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SOME ISSUES OF THE DIFFERENTIATION OF THE COMMON KARTVELIAN PARENT LANGUAGE. II
Get PDFThe common viewpoint in Kartvelology, which became the basis
for the “Deetersian scheme” of the differentiation of the Common
Kartvelian parent language, supporting the earlier separation of Svan
(M. Janashvili, G. Deeters), is mainly based on the analysis of different
morphological and lexical occurrences. The results of phonological
and, in general, complex historical-comparative research, which are
necessary for the reliable reconstruction of the ancient structural
model of kindred languages, are not taken into account. At the same
time, what is also important, the method of internal reconstruction
is not properly used, without which it becomes almost impossible to
determine the dynamics of diachronic changes of a separate language
(in this case – Svan).
The author believes that with the joint use of internal reconstruction
and historical-comparative methods, it is possible to explain the
peculiar linguistic occurrences in Svan, visibly different from Georgian
and Zan. In particular, the different linguistic facts existing in Svan at
the synchronic level do not in any way imply the same difference of
this material at the diachronic level as compared to the data of other
Kartvelian languages, since it seems that this difference is not the
result of the earlier separation of Svan from the Common Kartvelian
parent language, but – of the transformations carried out historically
in Svan itself. As it turns out, in Svan, unlike Georgian and Zan, the
phonetic changes (umlautization, affricatization, desaffricatization,
spirantization...) and hence the morphological and lexical changes were
so large-scale that Svan became a “specific language type”.
The author believes that the Common Kartvelian parent language
was initially divided into two linguistic units – Georgian and Zan-Svan
– since in Zan-Svan there are occurrences that are common to them,
but different from Georgian, especially – in phonology (for example,
the formation of back row consonants from front row ones as a result
of shifting the place of articulation...). At a later stage, Georgian still does not undergo structural changes that are very different from the
Common Kartvelian parent language, and in Zan-Svan a new stage of
such changes begins (vowel shifting to back in Zan, systemic phonetic
changes of consonants in Svan, as well as morphological and lexical
changes: simplification of auslaut in Svan, new ways of formation of
passive and participle forms in Svan...), as a result of which the Zan-Svan
linguistic unity breaks up into Zan (Megrelian-Laz) and Svan languages.
Taking into account both the above-mentioned and other
standpoints known in the Kartvelology, the author believes that the
differentiation scheme of the Common Kartvelian parent language can
be presented in the following form:
Common Kartvelian Parent Language:
Zan-Svan
Zan Svan Georgia
Cryptocurrency bitcoin ecosystem, existing condition and development prospects (კრიპტოვალუტა ბიტკოინის ეკოსისტემის არსებული მდგომარეობა და განვითარების პერსპექტივები)
No full text1. Научно-Технический Энциклопедический Словарь. https://dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/ntes/5654/ЭКОСИСТЕМА/.
2. Петров, 2019. https://3commas.io/ru/blog/top-crypto-2019.
3. Новые минимумы: как для криптовалют начался 2022 год.
https://www.rbc.ru/crypto/news/61dd3e139a79479557fa856e.
4. Количество Биткоинов на данный момент – сколько осталось добыть? 2017, https://bit.ly/2AL5omk.
5. Майнинг не умрет долгие годы. Что будет после добычи всех биткоинов.
https://www.rbc.ru/crypto/news/615b01ec9a7947050cbc26f8).
6. სიჭინავა, დ. მაღრაძე, მ. (2018). კრიპტოვალუტის მაინინგი: არსებული მდგომარეობა და
პერპექტივები. III საერთაშორისო სამეცნიერო კონფერენცია. გლობალიზაციის გამოწვევები
ეკონომიკასა და ბიზნესში. შრომების კრებული, 347-351.
7. лучшие майнеры на 2022 год, 2022. https://ibmm.ru/news/top-asici-miner-in-russia-2022.
8. Что такое краны криптовалют: лучшие краны и как они работают?, (2018).
https://tehnoobzor.com/cryptolife/o-kriptovaljutah/2756-chto-takoe-krany-kriptovalyut-luchshie-kranyi-
kak-oni-rabotayut.html.
9. Термин: Онлайн-офлайн. https://bit.ly/3e6iSNM.
10. Панычев Е. (2022). Лучшие Биржи Криптовалют в 2022 – Рейтинг.
https://www.business2community.com/ru/kriptovalyuta/birzhi-kriptovalyut.
11. Капитализация Bitcoin превысила триллион долларов, 2021.
https://dzen.ru/news/story/Bitcoin_snova_obnovil_rekord--
e6f54dc1324e8a53d28a9728fccd6543?issue_tld=kz&persistent_id=135452533.
12. 1 биткоин (BTC) в долларах США (USD) на сегодня, 2022. https://bit.ly/3r9hH3f.
13. Количество криптобанкоматов в мире уже превышает 39 тыс, 2022.
https://officelife.media/news/34820-kolichestvo-kriptobankomatov-v-mire-uzhe-prevyshaet-39-tys/.
