Dspace, Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University
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SOME ASPECTS OF MODERN METHODS OF TEACHING RUSSIAN AS A FOREIGN LANGUAGE
No full textAmong the many principles of teaching aimed at the formation
and activation of the speech-cogitative activity of students, a special
place is occupied by the principle of global learning objectives, which
ensures the achievement of three main goals: educational, practical
and educational. The acquisition of various kinds of knowledge,
communication and speech skills, as well as the formation of personality
are the principles that play a significant role in the learning process.
In the classroom for teaching a foreign language, it is important to
turn to interactive technologies, which ensures the activity of each
student in the classroom, brings up responsibility for the results of the
educational process. With such teaching methods, all participants in
the educational process – students and teachers – interact with each
other, simulate situations in an atmosphere of mutual support. The
student’s experience serves as the main source of learning knowledge.
The task of the teacher is to provide opportunities for the formation and
development of such personality traits in students as independence,
creativity, communication, responsibility for their choice and results
of activities. According to the methodologists, each lesson should
have clearly defined specific goals. From this point of view, fairy tales
as the main text for teaching are the richest material for considering
life situations in the process of language training of students of any
specialties. We used fairy tales when working with law students. The
students had to find any violation of the law in the read fairy tale and
give it a legal qualification. The students distributed among themselves
the roles of a judge, lawyer, prosecutor, etc., in other words, they
imitated the trial. The purpose of our lesson was to prepare students
for the situation that is part of their future profession. The upcoming trial of the characters of the fairy tale aroused professional interest
among the participants. The lesson in the form of a game had specifi c
educational goals related to improving the communicative culture of
future specialists. At the same time, the trial game required students
to have theoretical knowledge in the fi eld of jurisprudence, as well as
knowledge of offi cial business vocabulary and speech etiquett. The
confl ict of the characters of the fairy tale, who considered themselves
friends, presented for discussion, not only enabled students to show
knowledge of legal laws, but also allowed them to fi x their own position
in relation to the topic “What a real friend should be”, which became
the subject of discussion on the initiative of the students themselves
Financial issues of tobacco policy and control (თამბაქოს პოლიტიკისა და კონტროლის ფინანსური საკითხები)
No full text1. NCDC, გაეროს განვითარების პროგრამა. (2018). თამბაქოს კონტროლის პოლიტიკის
საინვესტიციო შემთხვევა. საქართველო: გაეროს განვითარების პროგრამა, RTI international,
თამბაქოს კონტროლის ჩარჩო კონვენციის სამდივნო.
2. საქართველოს კანონი თამბაქოს კონტროლის შესახებ. კონსოლიდირებული ვერსია. 2022
წელი
3. საქართველოს კანონი რეკლამის შესახებ. კონსოლიდირებული ვერსია. 2022 წელი
4. საქართველოს კანონი მაუწყებლობის შესახებ. კონსოლიდირებული ვერსია. 2021 წელი
5. საქართველოს ადმინისტრაციულ სამართალდარღვევათა კოდექსი. კონსოლიდირებული
ვერსია. 2022 წელი
6. საქართველოში გასაყიდად განკუთვნილი თამბაქოს ნაწარმისა და მათი შეფუთვის
სტანდარტიზაციის ტექნიკური რეგლამენტი. 18/05/2022
7. საქართველოს საგადასახადო კოდექსი. კონსოლიდირებული ვერსია. 2022 წელი
8. საქართველოს სტატისტიკის ეროვნული სამსახური. გარე საქონლის ვაჭრობა. ამოღებულია
https://www.geostat.ge/en/modules/categories/765/external-merchandise-trade 25/09/2022
9. ISSA. თამბაქოს მოხმარების კვლევა საქართველო שი, 2020. სოციალური კვლევებისა და
ანალიზის ინსტიტუტი.
10. Tsertsvadze V., Khurtsia L. Success and challenges of Georgian tobacco taxation policy. Journal of Politics
and Democratization. Vol 5. Issue 3. Jul 2022. E-ISSN 2449-2671
11. Council directive 2011/64/eu of 21 june 2011 on the structure and rates of excise duty applied to
manufactured tobacco (codification). Official journal of the European Union 05/07/2011
12. Association agreement between the European Union and the European Atomic Energy Community and
their member states, of the one part, and Georgia, of the other part. Official journal of the European
Union. Legislation. Volume 57. 30 August 2014. English edition.
