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LANGUAGE OF CULTURE
Get PDFCulture can be considered as a peculiar language. It has a number of
features of a national language, thus by analogy with natural language
culture as a means of transferring social experience and communication
between people, can we call it language. The language of culture is a
combination of forms, symbols, sings, texts, etc. A community dedicated
to storing and transmitting information to a person, a group of people,
carrying this culture. The essential characteristic of the language of
culture is dialogcity. The language of culture fulfills its function only
when there is a subject who understands this language. Otherwise,
cultural phenomena: Symbols, texts, sings and shapes can physically
exist as objects in real time and space. But they will be deprived of
the original knowledge that they had and thus will no longer be
able to reform the function of storing and transmitting information
characteristic of language. In such a case, the language of the culture is
silent, it is not understood, and thus it no longer exists as a language.
Every culture has its own language. It creates a unique image of the
world and man, which in turn is reflected in specific forms of culture. In
order of the language of a culture to fulfill its function, it is necessary to have people who understand this language, thus understanding the
language of culture is essencial. On the one hand, the artifact of culture
consists of real-physical characteristics, on the other hand, there are
carriers of sense, an unreal dimension, it is the introduction of sense
into a natural fact that turns it into a cultural phenomenon. After all,
the phenomenon of culture diff ers from the fact of nature in that it is
the bearer of sense and meaning. In order for a person to be able to
relate to the phenomenon of culture as such, he must understand its
meaning. Understanding the sense requires knowledge of the language,
sings, symbols, forms in which the sense is encoded. Culture exists in
signs and symbols, and thus it is a peculiar language, in this sense,
culture is a language, the knowledge of which is a necessary condition
to understand the culture embodied in this language
Assessment of the potential of the agro-tourism market in Georgia (on the example of Kakheti) (საქართველოს აგრორურისტული ბაზრის პოტენციალის შეფასება (კახეთის მაგალითზე))
Get PDF1. გალდავა მ., ცინცაბაძე ჯ., მოლაშვილი ნ. (2020), „აგროტურიზმი საქართველოში“ –
https://iset-pi.ge/ka/blog/82-agroturizmi-sakartveloshi;
2. კახეთის რეგიონების განვითარების სტრატეგია 2014-2021 –
https://www.gov.ge/files/275_38368_341843_136617.09.13%E2%80%931.pdf;
3. ლაზარიაშვილი თ. (2015), აგრობიზნესის განვითარების შემაფერხებელი ფაქტორები და
მათი დაძლევის გზები საქართველოში. საერთაშორისო სამეცნიერო-პრაქტიკული კონფერენცია „ეროვნული ეკონომიკების მდგრადი განვითარების აქტუალური პრობლემები“, პაატა გუგუშვილის სახელობის ეკონომიკის ინსტიტუტი, თბილისი;
4. მაზიაშვილი ნ. (2016), „საქართველოს აგროტურისტული პერსპექტივები და საერთა შორისო
ტურისტული ბაზრის მოთხოვნები“;
5. საქართველოს სტატისტიკის ეროვნული სამსახური, უცხოელ ვიზიტორთა სტატისტიკა -
https://www.geostat.ge/ka/modules/categories/102/utskhoel-vizitorta-statistika;
6. ტურიზმის რეგულირება (2017), გვ. 26.
http://tourisminstitute.ge/files/attach/tourism_regulation.pdf
7. ხარატიშვილი ლ. (2020), „საქართველოს აგროტურისტული ბაზრის პოტენციალის შეფასება
და ანალიზი“ – https://info.parliament.ge/file/1/BillPackageContent/29136;
8. FAO in Georgia (2021), Article ‘Georgia eyes becoming a sustainable agritourism destination’. Article
retrieved from – https://www.fao.org/georgia/news/detail-events/en/c/1460929/;
9. Kharaishvili E. (2017), Challenges for sustainable food security in Georgia, XV EAAE Congress in Parma:
Towards Sustainable Agri-Food Systems: Balancing between Markets and Society, Parma, Italy;
10. Kharaishvili E., Lazariashvili T., Natsvlishvili I. (2019), Agro Tourism for Economic Development of Related
Sectors and Sustainable Well-being (Case of Georgia). BORDERS WITHOUT BORDERS: Systemic
frameworks and their applications for sustainable well-being in the global era. 6th Business Systems
Laboratory International Symposium. UNIVERSITÀ DEGLI STUDI DI PAVIA– pp. 200-202.The agro-tourism market in Georgia has significant development potential. The trend of increasing
consumption of agro-food products by the population makes the interest and importance of the development
of this area even more relevant.
