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NEW ARCHAEOLOGICAL FIND IN THE GREAT SHIRAKI VALLEY
Get PDFივანე ჯავახიშვილის დაბადებიდან 146-ე წლისთავისადმი მიძღვნილი სამეცნიერო კონფერენციაThe South Caucasus is geographically an integral part of the Middle
East, and their past must be considered equally.
This was confirmed once again by archeological discoveries in eastern
Georgia − the eastern part of the plateau between the rivers of Alazani
and Iori, which dates back to the turn of the II and I millennia BC. This
section of the Iori Plateau is a fertile field geographically strictly bordered
by mountains, with an average elevation of 600 m above sea level and an
average altitude of 800 m of the surrounding mountains. Its entire area is
about 15 hectares. All three valleys of the plateau are currently marked by
dry riverbeds.
According to many sources, in the 11-10th centuries BC, this section of
the Iori plateau, apparently, was a single socio-economic and political unit.
Geographically, this well-defined area has one main entrance on the
west side, which runs through the valley and is known by the placename of
“Grdzeli (Long) Door”. It is protected by the mighty fortress of the 10th-9th
centuries BC with a five-meter fence made of large stone blocks, and a gate
reinforced with massive rectangular towers. In this sharply defined section of the Iori plateau, on the hillsides
surrounding the plains, more than 40 well-planned small, two-part settlements
were discovered in earlier years − with citadels on mountain ranges
and dwellings on lower mountain slopes with separate strong fences and
defensive trenches. All these settlements are part of the same culture and
date approximately to the end of the II and the beginning of the 1st millennium
BC. The cemeteries of these settlements have also been found.
In 2014, in the central part of these settlements, in the field, the decipherment
of satellite images and small archeological excavations revealed
the grand remnants of the central city, which covers an area of about 50
hectares. From these, the citadel is 400X400 meters, surrounded by a complex,
similar in structure to pre-Asian buildings, 7 m wide, at least 15 m
high, and 1.5 km long. Excavations revealed a gate in the central part of the
southern fence. Reconnaissance work indicated the presence of a secret
tunnel for the city’s water supply and a large cemetery. In the citadel area,
two large rectangular areas are also separated by a large fence, which, apparently,
required special protection. The citadel is surrounded by a 15 m
wide defensive ditch, and its northern part is surrounded by a second wide
fence.
A few years ago, in the east of this city, in a small settlement of a later
time, a sewer network was discovered under a cobbled street, indicating
that the hydro network was still full of water at that time.
It should be noted that a bronze model of a horse-drawn chariot was
found in one of the chapels of this settlement system, and in the tombs
excavated in the cemeteries, all the men were armed with powerful bronze
weapons − swords, daggers, spears and axes. It is also noteworthy that
on the Iori plateau, far from the settlements, in the two great centers of
religious life of the 10-9th centuries BC colossal quantities of bronze and
iron weapons and agricultural tools were found, which gave this area and
its culture a prominent place in terms of paleometallurgy throughout the
Middle East.
All this, as it were, confirms the unification of the society living here
into a single socio-economic and, possibly, political system, bearing all the
signs of a small state formation.This assumption is confirmed by large settlements of the 10-9th centuries
BC. concentrated in the western part of the Iori plateau, in the David
Gareji mountains, with a regular layout and powerful defensive structures,
which may also indicate the existence of a small state system here.
As is known, after the so-called “dark period” of the 12-11th centuries
BC, small states arose en masse in the entire Middle East in the 10-9th centuries
BC. After these discoveries on the Iori Plateau, the South Caucasus
can be considered an organic part of the Old East during this period, since
similar socio-economic and political processes apparently took place here.
It is noteworthy that, according to experts, a large city discovered on
the Iori plateau in 2014 was destroyed by a strong earthquake in the 9th
century BC, which makes archaeological work here especially promising.
