსახური, დასაქმებისა და უმუშევრობის მაჩვენებლები. ხელმისაწვდომია ბმულზე:
https://www.geostat.ge/ka/modules/categories/683/dasakmeba-umushevroba
9. საქართველოს სტატისტიკის ეროვნული სამსახური, ხელფასების მაჩვენებლები. ხელმისაწვდომია ბმულზე: https://www.geostat.ge/ka/modules/categories/39/ khelfasebi
10. საქართველოს სტატისტიკის ეროვნული სამსახური. ბიზნესის სტატისტიკა [მონაცემთა ბაზები].
11. საქართველოს მთავრობის ვებ პორტალი. საქართველოს მცირე და საშუალო მეწარმეობის
განვითარების სტრატეგია 2016-2020 წლებისთვის.
12 შემოსავლების სამსახურის ვებ პორტალი. განსაკუთრებული რეჟიმები და საგადასახადო
პოლიტიკა.
13. cbonds.com. S&P Global Ratings revised outlook on Georgia to stable and affirmed at "BB" (Local
Currency LT) credit rating. 2022.
14. Daniel S. Hamermesh. Overtime penalties, payroll taxes, and other labor policies alter costs and change
employment and output. IZA WORLD OF LABOR [ვებ პორტალი].
15. PERSPECTIVES ON LABOUR ECONOMICS FOR DEVELOPMENT. International Labor Office, 2013.
16. Archive.doingbusiness.org. Ease of doing business in Georgia [ვებ საიტი].
17. fitchratings.com. Georgia Ranking [ვებ საიტი].
18. Oecd.org. Monitoring Georgia's SME Development Strategy 2016-2020 [ვებ პორტალი].The article presents a comparative statistical analysis of wages in the business sector of Georgia (including
for the period of the Covid-19 pandemic) and calculates many adequate indicators. The purpose of the article is
to evaluate the elasticity of the average salary to the economic shock caused by the pandemic using different
statistical methods and to analyze its influence on the trends of the average salary change.
The article analyzes average salary change trends based on 2010-2021 data; Based on the comparative
analysis, the peculiarities, fluctuations and changed trends in the business sectors before and during the
pandemic have been evaluated.
A number of statistical methods are widely used in the article, such as: relative, mean and variance
indicators, as well as time series and data presentation methods.
Based on the comparative analysis, the peculiarities, fluctuations and changed trends in the direction of
the average salary of labor in a separate business sector before the Covid-19 pandemic and during the
pandemic have been evaluated; The sectors with high and low wages are determined, as well as the extent of
inequality between them
COVID 19 pandemic and its impact on revenue recognition (COVID 19 პანდემია და მისი გავლენა შემოსავლების აღიარებაზე)
No full text1. ფასს 15 „ამონაგები მომხმარებლებთან გაფორმებული ხელშეკრულებებიდან https://saras.gov.ge/ka/Ifrs/Pdf/515;
2. ფასს 9 - ფინანსური ინსტრუმენტები; https://saras.gov.ge/ka/Ifrs/Pdf/509
3. Accounting Considerations Related to Coronavirus Disease 2019, IFRS in Focus, March 2020,
file:///C:/Users/Mariami/Downloads/ifrs-in-focus-covid.pdf
4. 3. APPLICATION OF IFRS STANDARDS IN LIGHT OF THE CORONAVIRUS DISEASE (COVID-19) UNCERTAINTY
IFRS 15 Revenue from Contracts with Customers; April 2020; https://www.accountancysa.org.za
5. Особенности учета по МСФО в условиях пандемии коронавирусного заболевания; Ноябрь 2020 года;
https://assets.ey.com
6. Руслана Віліївна. Київ, 23.04. 2020; COVID – 19 VS Міжнародні стандарти фінансової звітності;
https://www.apu.com.ua › uploads › 2019/11There is no doubt that the scale and speed of the coronavirus impact on the world economy is unprecedented. As COVID-19 continues to develop rapidly, entities should consider whether events have occurred that
have had a material impact on the financial statements.
With regard to revenue recognition, when dealing with situations and circumstances such as a crisis
caused by a pandemic, this may call into question the ability of organizations to comply with the terms of the
contracts. Companies therefore need to re-evaluate their ability to receive cash flow related to contracts. When
recognizing revenue, businesses may need significant judgment and reassessment of variable payments, in order to
determine the impact of pandemic uncertainties.