The article examines the potential of the agro-tourism market in the Kakheti region, identifies the
opportunities for the development of agro-tourism, examines the factors hindering the development of the
market, evaluates the role of the state in the development of agro-tourism, using appropriate methods, shows
the levers for stimulating the growth of agro-tourism products. The work develops economic, legal and
organizational mechanisms for the development of the agro-tourism market.
The article draws conclusions about the trends in the development of the agro-tourism market, offers
recommendations on ways to effectively use the potential opportunities of this market in the post-pandemic
period
SPEAKING/ FUNCTIONAL NAMES AND THE DIFFICULTIES OF THEIR TRANSLATION
Get PDFScientific literature mentions several ways of transferring proper
names from one language to another. These are transliteration,
transcription, transposition, borrowings and calque (S. Vlakhov, I.
Alekseeva, Kh. Beridze, A. Mumladze...). While discussing the peculiarities of transferring onomastic
vocabulary from one language to another, translation theorist and
translator G. Tsibakhashvili, in his book, “Issues of Translation Theory
and Practice” (2000), distinguishes several groups of names: first names,
surnames, pseudonyms, nicknames and functional names.
Based on the translation practice, G. Tsibakhashvili points out that
if the bearer of a name with a common origin is a historical or a real
person, the name is transposed into the target language following the
established norms. However, if the bearer of the name is a literary
character, while transferring, the sound form of the original is kept.
We disagree with this definition and believe that both types of names
should be rendered in the target language by preserving the sound
form and transcription/transliteration; for example, Ann- ენი and
not ანა (Anna), Kate – ქეითი (and not ქეთი (Keti) or ქეთო ( Keto),
Фёдор – ფიოდორ (Fyodor) and not თეოდორ (Theodor), Алекса́ндр
ალექსანდრ (Alexandr) and not Alexander, etc.
G. Tsibakhashvili also discusses the problems of translating
pseudonyms, nicknames and speaking names with additional functions.
According to his conclusion, a pseudonym should not be translated,
whereas a nickname should. As for the speaking names (anthroponyms,
toponyms), Tsibakhashvili maintains different approaches during
translation: a speaking name is translated, but a surname is not. This
is because, in the case of the translation of the latter, the nationalspecific image of the work changes completely.
The speaking/functional name is mostly found in fiction (mainly,
in children’s literature) and publicistic texts. It is a unique trope,
is stylistically marked and serves to create the personality of the
character. Thus, it has both semantic meaning and expressive-emotional
parameters.
To analyze the difficulties of translating speaking/functional names
from one language to another, we chose T. S. Eliot’s Old Possum’s Book of
Practical Cats and its Russian and Georgian translations. It is noteworthy that there are many Russian translations of this book (incomplete: by
S. Marshak, N. Goli, S. Stepanov, B. Letarov; complete by V. Betak, S.
Dobovitskaya, A. Birger, A. Sergeev, I. Polyuakhtov and Y. Koval). The
text was translated into Georgian by Z. Ratiani and A. Kopaliani. In 2021,
Anna Kopaliani’s translation won the “Best Translation of the Year”
nomination for the “Saba” literary award.
Tomas S. Eliot began work on Old Possum’s Book of Practical Cats in
1934-35. The book was fi rst published with the writer’s illustrations in
1939 by Faber and Faber Publishing House.