A programmatic study of these discoveries in eastern Georgia will
serve as the basis for a new understanding of the fundamental problem
of the past in the South Caucasus and, possibly, in the entire Middle East
ხელოვნება, როგორც მეტაფიზიკის პირველადი ბუნებრივი ფორმა. THE ART AS THE FIRST NATURAL FORM OF METAPHYSICS
Get PDFThe tradition of Western thought according to Plato, Kant, and
Husserl considered geometry as the ideal of science, it best expressed
the essence of thought, to which was likened to philosophy. Heidegger goes the other way, he emphasizes the closeness of philosophy
and art, he wants to see a more hidden and deeper connection
between philosophy and art.
Heidegger thinks that the Art and the works of art are based on
the occurrence of the Being as an alethea. This means that the Being,
as alethea, is the foundation of the Art, which defines the role and
place of the Art in human existence. The Art is a derivative form of
the alethea. The Art is the primary, natural form of metaphysics. The
Art should be viewed as a natural propensity for metaphysics.
Heidegger considered Hegel’s statement: art has exhausted its
primordial purpose, as a summary of all Western thought and revealing
the essence of western thought. He supposed the basis for this is
man’s oblivion of the Being and the alethea of the Being.
The Being is the beginning (Ursprung) of art, includes in itself
the rule of being the art and makes possible existence the work of
art. The Being as a beginning (Ursprung) is not the cause, the basis,
the purpose that gives rise to the beings, the object. The beginning
(Ursprung) determines and define what is and how is the beings, in
other words the essence and form of existence of the beings.
The Art is not scientific research, nor theoretical contemplation,
but the lead out of the being from the concealment. The beginning
(ursprung) of art is what makes the Art possible lead out the beings
from the concealment. The similarity between philosophy and art
is that they brings both lead out the beings from the concealment
into unconcealment, but the Art is the lead out the beings from the
concealment of human everydayness: from colorlessness, habit and
indifference. In Human everydayness is hidden mystery of the human
existence in the world its mission and purpose, is forgotten his
humanity.
The Art has preserved the phenomenon of Alethea, it, as a natural
metaphysical inclination, means the creation of truth, the lead out
beings from the concealment, which is necessary alongside scientific
truth. Philosophy and art, as a rule of the unconcealment (alethea) of the existing Thing, should give man the possibility of a different
view of reality, which will give man the chance to look differently at
the phenomenon of technology and the domination of technology.
It is the basis for the preservation of human humanity, freedom and
dignity. Philosophical thinking and the Art try to understand man
and the world in its mystery and unusualness, which is inaccessible
to scientific and technical cognition, to show man the peculiarity of
his being in this world from another angle, maybe this is the meaning
of philosophical thought and the Art for modern man
COVID-19 pandemic and food prices in Georgia: main trends and expectations
Get PDF1. Deisadze, S., & Seturidze, E. (2021). Is There an End in Sight to Food Price Inflation? Investor.ge(2021October-November).
Retrieved from http://www.investor.ge/2021/10/18/iset-pi-is-there-an-end-in-sight-to-food-price-inflation/
2. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). (2022). Retrieved from FAO Food Price Index:
https://www.fao.org/worldfoodsituation/foodpricesindex/en/
3. Gelashvili, S., Katsia, I., & Deisadze, S. (2020). Food Security in Times of Pandemic in Georgia. Retrieved from
https://freepolicybriefs.org/2020/11/16/food-security-covid-19/
4. Katsia, I., & Mamardashvili, P. (2016). Price Transmission in Wheat Flour Market in Georgia. Retrieved from https://isetpi.ge/storage/media/other/2021-09-27/e0172b00-1f75-11ec-9473-d3bd547aec60.pdf
5. საქართველოს ეროვნული ბანკი. (2022). სტატისტიკური მონაცემები. Retrieved from https://nbg.gov.ge/
6. საქსტატი. (2022). ეროვნული ანგარიშები. Retrieved from საქართველოს სტატისტიკის ეროვნული სამსახური:
https://www.geostat.ge/ka/modules/categories/23/mtliani-shida-produkti-mshp
7. საქსტატი. (2022). ინფლაცია საქართველოში: 2022 წლის იანვარი. Retrieved from https://www.geostat.ge/ka/singlenews/2439/inflatsia-sakartveloshi-2022-tslis-ianvari
8. საქსტატი. (2022). ფასების სტატისტიკა. Retrieved from საქართველოს სტატისტიკის ეროვნული სამსახური:
https://www.geostat.ge/ka/modules/categories/25/fasebis-statistikaTwo years into COVID-19 Pandemic, international food prices have been on the rise reflecting disruptions
in supply chains, increased import demand, and poor growing conditions in exporting countries. Georgia has not
been isolated from the trend, and consumers have seen drastic food price inflation. This article discusses the main
drivers of food prices increases in Georgia and discusses the key factors that will form expectations for the
upcoming months. Furthermore, it provides the recommendations to ensure less disruptions in food supply chains
and low volatility in food price
საქართველო და აბრეშუმის სავაჭრო გზები (XIII-XIV სს.). Georgia and Silk Roads (XIII-XIV cc.)