14. Безруков, В. Банк плюс криптовалюта равно… Какие банки создают криптосервисы, 2022.
https://plusworld.ru/journal/2022/plus-6-2022/bank-plyus-kriptovalyuta-ravno-kakie-banki-sozdayutkriptoservisy/.
15. Государственное регулирование рынка криптовалют, 2022.
https://ria.ru/20220120/kriptovalyuty-1768803020.html.
16. Семь стран, в которых запрещены криптовалюты, 2021.
https://vestikavkaza.ru/analytics/sem-stran-v-kotoryh-zapreseny-kriptovaluty.html.
17. პაპავა ვლადიმერი. ეკონომიკური მეცნიერების კრიზისი და ახალი პარადიგმის ძიებისათვის.
ჟურნალი „ გლობალიზაცია და ბიზნესი“. ¹6, 2018, 15-27).
18. ჭყოიძე ნ., ტომარაძე გ. ვირტუალური/კრიპტოგრაფიული ვალუტა და მისი თავისებურებები.
ვალუტების რეგულირება (BitCoin-ის მაგალითზე),(2014). ჟურნალი „ეკონომიკა და საბანკო
სქმე“, ტომი 2, ¹3, 42-57.
19. სიჭინავა დ., მაღრაძე მ. ელექტრონულ ფულზე გადასვლის წანამძღვრები და პრობლემები.
გლობალიზაცია და ბიზნესი. ¹6 2018. 177-183.
20. ლეკაშვილი ე., მამალაძე ლ. კრიპტოგრაფიული ვალუტა, როგორც სავალუტო პოლიტიკის
გამოწვევა: საქართველოს მაგალითი, 2018, ტ. 7, 87-97. (Lekashvili, E. and Mamaladze, L.
Monetary policys crypto currency challenge: the case of).The article explains the term Bitcoin ecosystem. The factors that led to the need to replace fiat money with
cryptocurrency are studied. The pros and cons of Bitcoin are shown. Ways to main and earn Bitcoin are given.
The necessary conditions for the functioning of the Bitcoin ecosystem are analyzed – exchanges, Bitcoin ATMs,
exchange points, cryptowallets, etc., current situation and prospects for their development. At the end of the
article, the conclusions are given and the necessary recommendations for the improvement of the
cryptocurrency Bitcoin ecosystem are formulated
ჟილბერტ დე ლენოი – ვერშემდგარი ჯვაროსნული ლაშქრობის პროპაგანდისტი და კურიერი. GILBERT DE LANNOY – THE PROPAGANDIST AND CURRIER OF THE FAILED CRUSADE
Get PDFThe report represents Gilbert de Lannoy – XV-th century traveler
and diplomat, who successfully participating in treaty of Troyes got
a rapid advancement in the court of Duke of Burgundy, Philip the
Good. For fully understanding the scale of Lannoy’s activities, it is
noteworthy that he was in a diplomatic service of English and Central
European Monarchs as well.
The fact that Lannoy is curious and brilliant observer, accurately
discerns as an eyewitness and at the same time he manages to be
concise and emotionally neutral, makes his notifications [Voiages et
Ambassades] as a valuable source for the reconstruction of that turbulent
epoch.
The report is concentrated on that period of Diplomat’s activities,
when he under the service of Henry Lancaster, conducted the
voyage in 1421-1423. After declaring himself sovereign of England
and France, Henry V immediately declared Crusade against Ottomans
without Pope’s input. This step was an expression of the rapid
growth of secular power and the unification of entire Christendom
under its power. This ambition was most clearly expressed by Emperor
Charles V in next century. No better candidate could be found than Gilbert de Lannoy – an
experienced person in Eastern Europe (communications with Poles,
Hungarians) to investigate, collect the information and establish
diplomatic relations. Therefore, he was selected as a courier.
He was the person who had to observe the current political climate,
military readiness and attitudes among Christians in general in
order to make this expedition possible. It is noteworthy, that the mission
of reconnaissance of ‘Holy Land’ was not even known to most
of his henchmen; Lannoy’s true intentions required formal visits and
diplomatic contacts with those (rulers)- it can also be omitted who
controlled certain section of potential route of military campaign towards
Syria-Palestine.
The route itself and the persons who Lannoy met is very interesting
(Master of Teutonic Order; King Vladislav V of Poland, who was
an ally of Ottomans against the Hungarians; Vitold, Grand Duke of
Lithuania, Byzantine Emperor Manual II and his son John); He was
also planning to visit the Ottoman court which failed due to the controversy
in Turkish sultanate after the death of the Sultan.
During his travel, Lannoy also turned out to be in Genoese port
on the Black Sea, Kaff a. Presumably, he had been instructed to mark
all the possible routes which would move a military campaign forward
more effectively. We suppose that was the reason why he insisted
on finding a guide who would be able to bypass the Black Sea and
thus move forward to Jerusalem. In case of choosing this direction
Georgian Lands might have been in the sight area of the traveler but
finally Lannoy preferred to go to Constantinople by ship.