13. Little M, Ross H, Bakhturidze G, Kachkachishvili I. Analysis of the illicit tobacco market in Georgia in
response to fiscal and non-fiscal tobacco control measures. Tob Control. 2021 Jun 10. Epub ahead of
print. PMID: 34112646.
14. Pavlo Yavorsky. Tobacco taxation: Ukrainian experience and recommendations for Moldova. Kyiv School
of economics (Kyiv, school of economics). Report. 2021
15. WHO. WHO technical manual on tobacco tax policy and administration. 2021The overall goal of tobacco control policies is to reduce the prevalence of tobacco use and prevent
tobacco-related deaths and illnesses. Along with the changes implemented at the legislative level, significant
steps were taken in the field of tobacco taxation in Georgia. The article was prepared according to the Health
Promotion Policy Framework of the Center for Disease Control of Georgia. It studies the impact of tax rates on
the consumption of tobacco products, the effect of substitution, Georgian data is compared with similar data
of Ukraine and Moldova. Tobacco policy is analyzed in terms of affordability, inflation and increased income.
The article analyses earmarking model and the creation of a targeted healthcare fund
Analysis of the experience of the Baltic States and its deliberation in the formation of Georgian labor market policy (in the context of the Covid-19 pandemic) (ბალტიის ქვეყნების გამოცდილების ანალიზი და მისი გათვალისწინება საქართველოს შრომის ბაზრის პოლიტიკის ფორმირებაში (კოვიდ-19 პანდემიის კონტექსტით))
No full text1. გველესიანი რ., ბედიანაშვილი გ. (2021). დოზირებისა და დაყოვნების პრობლემა ეკონომიკური პოლიტიკის
ინსტრუმენტების გამოყენების პროცესში. გლობალიზაცია და ბიზნესი #11, გვ. 18.
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სამეწარმეო პოლიტიკის ცვლილების მამოძრავებელი ძალა. გლობალიზაცია და ბიზნესი. გვ. 93.
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პოსტპანდემიური პერიოდებში. "ეკონომიკა – XXI საუკუნე". ივანე ჯავახიშვილის სახელობის თბილისის სახელმწიფო უნივერსიტეტის პაატა გუგუშვილის სახელობის ეკონომიკის ინსტიტუტის საერთაშორისო სამეცნიერო
კონფერენცია.
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პერიოდში. რეკომენდაციების პაკეტი საქართველოს მთავრობისთვის. ღია საზოგადოების ფონდი. წვდომის
თარიღი: 25.01.2022. https://osgf.ge/rogor-unda-daekhmaros-mtavroba-umushevrad-darchenilebs-rekomendaciebi/
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საერთაშორისო სამეცნიერო კონფერენცია "ეკონომიკური განვითარების სტრუქტურული და ინოვაციური პრობლემები" # 1 (1). გვ. 489.
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ჯავახიშვილის სახელობის თბილისის სახელმწიფო უნივერსიტეტის პაატა გუგუშვილის სახელობის ეკონომიკის ინსტიტუტის საერთაშორისო სამეცნიერო კონფერენცია.
8. პაპავა ვ., სილაგაძე ა. (2019). „სიახლე ქართულ ეკონომიკურ ტერმინოლოგიაში“, ჟურნალი „ეკონომიკა და
ბიზნესი“, N1, გვ. 180-182.
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https://www.gfsis.org/ge/blog/view/1000
10. OECD. (20021). Labour Market and Social Policies in the Baltic Countries. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and
Development წვდომის თარიღი 18.01.2022. https://read.oecd-ilibrary.org/employment/labour-market-and-socialpolicies-in-the-baltic-countries_9789264100077-en#page1
11. Archvadze, I., (2020). Transformation of state function in the postpandemic period. Economy and Business, N2; (In
Georgian)
12. Åslund A. (2013). How Capitalism Was Built: The Transformation of Central and Eastern Europe, Russia, the Caucasus,
and Central Asia, 2nd ed., New York: Cambridge University Press.