Get PDFნაშრომში განხილულია XIII-XIV საუკუნეებში მახლობელ აღმოსავლეთსა და კავკასიაში გამავალი სავაჭრო გზები. დეტალურადაა მოცემული ჯალალ ად-დინის, მონღოლების და თემურ-ლენგის მიერ საქართველოზე განხორციელებული ლაშქრობების შედეგად სავაჭრო გზების განვითარების დინამიკაში გამოწვეული ცვლილებები. შესწავლილია თუ რა გავლენა მოახდინა ამან ქართულ მონარქიაზე და რა ნაბიჯებს დგამდნენ ქართველი მეფეები გაუარესებული სავაჭრო-ეკონომიკური მდგომარეობის გამოსასწორებლად. წიგნში მიმოხილულია საქართველოში და მის გარშემო XIII-XIV საუკუნეების სავაჭრო გზებზე არსებული ქართული და უცხოური ისტორიოგრაფია. გამოყენებულია ქართული, სომხური, სპარსული, არაბული და ევროპული წყაროები. ზოგ შემთხვევაში გამოთქმულია მოსაზრებები ისტორიოგრაფიაში დამკვიდრებული იდეების გადასაფასებლად. წიგნი განკუთვნილია როგორც შუა საუკუნეების საქართველოს და მახლობელი აღმოსავლეთის ისტორიის მკვლევრებისთვის, ასევე, ზოგადად, ისტორიით დაინტერესებული მკითხველისთვის
On Adjective Collocations of Georgian Language (big/small)
Get PDFAccording to the Explanatory Dictionary of the Georgian Language, the
adjective დიდი big has 14 different meanings, and the adjective პატარა small
has 5 meanings. Since these words are antonyms, such a large difference in the
number of meanings prompted us to look for phrases in the Georgian National
Corpus, where big and small would play the role of a post-positional delimiter,
to see if the noun really changes the semantics of the word. The data were obtained in a qualitatively sufficient quantity and grouped according to the
semantic groups presented in the dictionary.
The study of phrases showed that, by analogy with the meanings of the
adjective big, two lexical meanings have to be added to the adjective small: less
than usual, less than its physical strength (პატარა დარტყმა - small blow) and
less than usual, less than its mental impact. (პატარა სევდა - a little
melancholy). It should be noted that in cases of semantic incompatibility, when
the meaning of the noun in itself is opposite to the meaning of the adjective,
adjectives in colloquia are used metaphorically, and the phrase acquires an
ironic, oxymoronic meaning (პატარა ქარიშხალი - little storm).
It’s possible to combine different meanings of the adjective big. The three
meanings of big – “outstanding”, “an epithet for special respect”, and “adjectives
used in the rank title”—may be combined under the meaning of დიადი
great. The dictionary should combine the following meanings – “more” and
“long, many”. Some meanings are derived from other meanings, in particular
from the meaning – “larger than usual” comes from “adjacent - some place,
geographical name”; From the meaning – “strong, very” – “more than usual, with
its own features”; From the meaning – “with a distinctive meaning” – “having a
special historical or political significance”.