The planned Crusade did not take place due to the death of
Henry Lancaster, although Lannoy’s notifications are indirect but yet
worthy source for the investigating the foreign vector of Georgian
realms of those days retrospectively
საკრედიტო ურთიერთობათა განვითარების ძირითადი ეტაპები
Get PDFსაქართველოში საბაზრო - ეკონომიკური ურთიერთობების განვითარებამ დღის წესრიგში
დააყენა ახალი სუბიექტების შექმნის საკითხი. წინამდებარე სტატიაში განხილულია
საკრედიტო ურთიერთობათა მონაწილე სუბიექტების შექმნისა და მათ შორის
წარმოშობილი სამართლებრივი ურთიერთობების განვითარების ძირითადი ეტაპები.
ასევე განხილულია საკანონმდებლო ცვლილებები, რომელიც განხორციელდა სესხის
გაცემის წესთან დაკავშირებით. სტატია განკუთვნილია სამართლისა და ეკონომიკური
პროფილის სტუდენტების, მეცნიერების, პრაქტიკოსების და საბანკო სამართლის
საკითხებით დაინტერესებული ფართო მკითხველისათვის
Prospects for innovative development of sectors of the economy of Georgia in the next decade
Get PDF1. აბესაძე რამაზ. საქართველოს ინოვაციური პოლიტიკა და სისტემა. თსუ პაატა გუგუშვილის ეკონომიკის ინსტიტუტის სამეცნიერო შრო-მების კრებული. ტომი XIII. თბილისი 2020. ელექტრონული რესურსი: https://www.pgie.tsu.ge/contentimage/xxxx/shr.kreb.2020.pdf
2. ბახუტაშვილი ეკატერინე. “საპარტნიორო ფონდის” თანადაფინანსე-ბით, საქართველოში სამოქალაქო თვითმფრინავების კომპოზიტური ნაწილების წარმოება იწყება. ელექტრონული რესურსი: https://www.bpn.ge/article/42369-sapartnioro-pondis-tanadapinansebit-sakartveloshi-samokalako-tvitmprinavebis-kompozituri-nacilebis-carmoeba-icqeba/
3. ბურდული ვახტანგ. ინოვაციური მასალების წარმოება და მათი გამო-ყენება ეკონომიკაში. _ თსუ პაატა გუგუშვილის ეკონომიკის ინსტი-ტუტის სამეცნიერო შრომების კრებული. თომი XI. თბილისი: 2018.
4. ბურდული ვახტანგ. საქართველოში ინოვაციების გავრცელების სექ-ტორული და რეგიონული პრობლემები. თსუ პაატა გუგუშვილის ეკონომიკის ინსტიტუტის სამეცნიერო შრომების კრებული. ტომი XIII. თბილისი, 2020. ელექრონული რესურსი: https://www.pgie.tsu.ge/contentimage/xxxx/shr.kreb.2020.pdf
5. სი-ემ-ჯი ჯგუფი გთავაზობთ ... – ელექტრონული რესურსი: http://www.composite.ge/ka/14-- da http://www.composite.ge/ka/home/8-polyester-resin.html
6. ქართველმა მეცნიერებმა და ევროკავშირის დაძმობილების პროექტის ექსპერტებმა “მწვანე გარიგების” პერსპექტივები განიხილეს. 25.09.2021, სექტემბერი. _ ელექტრონული რესურსი: https://www.interpressnews.ge/ka/article/675701-kartvelma-mecnierebma-da-evrokavshiris-dazmobilebis-proektis-ekspertebma-mcvane-garigebis-perspektivebi-ganixiles
7. ქვეყნის სწრაფი განვითარებისათვის. საქართველოს ინოვაციების და ტექნოლოგიების სააგენტო. _ ელექტრონული რესურსი: https://gita.gov.ge/ 8. Ford вложит $7 млрд в строительство двух заводов для электрокаров. 2021, сентябрь. – Электронный ресурс: https://www.autonews.ru/news/6152f6909a79479ba72a74fa
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28. Справка о международном опыте инновационного развития, 2011. Министерство экономического развития Российской Федерации. Департамент координации, развития и регулирования внешнеэкономической деятельности. Электронный ресурс: http://economy.gov.ru/minec/about/structure/depsvod/doc20110407_02
29. Ставицкий Андрей. Рынок аккумуляторов ждет революция. Когда они перестанут быстро садиться и взрываться? 19 сентября 2021. – Электронный ресурс: https://lenta.ru/articles/2021/09/19/batareika/
30. Сталинские артели под запретом. Почему Хрущев уничтожал предпринимательство в СССР. _ Электронный ресурс: https://youtu.be/cJEU96kRvqo
31. Турнава Натия. Грузинские джинсы покоряют Европу. Предприятие по пошиву одежды, предоставляющее одежду для знаменитых брендов, намерено расшириться. – Электронный ресурс: https://sputnik-georgia.ru/20210911/gruzinskie-dzhinsy-pokoryayut-evropu-259517647.html
32. Хабаров Александр. Мировые лидеры не спешат спасать планету от потепления. 1 ноября 2021. – Электронный ресурс: https://www.vesti.ru/article/2633990
33. Чеботарев А. 2018. Цифровые технологии настоящего и будущего. – АВИА панорама. 2018, №4 (130). – Электронный ресурс: PDF из интернета. Поиск по запросу «виды цифровых технологий».
