Dspace, Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University
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საქართველოში მცხოვრები სომხებისა და აზერბაიჯანელების აკულტურაცია
No full textსაქართველო მულტიკულტურული ქვეყანაა, საქართველოს მოქალაქეები არიან სხვადასხვა ეთნიკური ჯგუფის წარმომადგენლები, რომლებიც ძირითადად თავს რამდენიმე კონკრეტულ რეგიონში იყრიან. კერძოდ, სომეხი და აზერბაიჯანელი მოქალქეები. სრული ტერიტორიული მოცვით, საქართველოს ყოველი მე-6 მოქალაქე ეთნიკური უმცირესობის წარმომადგენელია, ხოლო უშუალოდ სამცხე-ჯავახეთსა და ქვემო ქართლში - ყოველი მეორე. ეთნიკური უმცირესობების ინტეგრაციის საკითხი არის მნიშნველოვანი მთელს მსოფლიოში, მათ შორის აღნიშნული პრობლემა არის საქართველოშიც. ეთნიკური, რელიგიური და ენობრივი სხვაობები ხელს უწყობს სხვადასხვა რეგიონში მცხოვრებ მოსახლეობას შორის კონტაქტის ნაკლებობას, რაც თავის მხრივ ხელს უწყობს ინტეგრციის დონის შემცირებას და განაპირობებს აკულტურაციის კონკრეტული სტრატეგიის არჩევას. კვლევის ფარგლებში ჩატარებული იყო თვისებრივი და რაოდენობრივი კვლევა, რათა განგვესაზღვრა საქართველოში მცხოვრები ეთნიკური უმცირესობების აკულტურაციის სტრატეგია და დაგვედგინა ის პრობლემები, რომელსაც ეთნიკური უმცირესობების წარმომადგენლები აწყდებიან საქართველოში ცხოვრების დროს. ასევე, ჩატარდა რაოდენობრივი კვლევა ეთნიკურად ქართველებთან, რათა შეგვეფასებინა ეთნიკურად ქართველების დამოკიდებულებები სომხებისა და აზერბაიჯანელების მიმართ. კვლევის ფარგლებში დადგინდა, რომ აკულტურაციის სტრატეგიებიდან ეთნიკური უმცირესობების წარმომადგენლები უპირატესობას ანიჭებენ ინტეგრაციას, შემდეგ სეპარაცია და ბოლოს მარგინალიზაცია ან ასიმილაცია. ეთნიკურად ქართველები აფიქსირებენ საშუალო მაღალ დადებით ატიტუდებს ეთნიკური უმცირესობების მიმართ, თუმცა ამავდროულად საკმაოდ უარყოფად ახასიათებენ მათ. ეთნიკური უმცირესობების აკულტურაციის სტრატეგიის არჩევანზე გავლენა აქვს სხვადასხვა ფაქტორს, მათ შორის ყველაზე მნიშვნელოვან ფაქტორად სახელმწიფოებრივი ენის ცოდნის დონე დაფიქსირდა
Šuḫurmaš (fish-goat) In Mesopotamian Texts and Iconography
No full textეძღვნება პროფ. გოჩა ჯაფარიძის ხსოვნას (1942 – 2020)/ Dedicated to Memory of Prof. Gocha Japaridze (1942 – 2020)While researching the semantic and phonetic correspondences of Sumerian
hydronyms Abzu-Engur, we focused our attention on the water creature šuḫur-maš -
fish recorded in Uruk literary texts of the 3rd millennium BC, which is related to
Sumerian-Akkadian Laḫama-Laḫmu, Abzu-Engur. Šuḫurmaš-fish, as well as 50
laḫamas of Engur, is found in several Sumerian texts from the 3rd millennium and is
usually associated with the deity Enki (Akk.Ea) and wisdom, Enguri-water.
Our attempt to investigate the meanings of the cuneiform signs turned out as
follows: the šuḫur-cuneiform sign- -independently denotes a type of fish,
while maš -denotes goat..
Let's chronologically go over the cuneiform texts where šuḫurmašu is recorded.
Sumerian text Ninurta's journey to Eridu, the city of Enki, where the šuḫur-maš -fish
is found in the waters of Abzu-Engur.
šuḫurmašu is encountered in the epilogue of Sumerian epic Lugalbanda and
Enzud, where the goddess Inanna performs her final rites in Engur’s water.