Tomas S. Eliot’s book includes 15 poems. Each chapter has its
own title represented mostly by speaking/functional names (author’s
felinonyms or “variations on cats from famous poems and songs”): The
Old Gumbie Cat, Growltiger’s Last Stand, The Rum Tum Tugger,
Mungojerrie and Rumpelteazer, The Song of the Jellicles, Mungojerrie
and Rumpelteazer, Old Deuteronomy, Mr Mistoff elees, Macavity: The
Mystery Cat, Bustopher Jones: The Cat about Town... Each chapter of the
book is both an independent poem and an integral part of the text
structure.
Comparing the speaking names of T.S. Eliot’s book Old Possum’s
Book of Practical Cats and their translations (Russian, Georgian)
revealed that translators use different methods of translating names:
transcription, transliteration (implicit information is lost, in such cases),
partial and full calques (semes of the original text are preserved),
contextual translation and also, neologisms are created.
We think that when translating speaking/functional names, it is
necessary to preserve the meaningful and expressive information
embedded in them, preserving the national-cultural semantic
components
Significance of the contract for the fair presentation of financial statements (ხელშეკრულების მნიშვნელობა ფინანსური ანგარიშგების სამართლიან წარდგენაში)
No full text1. C. Steven Bradford . (2011). Crowdfunding and the Federal Securities Laws . COLUMBIA BUSINESS LAW
REVIEW, 150. Retrieved from http://ssrn.com/abstract=1916184
2. IASB. (2022, July 22). https://saras.gov.ge/ka/Ifrs/Pdf/580. Retrieved from
https://saras.gov.ge/ka/Ifrs/Pdf/580.
3. IBM. (2022, October 21).
https://www.ibm.com/topics/smartcontracts#:~:
text=Smart%20contracts%20are%20simply%20programs,intermediary's%20involvement%20
or%20time%20loss. Retrieved from https://www.ibm.com/topics/smartcontracts#:~:
text=Smart%20contracts%20are%20simply%20programs,intermediary's%20involvement%2
0or%20time%20loss.
4. Markus Kaulartz, J. Heckmann. (2016). Smart Contracts – Anwendungen der Blockchain-Technologie.
Computer und Recht, 618.
5. Mateja Durovic. (2019, October 25). https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/cambridge-handbookof-
smart-contracts-blockchain-technology-and-digital-platforms/formation-of-smart-contracts-undercontract-
law/5935C0C4FE5AB265B25697D8107D8D25. Retrieved from
https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/cambridge-handbook-of-smart-contracts-blockchaintechnology-
and-digital-platforms/formation-of-smart-contracts-under-contractlaw/
5935C0C4FE5AB265B25697D8107D8D25.
6. TIM SMITH. (2022, July 14). https://www.investopedia.com/terms/c/crowdfunding.asp. Retrieved from
https://www.investopedia.com/terms/c/crowdfunding.asp.
7. Vardiashvili M., Maisuradze M. (2016). On accounting the revenue-related contracts according to
international standards. Innovative Economy and Problems of its Formation in Post-Communist Countries
(pp. pp. 396-399). Tbilisi: Publishing House of Paata Gugushvili Institute of Economics.
8. ზ. გაბისონია . (2020). „გონიერი კონტრაქტის“ (Smart Contract) სამართლებრივი რეგულირების
ზოგიერთი კონცეპტუალური საკითხი. . შედარებითი სამართლის ჟურნალი, 45-59.• The contract is based on the recognition of obligations, the selection criterion of which is the difference
between goods and services. In case of modification of contracts, it is important to apply the rule to reflect the
requirements of IFRS 15 in practice. This requires the economic entity to identify the criterion for the
separation of additional goods and services – the possibility of receiving benefits from them separately.
• The content of the digital contract is a computer program and does not legally correspond to traditional
contracts. These contracts are "attached" to the traditional contract and provide for the conclusion,
performance and termination of the contract. Thus, a digital contract as a computer program should be
separated from the contract in that it facilitates the conclusion, performance and termination.
• Legal recognition of digital contracts requires the creation of a legal and legislative environment that
automates the process of drafting, concluding, performing and enforcing legal contract
The theoretical foundations of economic models (ეკონომიკური მოდელების თეორიული საფუძვლები)
No full text1. Card, David; Krueger, Alan B. (1995). Myth and Measurement: The New Economics of the Minimum
Wage. Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-04823-1.