The paper will present a linguistic analysis of the selected material during
the study
Modern global challenges and uncertainty factor in management
Get PDF1. Bedianashvili, G. (2021a) Macroeconomic and Cultural Determinants of the COVID-19 Pandemic Crisis. Bulletin of the Georgian National Academy of Sciences. 15 (2), 191-197.
2. Bedianashvili, G. (2021b) The Socio-Economic Effects of Covid-19 and the Challenges of Economic Uncertainty. Materials of VI International Scientific Conference: Challenges of Globalization in Economics and Business. Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Economics and Business Faculty. 34-38 (In Georgian).
3. Bedianashvili, G. (2022) The Covid-19 Pandemic, Globalization, and the Socio-Economic System of the Country (Macro Aspect). Materials of International Scientific Conference: Covid 19 Pandemic and Economics. Tbilisi, Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Economics and Business Faculty. 38-42.
4. Papava, V. (May 23, 2022) Pandemic, War and Economic Sanctions: From Turbulent to
Confrontational Globalization. Eurasia Review.
5. Strategies of Socio-Economic Development and Mechanisms of Their Implementation in the Conditions of Economic Uncertainty and Globalization Changes (2021) Editor: Yurii Kirilov; Givi Bedianashvili; Ganna Zhosan; Quji Bichia. Kherson, Tbilisi.The experience of the pandemic period and recent events have shown us that effective mechanisms are of great importance in the decision-making process and in the stage of their immediate implementation. The formation and implementation of socio-economic policy as a whole system should be aimed at solving these challenges and related problems. It is important that this policy, with the involvement of relevant institutional actors in governance structures, contributes to the long-term sustainability of society, which is of particular importance in the context of today’s global challenge and increased uncertainty
Effect of pandemic caused by Covid-19 on company’s financial accounting and reporting (Covid-19-ით გამოწვეული პანდემიის გავლენა საწარმოს ფინანსურ აღრიცხვასა და ანგარიშგებაზე)
Get PDF1. Grant Thornton. (January 2021 г.). https://www.grantthornton-bq.com/publications/bonaire/covid-19-impact-on-2020-
financial-statements/.
2. Oliver Köster; Samuel Igoe. (27 January 2022 г.). https://www2.deloitte.com/ch/en/pages/audit/articles/financial-reportingsurvey-q1-2020.html.
3. ბასს 1. (30 დეკემბერი 2021 г.). https://www.saras.gov.ge/ka/Ifrs/Pdf/584.
4. ბასს 10. (24 იანვარი 2022 г.). https://www.saras.gov.ge/ka/Ifrs/Pdf/588.
5. ბასს 37. (27 დეკემბერი 2021 г.). https://www.saras.gov.ge/ka/Ifrs/Pdf/604.Loss of key markets and clients, decrease of revenue and employees, significant reduction of cash generating asset's value, delayes in production and service providing, unfavorable fluctuations in exchange rates and other significant factors caused the need of adjustments in financial statements. Such adjustments provide users of financial statements with transparent and useful information about going concern issues, material changes in supply-demand chain, current state and expected growth of credit risk and other uncertainties related to business activity.