Sumerian text; Shulgi and Ninlil's barge, refers to šuḫur-maš -fish once again, in
this case in the context of comparison. In Sumerian texts, the leaping fish appears as a
metaphor of joy, happiness and wisdom.
The Sumerian cosmogonic text, Enki and the World Order, which is an ancient
example of Mesopotamian cosmogony, mentions šuḫur-maš -fish in the context of
being a fighter for Enki.
The name šuḫur-maš recorded in Sumerian cuneiform texts remains unexplained
in all cases. Assyriologists do not offer an exact translation of šuḫur-maš -fish and only
translate it as -_šuḫur-maš.
The study of the existing cuneiform texts is deepened by the iconography of
šuḫurmašu, which is depicted with fish and goat images in the I millennium BC.
The idea of fish, even in IV-III millennia B.C , was associated with Eridu, the first
city of the southern Mesopotamia, and it”s supreme deity Enki, the god of wisdom. The
cuneiform texts of the later period and the combined study of the existing iconography
further strengthen the existing tradition. Any image and form of a fish invariably carries
the idea of wisdom and knowledge. The fish form represented the 7 Apkallu (7 sages),
whose iconography we find in the New Assyrian period.
In the article, we will also discuss the iconography of the Neo-Assyrian
cylindrical seal, which depicts the sun god Shamash standing on the back of a horse,
and in the edges of the scene there is a figure dressed in the form of a fish and the owner
of the seal. The Bull-man (Kusarikku) depicted on the seal is also associated with the
cult of the sun and appears as a pair to Laḫama, the guardian of Abzu-Engur, which is
fixed both in Akkaadian art of 3rd millennium BC and in Neo-Assyrian spells. In this
case, both models related to Engur-Abzu, which are interesting to us, can be found on
one seal. It is also obvious that the Ancient Near Eastern religious ideas and their
depiction remain unchanged even after millennia and completely cover the Ancient
Near Eastern period (3rd-1st millennium B.C).
We consider the models that are interesting to us on one of the samples still in the
process of study, where the symbolism of šuḫur-maš (fish-goat) and Ea is presented,
which from 2nd millennium B.C. used to be a model of kudurru and are found together
on the existing sample. In the article we will discuss the famous Puzuzu frieze of the 1st millennium B.C,
on which we see a fish-shaped figure. From the Neo-Babylonian period, the cast copper
plate was supposed to protect against demons and evil spirits on the iconography of
which we shall discuss models interesting for us.
The material presented by us was revealed while working on Sumerian cuneiform
texts, which are preserved even in the II-I millennia B,C, and cover the whole Ancient
Near Eastern period. The foundation of the Southern Mesopotamian Pantheon originates
from Eridu, which is based on the idea of Enki, the same Abzu-Engur of wisdom. The
research of existing iconographic material still confirms the idea of cuneiform texts.
On the basis of a complex study of cuneiform texts and images, we can conclude
that the Abzu-Engur Laḫama, fish-goat, water vase models from the El-Ubaid period
(V-IV millennium B.C) continue to exist both in the Mesopotamian region and in
Ancient Near Eastern civilizations, of which the Caucasus is considered a cultural part.
Hence, on the basis of the studies presented by us, we may look for Mesopotamian
influences on the territory of the South Caucasus and Georgia
THE LANGUAGE OF ART AS SOCIO-CULTURAL MIRROR OF LIFE
No full textLanguage is a universal means of communication, the question
may arise that if natural language exists, as a universal means of
communication, why is the language of art needed. What factors can
justify the parallelism on natural and artistic language. Let’s ask the
question – what is transferred during communication and what kind of
information can be transferred. Opinion – opinion can be transferred,
communication is carried out here. Volition – not transmitted. Emotion is
transmitted. If both language and art are means of communication, how
successfully do they convey thought and emotional feelings? Language
– conveys thoughts directly, in a pure form. Emotions are transmitted
indirectly. Art conveys thoughts not directly, but through artistic forms. Because of this, the same work is understood differently by different
people. Natural language conveys meaning directly. The language of art
does not exist without an emotional charge. By conveying emotions,
art becomes a universal medium and this is the main thing, and this
is how it differs from natural language. Another, in natural language,
communications is carried out only between speakers of that language,
unlike him, the language of art is universal, there is one exception,
however, it is the language of literature and poetry, which is based on
natural language, that is why it is necessary to translate it. Heidegger
in his work “Hoelderlin and poetry” notes that language is a grace
and a danger. What does it mean? The language was given “grace” or
the opportunity to be historically. Grace is dangerous because it is
accompanied by mistakes. Poetic creation is the most sinless thing,
that is why the tongue is a grace to show what it is. “Man is in work, but
still he lives poetically on earth.” Why did we choose Hoelderlin’s work
to represent the essence of poetry? Why not Homer, or Shakespeare, or
Goethe… Because Hoelderlin’s poetry is imprinted with a poetic call – to
touch the very essence of poetry. That is, to show the essence of poetry
in the best way – “for us, Hoelderlin is a poet’s poet”.