13. Åslund A. (2015). The baltic tigers: Past, present and future. Ifo Institute, Munich, 2015 in: CESifo Forum 16 (4), 03-08.
14. Mekvabishvili E. (2020). Why did Economists Fail to Predict the Global Financial Crisis? Economics and Business.
Referential and Reviewed International Scientific-Analytical Journal. Volume XII, N 3.
15. კაკულია მ., კაპანაძე ნ. (2020). ანტიპანდემიური შეზღუდვების და მთავრობის ანტიკრიზისული ღონისძიებების
გავლენა დასაქმებაზე, შემოსავლებსა და სიღარიბის დონეზე საქართველოში. ფრიდრიხ ებერტის ფონდი.
თბილისი. წვდომის თარიღი: 25.01.2022. https://www.gfsis.org/files/library/pdf/Georgian-2901.pdf
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18. OECD. (1994). OECD Jobs Study. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development წვდომის თარიღი:
15.01.2022 https://www.oecd.org/els/emp/1868601.pdfThe article analyzes the measures to be taken in order to improve the results of labor market policy. The
article discusses labor market policies developed by international organizations for countries with transitional
economies. In addition, examples are given of countries that have successfully implemented this policy. The article
also focuses on the problems associated with economic policy-making process, suggests ways to solve these problems, and facilitate effective labor market policy-making process. At the same time article discusses the
changes in the labor market caused by the effects of the Covid-19 pandemic and the challenges that economic
policy makers are facing due to the new reality. This article suggests the ways to address the effects of the
pandemic in the economic policy-making process
FROM THE HISTORY OF THE SETTLEMENT OF JEWS IN CHINA
No full textThe contacts of the Jewish people with China began with the launch of the Great Silk Road (2nd century BC), which connected the Western world and the countries of Asia through the first transcontinental highway. From that time on, trade caravans of peoples of different nationalities traveled along the Silk Road to Central and East Asia, Iran, the Transcaucasia, and the Mediterranean basin. Among them were Jews who migrated to different parts of the world from ancient times- .The paper highlights on the first arrival of Jews in China and their set- 78 tlement there. Information about these events is kept in written sources of the Middle Ages (IX-XIV centuries) in various languages according to which, the first influx of Jews hit China from Iran and India, through the Silk Road. Sources unanimously state the existence of Jewish communities and colonies in various cities of China, as well as their successful activities, especially in trade and crafts. The
compact settlement of large groups of Jews in China began during the reign of Tang Dynasty (618-907), namely in the VIII century. Distinguished in this respect was the ancient historical city of Kaifeng (Henan Province), where the first Jewish community was established and the first synagogue was built in 1663. It is noteworthy that the Jewish religion did not suffer persecution in China. Moreover, after some time, the Jews who settled in China, received a wide range of rights from the government as a reward for their loyal service to the country.They could practice all their religious customs without restriction. In fact, the powers of the "Chinese" Jews were almost equal to the rights of the local Chinese population. In the course of time process of assimilation of Jews to a certain extent with Chinese culture, Confucian ideology and the reality norms of middle ages China
Economic VS social values in entrepreneurial policy (ეკონომიკური ღირებულებები სოციალურის საპირწონედ სამეწარმეო პოლიტიკაში)
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23. სამოქალაქო საზოგადოება: ფონდ ევრაზიის გრანტის C97-0124 საფუძველზე / [რედ.:
ლევან ბერძენიშვილი და გიგა ბოკერია] ; სამოქალაქო განვითარების საერთაშ. ცენტრი –
თბ., 1998Insights in social-economic developments suggest that enhancing the economic benefits of rural
development is not necessarily a conditional requirement to enhance domestic resource mobilization, as this
contains also social aspects. Hence, a critical assessment of the conditions under which development initiatives
can be beneficial socially is necessary. The aim of this article is to identify what sort of values and qualitative
indicators should be employed to measure the social dimension of large scale entrepreneurial projects, and to
assess whether with such indicators one can optimize analytical tools in decision making process. we induce
how one can apply game applications of experimental economics to measure empirical indicators of social
capital. Hence, if we apply games as a way to explore scenarios we are better able to address sustainable
solutions in rural development sector
A RECEPTION OF GALAKTION’S POETRY IN THE LITERARY CRITIQUE OF THE 1950S
No full textივანე ჯავახიშვილის დაბადებიდან 146-ე წლისთავისადმი მიძღვნილი სამეცნიერო კონფერენციაThe 1950s marked a turning point in the history of Soviet public life
and culture. During this decade, the literary process became much more
intense, a new generation of writers and critics came to the arena, and after
the death of “The Great Leader” came the era of “warming”, which became
the beginning of a great change in the field of literature and art.