34. Швеция произвела «революционную» сталь. 19.08.2021. – Электронный ресурс: https://lenta.ru/news/2021/08/19/revolution_steel/The first part of the work shows that there are factors that prevent the widespread intro-duction of basic and improving innovations in production and, consequently, the accelerated and balanced development of the economy. These are mainly problems associated with the difficulties of attracting basic and improving innovations to sectors and subsectors of the country's economy, difficulties associated with the sale of products intended for production in foreign markets, difficulties associated with financing innovations. The vast majority of basic and improving innovations introduced into sectors and subsectors of the economy, Georgia, like most other small and medium-sized countries, is forced to import either through the purchase of new process technologies or through the organization of joint ventures with foreign partners. In solving this problem, business should be assisted by the organization of innovation infra-structure, which are described in the first part of the work. These are the relevant ministries and relevant departments in large enterprises, the Georgian Innovation and Technology Agency, organizations promoting technology transfer and other elements of the innovation infrastructure. In our opinion, the creation of innovative enterprises (basic innovations) and the introduction of improving innovations should be coordinated by technology parks created for priority sectors and subsectors or for several production-related sectors. The International Organization of Technology Parks defines them as follows: “a technology park is an organization managed by specialists whose main goal is to increase the well-being of the local community through the promotion of an innovative culture, as well as the competitiveness of innovative business and scientific organizations. To achieve these goals, the technology park stimulates and manages the flow of knowledge and technology between universities, research institutes, companies and markets. It facilitates the creation and growth of innovative companies through incubation processes and processes for the emergence of new companies from existing ones. The Technopark provides other services in addition to high-quality premises.” In our opinion, this definition is suitable only for the largest countries, and even then not fully. For Georgia, which will have to import the vast majority of innovations, the main task of the technology park (it can be called differently, for example: an innovation center for promoting the creation of innovative enterprises and the introduction of improving innovations) should be to identify the latest technologies abroad for recognized priority sectors and subsectors of the economy, to promote their purchase and development, involvement of foreign specialists for equipment adjustment and training of employees, identification of potential markets for the products planned for production, involvement of scientists from domestic universities and research institutes to solve these problems, as well as involvement of these scientists (for a fee) in work to improve current foreign technologies to be used (process) or produced (product) in the country. Several technology parks have been created in Georgia, dealing mainly with IR technologies. Also, in our opinion, in the near future it is necessary to create a technology park dealing with the electrical industry, a technology park dealing with the production of composite materials and products from them.
It is also necessary to organize several innovation clusters, the coordinating core of some of which will be technology parks. Moreover, it is necessary to create not a lot of actually formal innovation clusters, as happened in some small European countries, but to create real clusters to support innovative growth in priority sectors, for example, a cluster of energy and electrical industry, a cluster of composite materials and products from them, leather and foot-wear cluster (the latter existed in some countries for centuries, but, of course, they were not called clusters then), later it will be possible to create a transport engineering cluster (at pre-sent, there is already in its infancy a wine production cluster with farmers supplying grapes, a furniture cluster, however, they must first of all strengthen their function of identifying and studying the needs of sales markets and facilitating the promotion of their products to them; tourism infrastructure and related industries are also clustered to a certain extent).
The first part of the work also discusses the problems of financing innovation activities. The business sector should take on the main burden of financing innovation activity, investing in the purchase of new relevant technologies or on the basis of organizing joint ventures with foreign partners, where part of the financing will be taken over by the foreign partner by sup-plying its technologies (of course, a domestic businessman should partially reimburse their cost, according to equity participation). In the first place, the Georgian Innovation and Technology Agency and the Produce in Georgia Agency should participate in state financing of innovation activities, to which, in the light of recent trends to strengthen state incentives for the development of private businesses in developed countries, the state should provide more funds for this. It seems that the European Regional Development Fund and the Cohesion Fund can make a certain contribution to the financing of innovation in Georgia, and the European Social Fund can allocate funds for investment in education. Obviously, since Georgia is an associate member of the EU, when submitting justified projects, it will be able to count on the allocation of small funds from these funds for their implementation.
The second part of the work presents proposals for the innovative development of some sectors and subsectors of the economy.
It is noted that an important factor for attracting foreign capital to the sectors of the country's economy is the availability of cheap electricity. Meanwhile, at present, most of the electricity is imported. Therefore, in the next decade in the energy sector, it is necessary to focus on the creation of power plants operating on renewable energy sources. First of all, it is necessary, where it is still possible, to build a hydroelectric power stations (since the electricity generated by hydroelectric power plants is the cheapest), but not on such enslaving conditions on which it was supposed to build the Neskra hydroelectric power stations cascade, the con-tract for the construction of which was terminated. In the next decade, it is necessary to start a large-scale construction of innovative solar and, in particular, wind power plants, in which, due to the instability of their electricity generation in different periods, there should be energy storage devices. The cost of production (or import) and operation of energy storage will of course significantly affect the cost of generated energy, however, despite this, the construction of wind and solar power plants is becoming more and more relevant. But at the same time, it is necessary to use all the remaining opportunities for the construction of hydroelectric power stations.