The communicative function of art is a condition for the
implementation of all its other functions. It is an overcoming of the
limitations of natural language communication capabilities. Language
can spread information only to that part of society that understands it.
For others, the same information is available through translation. The
language of art is a language understandable to all mankind, regardless
of national peculiarities (except for literature, because its material is
the national language)
In a pandemic, at the modern stage of market economy development: concept - profit maximization or increasing the value of the company!? (პანდემიის პირობებში, საბაზრო ეკონომიკის განვითარების თანამედროვე ეტაპზე: კონცეფცია - მოგების მაქსიმიზაცია თუ კომპანიის ღირებულების გაზრდა!?)
No full text1. Financial Management, ACCA F 9, FTC Kaplan Limited, 2018;
2. Роберт С. Хигинс. Финансовый анализ: инструменти для приниятия бизнес-рещенный, 8-е издание, Пер. с англ.
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3. jikia.M(2021). On the methodology of the analysis of business activities of enterprise. Ecoforum Journal 10 (3);
4. Jikia.M(2019).some Aspents of Improving the Methodology of Economic Analysis.Ecoforum Journal 8 (1);
5. Jikia.M,Kharabadze.E. (2018) Analyzing decisions under intlation.International Journal of Advances in Management and
Economics 7(2);
6. Jikia.M,Kharabadze.E (2018)Certain aspects of account rececivable and payable analysis.Archives of Buisness Research 6(6);
7. Jikia.M(2019).PECULIARITIES AND ADVANTAGES OF THE COST CALCULATION METHOD ACCORDING TO THE TYPES OF
ACTIVITES.Ecoforum Journal 8(2).Management of the enterprise should know how the different structure of the capital affects the value of the
additional attracted capital. Therefore ,it is quite understandable their aspiration to reduce the value of the additional
attracted capital by changing the capital structure. At the same time, it is necessary to take into account the following
principles:
Since the borrowed capital is considered a cheaper source (the effect of tax savings on interest, and also, a
lenders’ risk is lower than that of owners, so owners should receive more return on invested capital to compensate for
the risk ).It can be assumed that the increase in borrowed capital and the expulsion of the equity will provide an
opportunity to solve this problem.
At the same time, a significant increase in the share of borrowed capital leans to an increase in financial
risk, since at first, the already significant share of borrowed capital forces lenders to raise interest rales; And
second, increase in the share of the borrowed capital increases the risks to owners, which necessitates an increase in the
required rate of return on equity.
Therefore, in the defined ratio of borrowed and equity, the optimal structure of resources is achieved, which
result in the effect of financial leverage. It shows how much the return on the equity increases as a result of attracting
the borrowed capital into the enterprise. It aries in cases where economic profitability is higher than the interest rate on
the loan or credit
The impact of human capital and innovation determinants on economic growth: evidence from Georgia
No full textAcemoglu, D., Johnson, S., Robinson, J. A., & Yared, P. (2005). From education to democracy? The American Economic Review, 95(2), 44-99. https://doi.org/10.1257/000282805774669916
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Hanushek, E. A., & Wößmann, L. (2010). Education and Economic Growth. In P. Peterson, E. Baker, & B. McGaw (Eds.), International Encyclopedia of Education (Vol. 2, pp. 245-252). https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-044894-7.01227-6
Harpan I., Draghici A. (2014) DEBATE ON THE MULTILEVEL MODEL OF THE HUMAN CAPITAL MEASUREMENT Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, #124;
Hanushek, E., & Kimko, D. (2000). Schooling, Labor Force Quality, and the Growth of Nations. American Economic Review, 90(5), 1184-1208. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.90.5.1184
Izushi H., Huggins R., (2004) Empirical analysis of human capital development and economic growth in European regions, Cedefop Reference series, 54, Office for Official Publications of the European Communities.