At the end of the 40s, it can be said that a new stage begins in the work
of Galaktion Tabidze. It was during this period that Galaktion’s second poetic
reform was finally formed. Qualitative novelty becomes visible in the
field of both thematic and poetic style; Moral issues are the focus of the
poet. An ironic-parody fl ow digs into his poetry; Is changing the poetic intonation;
The poetic language of Galaktion achieves amazing controversy.
It is interesting to see how much all this has been noticed by Galaktion’s
modern literary critique, and in general, by what problems the galaktinology
of the 1950s was interested in.
Overall, several major areas of galaktiology in the 1950s have been
identified:
The first stream is created by official Soviet criticism (D. Benashvili, S.
Chilaia, G. Jibladze, E. Shushania, G. Merkviladze, etc.), which, based on the
method of sociology, discusses Galaktion’s creative evolution, links the poet’s
pessimistic views to the defeat of the First Revolution. The second direction is created by the poets who oppose Galaktion
and the critics of their circle, who categorically oppose the attempt of the
Soviet literary critics to remove Galaktion from the title of “decadent” and
“symbolist”. They do not miss the opportunity to remind the poet of “old
sins”.
The third direction is created by literary historians (M. Ebralidze, Ks.
Sikharulidze, Gr. Kiknadze), who according to their competence study the
issue of Galaktion’s relationship with the literary tradition (M. Ebralidze
− with old Georgian literature, Ks. Sikharulidze − with folklore, and Gr. Kiknadze
in relation to the Georgian lyric traditions of the century).
In the fourth stream we should consider essayistic criticism (T. Chiladze,
G. Asatiani, A. Gatserelia). These articles are written in an essayistic
manner and are free from the stereotypes so characteristic of Soviet literature.
A common feature of these works is that their authors are interested
in Galaktion’s poetry primarily as a literary phenomenon and not as a form
of reflection of a certain public consciousness. Another common feature
of these publications is that they require not only Galaktion’s poetry but
also a description of the poet’s psychotype. In these publications, one can
already feel the authors’ distancing from the object of evaluation, which is
reflected in the fact that critics consider Galaktion’s work not as one of the
tributaries of the current literary process, but as belonging to the history
of literature. According to these articles, Galaktion does not even appear
as one of the most prominent poets of modern times, but as a distant, inaccessible
creator, a classic, who has already become the part of the myth
ვერიზმი XIX საუკუნის პროზაში. VERISMO IN THE PROSE OF THE XIX CENTURY
Get PDFThe problem of verismo appears in the prose works created at
the end of the XIX century. Verismo is characterized by two directions.
Human misery and difficult social conditions are reflected in
one cycle of short stories, while the writings of the other group of
writers show an attempt to reflect the inner world of a human. If the first depicts rural life, the second group of writers depicts urban life
and creates the faces of intellectuals.
“Naturalist elements are presented in a sufficient dose in the
works of the first group of writers. This branch of the Georgian writers
of the 90s is closer to the Italian variety of naturalism, which is
known as Verismo” (Andronikashvili, 1984:209). Egnate Ninoshvili is
the most visible representative of this direction.
The process of deglorification of the characters is typical for
such compositions. The characters of Egnate Ninoshvili feel their
feebleness in the universe, they are drained of high ideals and their
survival instinct drives them. We find such faces of characters in all
creative works of the writer.
Italy is the birthplace of verismo and its founder father is
Giovanni Verga. Representatives of Italian Verismo are also Capuana
and Pirandello, however, Luigi Pirandello is freed from the influence
of Verismo in the second stage of his creative works.