2. Angrist, Joshua D.; Krueger, Alan B. (1991). "Does Compulsory School Attendance Affect Schooling and
Earnings?". The Quarterly Journal of Economics. 106 (4): 979–
1014. doi:10.2307/2937954. JSTOR 2937954. S2CID 153718259
3. Wooldridge M. Jeffrey. (2009) Introductory Econometrics. A Modern Approach. Michigan State
University. Fourth Edition.Economics is about the distribution of limited resources among alternative uses. To explain this process,
economists develop simple economic models by abstracting from reality. These models have some
mathematical foundations and encompass only the necessary characteristics of the market. The study
discusses the theory behind the development of such models and the problems encountered in the process. As
no model describes reality perfectly, the question is to tell whether a model is good enough. Moreover, the
study discusses a new method of conducting empirical research by utilizing experimental data, where
economists try to find natural experiments and show causal relationships between variables
The Tomb of Giorgi Kazbegi (1839-1921) has been traced in Istanbul
No full textThe tomb of Giorgi Kazbegi, a prominent public figure,chairman
of the Society for Spreading Literacy among Georgians (1908-1921), a
graduate of the General Staff of the Russian Empire, lieutenant general,
writer and scientist, has not been known until recently.
The Georgian National Academy of Sciences, National Agency for
Cultural Heritage Preservation and Batumi Shota Rustaveli State University
have sent a team of scientists to the Republic of Turkey,Istanbul
to find the lost grave of Giorgi Kazbegi. The search team shifted all its
attention to the Greek Orthodox necropolis in Shishli. With the help of
Father Demetrios, the pastor of the church of the Transfiguration, we
have traced the book of the dead which is now kept in the archive of the
Greek Orthodox Church of St.Mary.
The entry in the Latin alphabet of the book informs us: Giorgi
Kazbegi died on March 24, 1921.Funeral expenses №15674 in accordance
with the receipt in 540 kurush (at a modern exchange rate -approximately 250 Euros) as it should not seem surprising , paid by Consulate
of Soviet Russia. Unfortunately, in 1924 due to nonpayment of maintenance
and care costs for this №519 grave, the body of Giorgi Kazbegi
was transferred to the collective grave
ცოდვა, დანაშაული და დანაშაულობა
No full textოცდამეერთე საუკუნეში, კვლავაც ამოუხსნელია დანაშაულისა და დანაშაულობის ფენომენი. დანაშაულ(ობ)ის პრობლემატიკაზე, კრიმინოლოგიაში მრავალი ბიოლოგიური, ფსიქოლოგიური და სოციოლოგიური თეორია არსებობს. თანამედროვე კრიმინოლოგიამ, თეორიებისა და კონცეფციების ინტეგრირებულ მეთოდსაც მიმართა. თუმცა, ამ მიდგომამ დადებითი შედეგი მაინც ვერ გამოიღო, რადგან კრიმინოგენური სიტუაცია მსოფლიოში სულ უფრო საშიშ ხასიათს ღებულობს; ჩნდება დანაშაულის გამოვლინების ახალი ფორმები და იზრდება დანაშაულობის გავრცელების მასშტაბები. აღნიშნულ ფონზე, მნიშვნელობას იძენს ჰამარტიოლოგია (Hamartiology),ქრისტიანულიმოძღვრებაცოდვისშესახებ, რადგან მიჩნეულია, რომ ცოდვა წარმოადგენს ზოგადად ყველა ნეგატიური მოვლენის სათავეს, და მათ შორის, დანაშაულ(ობ)ის.
აღნიშნული სტატია იკვლევს დანაშაულის საკანონმდებლო და დანაშაულობის კრიმინოლოგიურ ცნებებში ტრანსცედენტულ და ცოდვის ნიშან-თვისებებს. ირკვევა, რომ ორივე კატეგორია,კონცეპტუალურადცოდვისგამოვლინებისფორმებია, რაც მეცნიერული თვალსაზრისით, შესაძლებლობას იძლევა, დანაშაულისა და დანაშაულობის კონცეფციები, სრულიად „ახლებურად“ იქნას გააზრებული.