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Romer, P. M. (1990). Endogenous technological change. The Journal of Political Economy, 98(5), S71-S102. https://doi.org/10.1086/261725
Serena María J. Freire, (2001). Human capital accumulation and economic growth, Investigaciones Económicas, vol.XXV (3), pp.585-602;
Schultz, T. P. (1999). Health and schooling investment in Africa. The Journal of Economics Perspectives, 13(3), 67-88. https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.13.3.67
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Tiruneh M., Radvansky M. (2011) The Contribution of Human capital to European Economic Growth: An empirical exploration from a panel data. Institute of Economic Research, Slovak Academic of Sciences.
Totladze L, Veshapeli G. (2021) CONCERNING THE ISSUES OF THE INFLUENCE OF THE DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION ON THE LABOUR AND LABOUR MARKET Proceedings of Materials of International Scientific Conference. Paata Gugushvili Institute of Economics, TSU, V. XIV, Tbilisi, 2021. p. 169-173 http://conferenceconomics.tsu.ge/doc/2021%20konf.pdf
Totladze L. (2020) Government Expenditure on Education and R&D as a Factor of Homan Capital and its Impact on Economic Growth. International Scientific Reviewed Journal “Ekonomisti”,#2,2020.ISSN1987 https://doi.org/10.36172/EKONOMISTI.2020.XVI.02.TOTLADZE
Totladze L., Khuskivadze M. (2020) The Effect of Foreign Direct Investments on Innovation and Technology Transfer. International Scientific-Practical Conference, Tbilisi, 2020; http://conferenceconomics.tsu.ge/doc/2020konfint.pdf;
Totladze L., Khuskivadze M. (2019). Human Capital and its Measurement Approaches. TSU IV International Scientific Conference “Challenges of Globalization in Economics and Business”. Tbilisi, 2019. https://tsu.ge/assets/media/files/7/konf%20IV19.pdf;
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https://www.wipo.int/ipstats/en/statistics.
https://www.sakpatenti.gov.ge/ka/publications/
http://Geostat.geThe hyper-competitive global economy of the twenty-first century has become an era of innovation, technology, productivity, new knowledge, and skills, focused on sustainable and inclusive growth. Human capital is one of the fundamental factors for ensuring sustainable and inclusive growth. The process of human capital formation is long and is influenced by many factors. Its measurement is one of the actual issues. The negative effects caused by the pandemic were added to the humanitarian, economic, logistical, and other types of problems caused by the Russia-Ukraine war, which took on a global character and affected all countries of the world with more or less severity.
This study aims at providing a theoretical concept of human capital measurement and innovation activity indicators. The paper studies the role of human capital and innovation activity for a country’s development based on the experience of Georgia. For this purpose, multiply regression models have been built and evaluate. The empirical results based on models and coefficient’s significance suggest causality between human capital, innovation activity and the economic growth of Georgia: Contribution of human capital and innovation activity to economic growth is essential
Giorgi Akhvlediani - Researcher of Ossetian language
No full textGiorgi Akhvlediani (1887-1973) is known as the founder of the Georgian
language school. He put a great deal of effort into the research and study of
Georgian phonetics. At the same time, he examined the phonetics of other
languages. He studied and compiled a complete classification of sounds of the
Abkhaz language. In addition, he taught a course in the ancient Indian language,
Sanskrit, at the university. He also wrote a text-book.
Giorgi Akhvlediani's contribution to Iranistics is great. He devoted a lot of
time and energy to the problems of phonetics, dialectology and textual criticism
of the Ossetian language. At the same time, he was the first to design Ossetian
language curriculum and for many years taught the course in the Ossetian
language at the university. His research in phonetics (preruptives, three T in
Ossetian, etc.), morphology (“Predicate Dative in the Ossetian Language”),
dialectology is crucial - he considered the Dvalian dialect as a subdialect of the
Iron dialect, as one of the local dialects.
G. Akhvlediani presented Georgian-Ossetian language contacts in a new
manner and made a great contribution to solving this problem. His book
“Сборник избранных работ по осетинскому языку” (“Collection of Selected
Works on the Ossetian Language”) is still an essential work today.
Even today, a two-volume course on the grammar of the Ossetian language,
edited by Giorgi Akhvlediani, is an extremely important, invaluable work.