It is noteworthy that in the early nineteenth century, Romanticism
introduced the problem of the “extra man” into literature. This
is a person isolated from society, locked in himself. The question of
the relation between the ideal and the reality creates a contradiction
in its existence. This is not the face of a human in public relations.
Realists portrayed their characters in real public relations, in
specific social, historical, and cultural contexts. In real human relationships,
their face and character are formed. At the same time,
it raises the issue of human alienation. “The authors of the works
ask the question, what should be the relationship between the individual
and the society, and the society must answer this question”
(Vardoshvili, 2018:94).
The characters, depicted in the social novel characteristic for
critical realism, are powerful artistic figures fighting against vices in
the public relations. At the same time, the realists oppose decadent
literature. Thus, the “extra man” at the beginning of the century appears to
be a “little man” at the end of the century. The problem of the “little
man” is related to the issue of verismo in the world literature
The Main Problems of Students in Writing and Speaking and Ways to Overcome Them (Analysis of Survey Results)
Get PDFThe subject of the present study is the analysis of the main problems
encountered in students’ written and oral practice. In addition, we have
discussed ways to overcome and improve them. To find out these issues,
empirical research was based on the interview method. It was attended by
first-year students of higher education institutions in Georgia. A total of 50
students aged 18 to 20 from various programs were interviewed. The survey
was conducted in a remote format. We asked the students in the study the
following wording: “What do you think is the main problem you see as a student in writing and teaching practice and how do you see ways to overcome
and improve it?”, to which we received a variety of answers. Thus, the novelty
of the research is the fact that in the analysis of the issues we rely entirely on
the opinions expressed by the students. It should also be noted that the
present study does not aim to analyze the linguistic errors observed in the
material obtained as a result of the survey. The research focuses only on the
content of the interviews − how the students themselves see the issue, taking
into account their own or others’ experiences, and how they deal with the
problem of writing and speaking. Most of the students surveyed are aware
that there are certain types of problems associated with linguistic errors in
their own written and oral practice; Some of them name specifically which
side has to be reinforced and what kind of gaps there are, for example, punctuation,
morphological, syntactic, lexical, stylistic, etc. Some students, though,
share and agree with the idea that they do indeed have problems with
writing and speaking, though they cannot single out exactly what kind. The
main problem that students are pointing out is the fear of appearing in front
of an audience, the student is not proficient in formulating arguments and
counter-arguments correctly, as well as choosing the appropriate style based
on the purpose of speech, formulating their opinion convincingly and using
appropriate vocabulary, etc. All in all, the study of the analytical material and
the recommendations made by the students showed interesting and varied
results
FOR THE ETYMOLOGY OF ONE TOPONYM
Get PDFThe Caucasus region has been attracting the attention of world
scientists for a long time. Cultural and linguistic relations between
peoples clearly leave traces on the ancient vocabulary, which has not
been fully studied.
Even today, it remains a question mark in science as to where the
original habitat of the aboriginal peoples of the Mediterranean could
have been. The ancient culture of the Mediterranean Sea reaches the
Caucasus. In science, there is an opinion about the kinship relationship
between the Georgian and previous Greek tribes. Borrowings from
languages whose speakers must have come to the Caucasus from
the south are recorded in the Georgian languages. Thus, the ratio of Mesopotamian – (pre-) Greek lexical encounters is also significant,
which also points to the South-Eastern Anatolian origin of the ancient
Aegean languages.
According to the recognition of foreign scientists, many terms or
names, which are related to the Georgian languages and directly to the
Megrelian language, have entered the Greek language from the languages
of the previous Greek tribes – the Pelasgians or others. Scientists do not
dispute that Greek and Pelasgian are different languages. The presence
of Pelasgian words in the Megrelianlanguage also indicates the ancient
connections of the Colchian kingdom. The previous Greek geographical
names are connected to the Kartvelian world, where these tribes lived
or the Pelasgian population was spread.
More than one ancient source informs us about Aegean migrations
in the Caucasus in the Mycenaean era. There were such migrations before
and after Troy. The ancient Aegean migration to Kolkheti is described
by E.Corinfell. Connections of Pelasgian and Colchian population can
be seen with many ancient Greek poets. Old sources also refer to
Makrisians as Pelasgians.