There are many studies and publications proving and substantiating the inevitability of a gradual transition to "clean energy" (meaning wind and solar power plants). Thus, in an article published on the eve of the UN Climate Change Conference (COP26) in Glasgow (held Octo-ber 31-November 13, 2021), J. Kortenhorst writes: “For decades, we at the Rocky Mountain Institute (RMI) have argued that the transition to a clean energy will cost less and happen faster than governments, firms and many analysts expect. In recent years, this prospect has fully proved true: the cost of renewable energy has been steadily falling, faster than expected, while their deployment has been faster than predicted, which has led to even greater cost reductions.... We must not allow further delays. As we move closer to COP26, it is imperative that world leaders understand that we already have cleaner, cheaper energy solutions ready for de-ployment today. Achieving our 1.5°C goal is not about sacrifice; it's about seizing opportuni-ties. If we get to work now, we can save trillions of dollars and prevent climate change that would otherwise befall our children and grandchildren.” [Kortenhorst J., 25.10.2021]. It must be added here that there is no alternative to the gradual transition to renewable energy sources, not only because of the need to solve the problems associated with climate change, but also because the reserves of the sought-after fuel are rapidly depleted (especially oil) and in connection with this their value is gradually increasing. Therefore, if timely measures are not taken to develop and improve technologies for the generation, accumulation (storage) and use of electricity from renewable energy sources and the construction of appropriate energy facili-ties, then a catastrophe will befall the modern technological civilization. However, in reality, everything is not as simple as it is shown in such overly optimistic publications about the possibility of rapid and relatively cheap deployment of green energy facilities and their replacement of traditional generation methods. Much remains to be done in the area of improving green generation technologies (in addition to hydroelectric power plants, where everything is open) and ensuring that the cost of electricity generated by these systems is reduced. So, for example, in the last year in the field of green energy in the EU, due to a num-ber of reasons, certain failures occurred. “In recent years, green energy has been developing in the EU to the detriment of nuclear power plants and traditional gas-fired energy. When at the beginning of the year the demand for gas increased all over the world due to the cold winter, and then the summer in Europe turned out to be low-wind, the Europeans did not have enough generation, and the many times more expensive gas led to a surge in fuel and electricity pric-es.” In this regard, “the European Union will present a new energy strategy by November due to the energy crisis,” German Chancellor Angela Merkel said at a press conference after the summit of EU heads of state. Firstly, alternative energy sources turned out to be unreliable - the power of the wind and the sun does not always help. The EU will create strategic gas reserves, said in turn the head of the European Commission Ursula von der Leyen. This year, the EU has not replenished its reserves, which led to fuel shortages and a sharp rise in energy prices. It is necessary to continue to use nuclear power plants as a stable source of energy, said Ursula von der Leyen. The EU is not going to abandon "renewable and clean energy", "along with this, we need a stable source - this is nuclear energy, and during the transition period, of course, we need natural gas," she said. But despite this, the use of wind and solar energy to generate electricity is becoming in-creasingly relevant and businessmen and scientists in Georgia need to make great efforts to increase the number of relevant stations in the country and ensure greater reliability by provid-ing them with energy storage devices. For this (and not only for this), it is necessary to develop the electrical industry in Georgia, which must learn how to produce electricity storage devices: lithium-ion batteries (which are currently being intensively improved, new types of batteries are also being devel-oped); gravitational energy storage devices (which were invented quite recently); pumped-storage power plants (it seems that Georgian scientists should also be involved in the develop-ment of new types of batteries, and it would be expedient for the state to finance the relevant research and development). The production of batteries for electric vehicles and aircraft is also becoming very rele-vant. Therefore, it will be timely if Georgia learns how to produce such batteries, and scientists begin to explore the possibilities of their disposal in order to restore and reuse them. In the electrical industry of Georgia, one should also think about building a plant for the production of solar cells. In Georgia, there are already several factories for the production of composite materi-als and, mainly, products from them. Since there is already experience, in the near future it is necessary to create new productions recognized in the world as relevant in this subsector. To do this, it is necessary to create a special cluster, the innovation center of which will coordinate the development of this industry. First of all, it is necessary to create a factory for the produc-tion of prepregs (i.e., composite sheet forms), since the composite materials themselves are currently imported to Georgia, and products from them are formed at local factories. Next, you can create enterprises for the production of cases and wind blades from these prepregs which will be in demand both in the domestic and foreign markets, cases for cars, and open a line for the production of small aircraft and etc. In the metallurgical industry, a carbon-free steelmaking technology has recently been developed in Sweden. Consideration should be given to the creation in the future of a plant using this technology on the basis of the metallurgical plant that previously existed in Rustavi. However, it is too early to talk about the creation of such a plant due to the lack of electricity of its own production. But as we build up our own electric power capacities based on renewable energy sources, it will be possible to think about creating such industries, the relevance of which is increasingly growing in the light of the inevitable increase in measures for the "green" economy. Therefore, it seems that Georgian scientists should start studying the problems of creating such industries in the near future.