In addition, the accounting and disclosure of current and future contracts can also be affected by decisions
made in response to a pandemic, such as contract changes, benefits for customers who have difficulties in
repayments, price revisions, etc
EXAMPLES OF GEORGIAN ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE IN KVABLIANI GORGE: SYNTHESIS OF COSMOPOLITAN AND LOCAL STYLES
No full texthttps://geohistory.humanities.tsu.ge/ge/procedings/83-shromebi/177-shromebi-18.htmlIslamic architecture of Kvabliani Gorge is one of the notable examples of
less studied cultural heritage of the South Georgia. For example, in comparison
to the mosques of Adjara, there is much less academic interest and significantly
less research of the Islamic architecture of Kvabliani Gorge.
Almost all mosques of Samtskhe region from the late 19th and early 20th
c.c. are in bad condition and none of them has been renovated up to this day.
Scientific literature regarding this topic is also scarce, besides a few recent
popular publications. Therefore, Islamic religious buildings of Samtskhe remain
a less known phenomenon for the Georgian public. This can be explained by the
political situation during the Soviet times that did not promote the research of
the Islamic heritage in Georgia. National issue of the “Meskhetian Turks” made
this topic even more untouched and obscure.
This article is dedicated to the artistic peculiarity of several such
mosques. One can trace synthesis of Georgian national elements, stylistic signs
of Islamic cosmopolitanism and modern European tendencies in these buildings.
Standards of Islamic religious structures in Samtskhe region of Georgia
undergoes a certain transformation and shapes itself to a quite original
phenomenon
Determinologization as One of the Means of Enriching the Language Lexis (Using the Data of Medical Terms)
No full textFrom the linguistic point of view, it is of special interest to observe the process of migration of a lexical unit from the literary language to the special terminological branch and vice versa. Such processes are characteristic of any scientific branch, as lexis is the most dynamic part of a language. In such cases some semantic shifts can be observed in the lexis of the language, namely the lexical meaning of the lexical units becomes broader or narrower. Sometimes the meaning can change metaphorically.
The process of the above-mentioned determinologization is also characteristic of medical terminology in the Georgian language, resulting in transferring the special terminology into literary language – through the mass media or literary texts. This process is universal and is more or less characteristic of the special lexis in any language.
Observation of the modern mass media in Georgia shows us that even today, the same lexical units are more often undergoing determinologization, namely, the terms of such specific areas as the lexical units denoting symptomatic signs or syndromes of illnesses, organism's reaction, disease agents, medicinal products and medical instruments.
It is clear that the metaphoric potential of the mentioned lexical layer is quite broad and the negative colouring is strong and brought forward. Some foreign terms are employed in non-medical contexts, such as bakt'eria ‘bacteria’, mik'robi ‘microbe’, diagnozi ‘diagnosis’, abi ‘drug’, t'ok'sik'ozi ‘toxicosis’, shizoprenia ‘schizophrenia’, and shok'i ‘shock’... Some medical terms of pure Georgian origin also underwent determinologization (k'ibo, ‘cancer’, ch'leki ‘tuberculosis’, dambla ‘paralysis’, tsieb-tskheleba ‘fever’, khortsmet'i ‘skin growths’, ‘wart’, simsivne ‘tumor’…).
The medical terminology is used in figurative meaning as well; for example, the term agonia ‘agony’ is met in the texts of social-political or economic character to describe such terms as regime, government, economics, religion, a city; the term k'olapsi ‘collapse’ is usually met with such nouns as systems, institutions, education, course of the dollar or euro, urban problems, criminal problems, transport, financial, jurisdiction and other fields problems; met'ast'azi ‘metastasis’ is usually addressed to something that is associated with the Soviet period, communist party or something concerning the society, such as Russophobia; there are also such terms as dambla ‘paralysis’ (of economics); nevrozi ‘neurosis’ (of society, of economics), psikozi’ psychosis (pre-elections psychosis) and others.
Medical terms are used in poetic texts as a metaphor. An unpoetic, inexpressive, at first glance even rude medical term sometimes emphasizes the peculiarity of the poet's style and creates an effect of surprise, e. g. agonia ‘agony’, hormoni ‘hormone’, trombi ‘thrombus’…
Determinologization of the terms of any branch (including medical terminology) is represented as one of the means of metaphorization which enriches the lexis of the literary language and makes it more expressive