After this brief overview, let’s move on to the geographical name
“Nakhuturu” found in the toponymy of Samegrelo, which is interesting
to us. Time changes everything, and at the same time, researchers’
views on this or that issue also change. In the “Collection of Historical
Geography of Georgia” published in 1964, Guram Grigolia’s article “For
the explanation of one toponymic name of ancient Samegrelo” was
printed. The author points out that the toponym “Nakhuturu” can
be found in Anaklia, Ganmukhur, Kulevi and Poti, and everywhere it
is a name of the area where the cemetery is located. The researcher
believes that this toponym is derived from the Russian word “khutor”.
To confirm this, he cites the relationship between Cossacks and Megrels
in the 17th century in the correspondence of Russian ambassadors. The
Cossacks who came to the south by the sea sometimes attacked the
land and water of Samegrelo and raided its coastal villages. More often, the Cossacks marched independently or together with the Megrels to
the Ottoman coast and robbed the population. This article, written in
the deep Soviet period, suggests the existence of Cossack settlements
in the Samegrelo bar, which the population later called “Nakhuturu”
or Nakhutorali (by analogy with Nakalakari (a place where there was
a city in ancient times), Nasofl ari (a place where there was a village in
ancient times)). But here it is necessary to take into account the fact
that similar toponyms are recorded not only in Samegrelo bar, near the
mouths of big rivers, where the Cossacks may have had a temporary
marina called Khutori, but also in the mountains of Samegrelo, where
the Cossacks hadnot even set foot. Today, the place named “Nakhuturu”
can be found in almost all districts of Samegrelo, and according to the
definition of the population, it means “unconsecrated grave.” These
places have not been studied archeologically. The term “Khudar” with
the meaning of a grave is mentioned in Rismag Gordeziani’s book
“Ancient Greek and Kartvelian.” In addition to this word, many other
Kartvelian lexemes have been recorded in this book. In our opinion,
the toponym “Nakhuturu” is derived from the pre-Greek or Pelasgian
term “Khudar”. If we consider “Khudar” as the main base of the research
name, the transition of sounds d t t’ into each other is a common story
in phonetics, and na-.....-u is a prefix-suff ix producing toponyms in
Megruli (Naokhwamu – Nasaqdrali (a place where there was a temple in
ancient times), Najikhu – Natsikhari (a place where there was a fortress
in ancient times) and many others)
Multinational and Diverse Caucasus: Traugot Waldfogel's Travel notes
Get PDFტ. ვალდფოგელის კავკასიაში მოგზაურობის შთაბეჭდილებები წიგნად გერმანულ ენაზე 1897 წელს გამოიცა. ავტორი თხზულებაში - „მოგზაურობის სურათები კავკასიიდან“ - საკითხთა ფართო წრეს მიმოიხილავს. ის მკითხველს საკუთარ განცდებს უზიარებს, არ მალავს ნანახით გამოწვეულ შთაბეჭდილებებს; აღწერს კავკასიის ბუნებას, საქართველოს, აზერბაიჯანისა და სომხეთის ქალაქებსა და სოფლებს. გონებამახვილურად ეხმიანება კავკასიელების ტრადიციებს, ადათებს, რომელიც მისთვის სრულიად უცხო იყო. წიგნში უხვად გვხვდება კავკასიაში მცხოვრები სხვადასხვა ეროვნების ხალხთა აღწერა: ქართველების, თათრების, სომხების, რუსების, გერმანელების და სხვ./ Impressions of T. Waldfogel's Journey through the Caucasus were published in 1897 as a book in German. The author reviews a wide range of issues in his essay “Travel Pictures from the Caucasus”. He shares his feelings with the reader, does not hide the impressions he has seen; Describes the nature of the Caucasus, cities and villages of Georgia, Azerbaijan and Armenia. He mentally responds to the traditions and customs of Caucasians, which were completely foreign to him. The book is rich in descriptions of peoples of different nationalities living in the Caucasus: Georgians, Tatars, Armenians, Russians, Germans, etc