In information and communication technologies, there are two areas of entrepreneur-ship: the production of information and communication equipment and the use and develop-ment of digital electronics achievements in other industries.
In Georgia, of course, there is no possibility in the near future to establish the produc-tion of modern computers, televisions, smartphones and other basic communication devices. This market is firmly mastered by transnational companies and it is unlikely that any of them will want to establish a joint production with our entrepreneurs to manufacture, for example, modern televisions or other basic products. However, there is an opportunity to use and devel-op the achievements of digital electronics (IR technologies) for application in other industries. In some of these areas, a number of small businesses have already been established in Georgia. In the next decade, in our opinion, Georgian business needs to continue to develop initiatives in this direction, including with the support of the Georgian Technology and Innovation Agency and t
Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on social media marketing (COVID-19–ის პანდემიის გავლენა სოციალურ მედია მარკეტინგზე)
Get PDF1. Al-Sheikh, E. S., & Hasanat, M. H. A. (2020). Social media mining for assessing brand popularity. In Global Branding:
Breakthroughs in Research and Practice (pp. 803-824). IGI Global.
2. Apil, A. R., Kaynak, E., and Todua, N. (2009). Product Preference Differences of High and Low Ethnocentric Consumers
in Georgia. In Proceedings of the 18th World Business Congress „Management Challenges in an Environment of
Increasing Regional and Global Concerns“,International Management Development Association, pp. 531-539.
3. Coursaris, C. K., van Osch, W., & Balogh, B. A. (2016). Do Facebook likes lead to shares or sales? Exploring the empirical
links between social media content, brand equity, purchase intention, and engagement. In 49th Hawaii international
conference on system sciences (HICSS) (pp. 3546-3555). IEEE.
4. DataReportal (2021). Digital 2021: Georgia. Produced by Simon Kemp and the team at Kepios. Available at
https://datareportal.com/reports/digital-2021-georgia (Accessed January 27, 2022).
5. Eurostat (2022). Social media - statistics on the use by enterprises. Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statisticsexplained/index.php?title=Social_media_-_statistics_on_the_use_by_enterprises (Accessed January 27, 2022).
6. Hajli, N., Sims, J., Zadeh, A. H., & Richard, M. O. (2017). A social commerce investigation of the role of trust in a social
networking site on purchase intentions. Journal of Business Research, 71, 133-141.
7. Jashi, Ch. (2020). The New Context of Marketing in Social Media (Conceptual review). Economics and Bussines, 1, 152-
164.
8. Kaplan, A. M., & Haenlein, M. (2010). Users of the world, unite! The challenges and opportunities of Social Media. Business horizons, 53(1), 59-68.
9. Malhotra, N. (2010). Marketing research: An applied orientation. 6th ed., Upper Saddle River, N.J.; London: Pearson
Education.
10. Mghebrishvili, B., & Urotadze, E. (2021). Challenges of Business Social Responsibility in the Conditions of Coronavirus
Pandemic. Ecoforum Journal, 10(3).
11. Saunders, M., Lewis, P., & Thornhill, A. (2019). Research methods for business students. 8th ed., Harlow: Pearson Education Ltd.
12. Seturi, M., & Urotadze, E. (2020). Some opinions about sustainable development and tourism (case of Georgia). In Proceedings of the 5th International Scientific and Practical Conference „Strategic imperatives of modern management“ (Kyiv
National Economic University named after Vadym Hetman), pp. 286-289.
13. Statista (2021a). Global digital population as of January 2021 (in billions). Available at: https://www.statista.com/statistics/617136/digital-population-worldwide/ (Accessed January 27, 2022).
14. Statista (2021b). Social media usage in the United States - Statistics & Facts. Available at: https://www.statista.-
com/topics/3196/social-media-usage-in-the-united-states/ (Accessed January 27, 2022).
15. Statista (2021c). Social media usage in Europe - Statistics & Facts. Available at: https://www.statista.com/-
topics/4106/social-media-usage-in-europe/ (Accessed January 27, 2022).
16. Todua, N. (2019). Using social media marketing for attracting foreign tourists to Georgian destinations. Globalization and
Business, 7, 39-48.
17. Todua, N., & Jashi, C. (2018). Influence of Social Marketing on the Behavior of Georgian Consumers Regarding Healthy
Nutrition. Bulletin of the Georgian National Academy of Sciences, 12 (2), 183-190.
18. Todua, N., Mghebrishvili, B., & Urotadze, E. (2016). Main aspects of formation of legal environment on the Georgian food
market. In Proceedings of the International Scientific Conference „Challenges of Globalization in Economics and
Business“Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, pp. 250-256.
19. Urotadze, E. (2020). The role of social media marketing in attitude towards Georgian consumers to travel agencies. In
Proceedings of the 7th Business Systems Laboratory International Symposium „Socio-Economic Ecosystems: Challenges
for Sustainable Development in the Digital Era“, University of Alicante (Spain), pp. 236-241.