In the twenty-first century, the phenomenon of crime and criminality is still unexplained. There are many biological, psychological and sociological theories on the problem of crime and criminality in criminology. Modern criminology has also applied an integrated method of theories and concepts. However, this approach has not yet yielded positive results, as the criminogenic situation in the world is becoming increasingly dangerous; new forms of crime are emerging and the scale of crime is increasing. Taking into consideration the given setup, the Hamartiology, the Christian doctrine of sin, is gaining importance as sin is considered to be the source of all negative events in general, including crime and criminality.
The present article expolres the transcendental and features of sin in the legislative and criminological concepts of crime and criminality. It turns out that both categories are conceptual forms of sin, which, from a scientific viewpoint, allows the concepts of crime and criminality to be shaped in a completely “new” manner
კონტროლის მექანიზმები ფარულ საგამოძიებო მოქმედებებზე
No full textნაშრომი უკავშირდება ფარულ საგამოძიებო მოქმედებებზე კონტროლის სისტემის ეფექტურობისა და საკმარისობის პრობლემებს, არსებული რეგულაციების საერთაშორისო სტანდარტებთან შესაბამისობის, ფარული საგამოძიებო მოქმედებების განხორციელებისას კერძო პირთა პირადი ავტონომიის, პირადი ცხოვრების ხელშეუხებლობის დაცვისა და გამოძიების ინტერესებს შორის თანაფარდობის საკითხებთან დაკავშირებულ გამოწვევებს. სტატიაში განხილულია ოპერატიულ-ტექნიკური სააგენტოს, როგორც ფარული საგამოძიებო მოქმედებების განმახორციელებელი ორგანოს როლი და დანიშნულება. გაანალიზებულია სააგენტოს საქმიანობის კონტროლის ინსტიტუციური და ტექნოლოგიური მექანიზმები. კერძოდ, საპარლამენტო კონტროლი, სამთავრობო (პრემიერ–მინისტრი), საფინანსო კონტროლი,სასამართლო კონტროლი, პერსონალურ მონაცემთა დაცვის სამსახურის უფროსის მიერ განხორციელებული კონტროლი, კონტროლის მექანიზმები ფარული საგამოძიებო მოქმედების შედეგად მოპოვებული ინფორმაციის / მასალის შენახვასა და განადგურებაზე. ასევე განხილულია ადამიანის უფლებათა ევროპული სასამართლოს მიერ დადგენილი სტანდარტები დაფარული საგამოძიებო მოქმედებების მარეგულირებელი ნორმების შესაბამისობა აღნიშნულ სტანდარტებთან. ყურადღება გამახვილებულია ფარულ საგამოძიებო მოქმედებებზე კონტროლის სისტემის ნაკლოვანებებზე, საკანონმდებლო ხარვეზებზე, ზედამხედველობის განხორციელებისას არსებულ გამოწვევებზე და გამოთქმულია წინადადებები/რეკომენდაციები კანონმდებლობის დახვეწის მიზნით
David Kldiashvili’s Character Names
No full textეძღვნება თსუ-ს ემერიტუს პროფესორ ლელი ბარამიძის დაბადებიდან 90-ე წლისთავს/ Dedicated to the 90th Birthday of Emeritus Professor of TSU Leli BaramidzeIn classical literature the choice of character names does not seem to be an
automatic, easy process. This is the case with David Kldiashvili’s works as well. Unlike E.