In decision making process by financial information users, it is important to consider results of change in fair value measurement methods caused by pandemic, restrictive actions taken by regulatory bodies and company restructurin
The Adventure of the Muslim Community of Tbilisi (The monograph of Nani Gelovani as a guide)
Get PDFეძღვნება პროფ. გოჩა ჯაფარიძის ხსოვნას (1942 – 2020)/ Dedicated to Memory of Prof. Gocha Japaridze (1942 – 2020
Polyfunctional i- in Georgian Verb Conjugation (For category of voice)
Get PDFThe paper deals with the functions of the i-prefix in the Georgian verb
and the morphosyntactic function of this marker in the verb conjugation
system. I consider any verb morphological category of the Georgian language
in the context of morphosyntax, where each morpheme (element) is much
larger than the morpheme; A morphosyntactic key element (morpheme) is not
just a word (lexical unit), nor words or morphemes, but is a form-content
combination. In the traditional sense, syntax is the coordination, structure, and
sequence of lexical items. In fact, Georgian morphology and syntax are intertwined;
A morphosyntactic approach to the morpheme (in this case, imorpheme)
allows us to define the syntactic structure ("trees") of this morpheme,
which is paired with phonological and conceptual information: Accordingly,
it creates a distinct system-structure (ი-წერ-ებ-ა ის i-tsereba is; ვ-ი-წერ
მე მას v-i-tser me mas; მ-ი-წერ-ს ის მას მე m-i-tsers is mas me); Discussing
morphosyntax through a prism allows us to study a polyfunctional verb as a
morphological category (dynamics-statics, person, version, causative, transitive,
voice, reflexive, introvert ...) "Size" with different lexical units and also stores
information about a different, second syntactic construction in the case of form
identity (e.g., future - ი-ცხოვრებ-ს ის icxovrebs is present იცხოვრებს ის
მას icxovrebs is mas). As lexical units, they are presented separately in the
dictionary; The syntactic "connection" with the actants associated with these
units is non-identical.
The morpheme (i-) is much larger than the morpheme - it bears a system
of different sizes: 1. lexical unit (იბოლებს ibolebs), 2. construction (იბოლებს
ის მას ibolebs is mas, იბოლებს ის ibolebs is), 3. defines several morphological
and modal categories. The morpheme stores information about the creation of
these categories in the history of the Georgian language. The paper discusses the morpheme i- in the context of the voice category. I express the opinion that
in Georgian (as well as in other Kartvelian languages) the separation of the
category of voice is artificial
გენერალ იუზეფ პოჟეცკის მოხსენებითი ბარათი თბილისში ყოფნის შესახებ 1920 წელის 18-25 მარტს.REPORT OF GENERAL JUZEF POZECKI ON HIS STAY IN TBILISI ON MARCH 18-25, 1920
Get PDFThere is a document kept in the Central Military Archive of Poland
relating the situation in Georgia in 1920. The document represent
the report of Lieutenant General Juzef Pozecki, dated April 8,
1920 and sent to the Supreme Command of the Polish Army.
At the beginning of the document General Pozecki notes that he
has left for Georgia and, specifically for Tbilisi for personal purposes.
A fragment of the General’s letter confirms the sympathy of Georgians
for Poland and Polish people in general: “As a Polish General, I
felt the utmost courtesy and kindness on the part of Georgians”, he
writes. But the Civic Guard didn’t make a good impression on him.
The reason was the appearance of soldiers going along the street for
the change of the guard. They happened not to wear uniforms and
carried the weapons the way they liked. He confirms that there are
many former officers of the imperial army in Georgia who, due to the
lack of sympathy for the current government, have refused to serve
in the National Armed Forces.
The General writes that while being in Tbilisi he met with the
Deputy Minister of War, General Gedevanov – an acquaintance of his.
The conversation between the two generals concerned possible Russian
aggression against the South Caucasus and military readiness
of Georgia.
The General says in his letter that in Tbilisi there are already a
lot of refugees from Vladikavkaz. Part of the letter tells about the
overall situation in Tbilisi at that time. He notes that food and various
goods are cheaper than in Constantinople but emphasizes that
bread and sugar are in short supply, although other products are
available. He also writes that there are no clothes and dry goods.
The document highlights the plight of the intelligentsia, who are
impoverished and distressed and tells about scarcity of well-maintained
roads, rarity of trams and weak, flickering electric light.
Despite all the above, the General writes that life in Tbilisi,
compared with the times of Russian domination is calm. At the end of his letter the general writes that on his way back
to Constantinople, he met the delegation of Titus Philipovich in Batumi