20. Usman, A., & Okafor, S. (2019). Social Media and Purchase Intentions: Strategic Marketing Implications. In W. Ozuem, E.
Patten & Y. Azemi (Eds.), Harnessing Omni-Channel Marketing Strategies for Fashion and Luxury Brands (pp. 83-105).
Irvine: BrownWalker Press.
21. Xhema, J. (2019). Effect of Social Networks on Consumer Behaviour: Complex Buying. IFAC-PapersOnLine, 52(25), 504-
508.The article illustrates the role of social media in business. Particular attention is paid to the growth of
social media marketing activities in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. The study identified the main reasons
why consumer activity increased on social media due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The paper shows respondents'
assessments of how social media supports solving the problems caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. The article also
defines which area should be most active on social media regarding the COVID-19 pandemi
ღვთაება ნემესისის კულტი გვიან ანტიკური პერიოდის ქართლში. THE CULT OF THE DEITY NEMESIS OF THE PERIOD OF LATE ANTIQUITY IN KARTLI
Get PDFNemesis was one of the most ancient and revered deities in ancient
Greece. She appears to be the goddess of just revenge. Its duty
was the punishment (death) for a crime, and distribution of kindness
equally among mortals ... In ancient Rome, the deity was a kind of
“empire fortune” which, on the one hand, avenged the empire and,
on the other hand, distributed gifts subsidized by the empire.
In late antiquity, the cult of Nemesis was recorded on the territory
of Georgia in the Kingdom of Kartli (Iberia) – on the territory
of Greater Mtskheta, Urbnisi and Zhinvali. In particular, the intaglios
found here, which were mainly used by the middle class population.
Of the eight intaglios found here, four are encased in iron, one in
bronze, two in silver, and one in gold. Intaglios are mass-produced
specimens that do not diff er from the mass-produced specimens,
characteristic of late antiquity. Seals and insignia date back to II-III
centuries. Only one intaglio incased in a gold ring belongs to the IIIIV
centuries.
As a result of the research of the intaglios with the image of
Nemesis, it has been established that the ancient pagan pantheon
is spread in the Kingdom of Kartli, it is obvious that Kartli is a part of
the ancient ecumene. which is reflected even in the cut stones. Rings
with the image of the deity Nemesis enter Kartli at the very time
when this deity was popular in the Roman Empire of II-III centuries
Muslim Religious Formulas on Money of Georgian Christian Monarchs
Get PDFhttps://geohistory.humanities.tsu.ge/ge/procedings/83-shromebi/177-shromebi-18.htm
On Certain Occasional Verb-forms with Nominal Stems and u- ‒ -o Circumfix in “The Knight in Panther’s Skin”
Get PDFეძღვნება თსუ-ს ემერიტუს პროფესორ ლელი ბარამიძის დაბადებიდან 90-ე წლისთავს/ Dedicated to the 90th Birthday of Emeritus Professor of TSU Leli BaramidzeIn the poem “The Knight in Panther’s Skin”, Shota Rustaveli created numerous
occasional forms, revealing the expressive capacity of the Georgian language. Out of
such occasional forms in the poem, special mention should be made of occasional verbforms
with nominal stems and circumfix u- ‒ -o: učumoda, udidoda, umxneoda. Scholarly
literature focuses on the qualification of “učumoda”, interpreting this word differently
and offering diverse principles of segmentation; namely:
1. Bipersonal intransitive verb, where u- is the marker of the objective version, and
-od the suffix denoting a continuous tense (an imperfect screeve). 2. The initial form is
učumo; the entire verb is monopersonal, past continuous tense (imperfect screeve)
form, and -d- is the suffix denoting the continuous tense (the imperfect screeve); učumoda
type of formation is also represented in the poem by other forms like udidoda,
umxneoda: the nominal stems u d i d o and u m x n e o are added by circumfix u- ‒ -o
yielding the continuous tense (the imperfect screeve) forms of the verbs.
The authors of the given paper share the opinion that the verb-forms under
analysis are derived from nominal stems with the circumfix u- ‒ -o. However, the
function of the suffix -d is viewed differently: this suffix is considered as an element
which forms verbs from nominal stems. Verbs formed from nominal parts of speech
with the suffix -d are quite frequent in the poem; there are about 80 nominal stems of
this kind, out of which the most frequent are adjectives. The verbs formed from
nominal stems by means of the suffix -d are quite informative, therefore, the poet uses
them for the purpose of adding expression to the content. Analysis of verses containing
the above-mentioned verb forms has proved that derivation by means of suffix -d is a
component of artistic parallelism as well as a rhyming unit. It should be noted that the
verbal lexeme with suffix -d is given in the negative form. Negation is achieved by: a
nominal stem denoting absenceora nominal stem denoting absence and a negative
particle “not”. A verb expressed in such way comes the second in the line, after its
preceding positive form. The relation between the two is that of
C o n t r a s t:
adidebda ‒ učumoda / “glorified” ‒ “*učumoobda” / “without noise”:
(the stem čum- is given in its old meaning, denoting “noise”).