Ninoshvili and G. Tsereteli, David Kldiashvili does not employ any telltale names in his
writings. At first sight, the character names evidenced in his works are ordinary, widespread
Christian names encountered in Imereti region of Georgia: Platon, Kirile,
Aristo, Jimsher… Melano, Elene, Dariko; the family names also sound realistic: Samanishvili,
Miminoshvili, Bregadze, Kamushadze… Thus, picking a specific Christian or
family name for a character does not seem to be essential for D. Kldiashvili. However,
the study of the writer’s manuscripts has proved the opposite: in the process of creating
his works the author often changed character names, he seemed to be in constant
search of suitable names for them. In this reference, Sergo Kldiashvili’s (David Kldiashvili’s
son) memoirs on one of the stories -“Solomon Morbeladze”, are of particular
interest: David Kldiashvili told his son: “I had the plot of the story, but I couldn’t decide
on a name for the main character; that troubled me and hindered me from finishing the
story.” At that time, it happened so, that he heard the family name Morbedadze, that
according to D. Kldiashvili struck him “as a surprise, I modified Morbedadze to Morbeladze,
the family name ‘dragged’ the Christian name Solomon, and the story was
written with ease. It was not just work but a true pleasure!’ It is difficult to say why the
family name Morbeladze ‘dragged’ the Christian name – Solomon, or why the writer
considered this pair to be a perfect match for his character.
Obviously, David Kldiashvili tries to fit names to his characters on the basis of their
personal qualities; as the writer suggests: every character should have “a name of their
own and not a borrowed one”. The given phenomenon triggers a number of questions;
is it plausible to answer them or find any explanation to the above-said? Presumably,
the answers are known to the author…or, more convincingly, to the one “who grants us
inspiration” (Anna Kalandadze)
COVID-19 pandemic impact on study migration and it’s socio-economic consequences (COVID-19 პანდემიის გავლენა სასწავლო მიგრაციაზე და მისი სოციალურ-ეკონომიკური შედეგები)
No full text1. E. Kharaishvili, M. Chavleishvili, M. Lobzhanidze, N. Damenia, N. Sagareishvili. Problems of Youth Employment in
Agricultural Sector of Georgia and Causes of Migration. World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology
International Journal of Social, Behavioral, Educational, Economic, Business and Industrial Engineering Vol:11, No:10,
2017.
2. Tukhashvili M., Labor Potential of Georgia, Tbilisi, TSU Publishing, 1998.
3. National Youth Research in Georgia, UNICEF, unite for children, 2014, http://unicef.ge/uploads/Final_Geo_Adolescents_and_Youth_in_Georgi a.pdf
4. Employment and unemployment, National Statistics Office of Georgia, 2016, www.geostat.ge/index.php?action=page&p-
_id=146&lang=eng.
5. Lobzhanidze M., Youth Employment Problems and Economic Sustainability Problems in Georgia, proceedings of the
international scientific an practical conference Innovative Economy and the problems of its Formation in Post-communist
Countries, p. 279.
6. Tukhashvili Mirian, Tsartsidze Murman, Latsabidze Natela, Lobzhanidze Manana, Shelia Mzia European Journal of
Humanities and Social Sciences Scientific journal, No 3 2018, ISSN 2414-2344
https://ppublishing.org/upload/iblock/239/EJH-3_2018.pdf
7. განათლების საერთაშორისო ცენტრი, https://iec.gov.ge/
8. საქართველოს სტატისტიკის ეროვნული სამსახური www.geostat.ge.
9. საქართველოს სტატისტიკის ეროვნული სამსახური, მოსახლეობის ძირითადი დემოგრაფიული მაჩვენებლები
http://geostat.ge/?action=page&p_id=151&lang=geo
10. იუნესკო-ს სტატისტიკის ინსტიტუტის მონაცემები http://uis.unesco.org/indicator/edu-mobility-in-countryCOVID-19 pandemic contributed to significant changes in migration processes, changes in educational
migration should be noted. Restrictions caused by COVID-19 pandemic had negative impact on effectiveness of
educational process. Educational process has partially or completely shifted towards distance learning.
Distance learning is a new challenge not only for Georgia, but for the world. Experience for pandemic
management is non-existent. Hence, health and especially educational sector were unprepared for COVID-19
pandemic. Having insufficient computer equipment as well as inadequate amount of digital technologies are one of
the main challenges for the educational sector. Access to high quality internet is a big problem in rural areas.
Which was most negatively reflected in the education sector. The quality of learning has declined during distance
learning