“ze amovǯe, mepisagan ḳaci dia movidoda,
axarebdes: “ amoǯdao”, dedopali gamorboda;
mepe morbis tav-šišveli, ar icoda, ras ikmoda,
igi γmertsa adidebda, sxva velai učumoda”.
(Rustaveli, 2002, p. 106, # 361).
“I set up . . . Many men were come from the king, they carried back the good news:
‘He sits up!’ The queen ran in, the king came running bareheaded, he knew not what he
did, he glorified God (while) all others were silent” (Wardrop, 1966, p. 90, # 343).2 Rhyming units: movidoda “would come” / gamorboda “ran in” /ras ikmoda “what
was he doing” / učumoda “without noise, silently”.
S y n o n y m y:
a) vizaxdi ‒ ar udidoda / “I shouted” ‒ “[xma] ismoda ar(a) *udidod” = “[voice]
was heard far and wide”.
“navita gave, zγvisagan šṭo rame gamovidoda.
ar amovhḳrepdi gamopta, vtkvi, čemta rad davhrido, da-?
dameӡabunnes, simravle me mati ar gamvidoda,
vnadirobdi da vizaxdi, xma čemi ar udidod-a”.
(Rustaveli, 2002, p. 178, # 609).
“I went by ship; from the sea came forth a creek. I gathered not those divided
from me; I said to myself: “Why should I take precautions against mine own folk?” They
seemed timid to me; their multitude appeared not. I hunted and hallooed; I withheld
not my voice” (Wardrop, 1966, p. 141, # 586).
Rhyming units: gamovidoda “would come out” / rad davhrido, da- “whay avoid it”
da- [preverb from the same verb, used to reinforce meaning] / ar gamvidoda “I did not
warry” / ar udidoda “not small, big”.
b) gahmagreboda ‒ ar umxneoda / “stood firm” ‒“did not lose courage”.
„vardi neboda, γvreboda, alvisa šṭo irxeoda,
broli da lali gatlili lažvardad gardikceoda;
gahmagreboda siḳvdilsa, amistvis ar umxneod-a,
iṭvis, tu: „bneli ras miḳvirs, ratgan davagde mzeo, da-!“
(Rustaveli, 2002, p. 281, # 963).
“The rose is faded, it drips, the branch of the aloe-tree quivers, the cut crystal and
ruby are changed into lapis-lazuli. He strengthened himself against death; against him it
vaunted not itself. He said: “Why should I wonder at darkness since thou, O sun, hast
abandoned me!”(Wardrop, 1966, p.214, # 934).
Rhyming units: irxeoda “was quivering” / gardikceoda “was becoming” / ar
umxneoda “not weak, vigorous” / mzeo,da- “O sun, da- [preverb from the previous verb
davagde “I left her”, used to reinforce thought].
As for the tense (the screeve), verbs with nominal stems, added by suffix -d usually
express the Simple Past Tense (the Aorist), but the lexemes under analysis pertain to the
Past Continuous / Imperfect. Besides the acoustic impression created by the verballyformed
suffix -od (o-stem noun + suffix -d), there are two major nuances: 1.These forms
do not have a verbal prefix (a preverb); 2. The forms themselves have a continuous
meaning; hence, they are easily combined with the preceding verbal lexemes denoting
the Past Continuous Tense (Imperfect Screeve)
COVID-19 impact on the change of the gender-age structure of the population
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doi:10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102092
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underlying conditions and age: a population-based cohort study. Lancet 395, 1715–1725. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30854-0
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24. Никитина А. (2021 წლის 19 06). Численность населения стран мира: данные на 2022 год. migrantum:
https://migrantumir.com/naselenie-stran/
25. Счетчик населения Земли. (2022 წლის 1 თებერვალი). countrymeters:
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26. კორონავირუსის ბოლო მონაცემები კოვიდ-19. (2020). TRT:
https://www.trt.net.tr/georgian/covid19?fbclid=IwAR1y3vKeDj7rdfngNG3HrSnw_kW_B37j4w6Ofi_D6jJmNDLsO5D99LkyS
JwThe Covid-19 crisis has been a major challenge for almost every state. It completely changed the lives of people -
millions of people became ill and hundreds of thousands died. The study of the demographic structure of the
population is very relevant, which at the present stage is dictated not only by the peculiarities of the socio-economic
development of the country, but also by the demands of economic integration in the world economic space. At the
same time, it is very important to identify specific mechanisms of population growth. The demographic factor of the
population influences the formation of labor potential, largely determines the development and distribution of the
productive forces of the country. The paper discusses the demographic structure of the population, which on the one
hand is affected by a number of complex demographic processes, thus, in general, this or that real indicator of the
population is obtained, and on the other hand, influences the nature of growth. The paper presents a statistical analysis
of the events and processes caused by the COVID-19 pandemic in Georgia, which had an impact on the change of the
sex-age structure of the population. It is noted that the COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant impact on
demographics although although it is not yet possible to fully assess them, some conclusions can already be draw