In the work, we will consider in detail Giorgi Akhvlediani’s great contribution
to the research of the Ossetian language. We will pay special attention to
the study of the Ossetian language and manuscripts
Some Aspects of the Spread of Greek Philosophy in the Christian East
No full textეძღვნება პროფ. გოჩა ჯაფარიძის ხსოვნას (1942 – 2020)/ Dedicated to Memory of Prof. Gocha Japaridze (1942 – 2020
ვარლამ ჩერქეზიშვილი ინგლის-ბურების ომზე (1899-1902). VARLAM CHERKEZISHVILI ON THE ENGLISH-BOOR WAR (1899-1902)
No full textVarlam Cherkezishvili, an outstanding Georgian politician and
journalist, made a significant contribution in the popularization of
the world history in Georgia. In his epistolary heritage, he reveals a
thorough knowledge of the key issues of the recent history of Western
Europe. He is well aware of the life and works of the famous public
figures of the given epoch. The paper focuses on an interesting
aspect of Varlam Cherkezishvili’s works, without which the analysis
of his journalistic activities would be incomplete.
Varlam Cherkezishvili was especially knowledgeable in the history
of Western European countries, especially the history of England
of the XIX-XX centuries. This is not surprising, because he lived in
England and witnessed the events discussed in his publicist works.
This aspect of Varlam Cherkezishvili’s heritage is yet unknown to the
Georgian society. Therefore, it is important to cover the issue, because
this will enable fill the gap in the Georgian historiography.
The paper focuses on Varlam Cherkezishvili’s attitude to the war
between England and the Boor Republic (1899-1902). The research is
topical and interesting, because the issue of English-Boor war was
very acute in the given epoch. Although Varlam Cherkezishvili has
not written a special paper dedicated to this war, he expressed his
opinions regarding the issue in various works. His position is both
interesting and transparent. In his publicist letters, published in the Georgian periodicals, he provides interesting information about the
English-Boor war. This material has formed the main source of our
research.
On the boundary of the XIX-XX centuries, none of the issues was
as topical for the international relations as the English-Boor war.
Therefore, it is not surprising that Varlam Cherkezishvili was interested
in the issue. In general, the above-mentioned war was widely
discussed in Georgia, because the national liberation movement had
always aroused the interest of the Georgian society. Varlam Cherkezishvili’s
opinion regarding the English-Boor war is one of the
components of this interest. He addressed the Georgian society from
England.
Varlam Cherkezishvili’s correct evaluation of the English-Boor
war and his knowledgeability regarding the issue is a logical result
of his awareness of the empirical-factual material. The chief merit of
Varlam Cherkezishvili’s argumentation regarding the war is that he
fully sympathizes with the Boors. Varlam Cherkezishvili condemns
the cruel acts committed by the English in the Boor Republic. He
severely criticizes the English colonists for the annihilation of the
peaceful population. Such attitude is correct and it should be considered
a great merit of his journalistic activities.
Varlam Cherkezishvili underlines the fact that, unlike the English
government, the English society supported the Boors’ aspiration to
freedom. This forms one of the positive aspects of Varlam Cherkezishvili’s
argumentation regarding the issue of the English-Boor
war
Mufti of Transcaucasia Husein Effendi Gaibov
No full textეძღვნება პროფ. გოჩა ჯაფარიძის ხსოვნას (1942 – 2020)/ Dedicated to Memory of Prof. Gocha Japaridze (1942 – 2020)Russia's expansion into the "Muslim world" lasted from the second part of the 16th
century to the end of the 19th century. As a result of this expansion, 18 million Muslims
lived in the empire and mainly inhabited the areas around the Volga, the Crimea,
Central Asia and the Caucasus. The significant growth of the Muslim population forced
the authorities to take measures for their integration into the structure of the Russian
Orthodox state. One of the important conditions for the implementation of this objective
in Muslim-populated regions was the establishment of relations, determined by the
government, with numerous clerical ranks. These relations played a significant role in
the religious and civil life of Muslims. Besides performing liturgical duties, the Muslim
clergy supervised the education of Muslims and handled their matrimonial, family and
inheritance matters. Muslim religious institutions were owners of large waqf property. Accordingly, the authorities considered the Muslim clerical rank an instrument of
Russian policy in Muslim regions. The issue of the organization of the Transcaucasian
Muslim clergy was discussed for more than 50 years and, finally, in 1872, the Statute on
the Administration of the Transcaucasian Sunni Muslim Clergy and Statute on the
Administration of the Transcaucasian Shi‘a Muslim Clergy were officially approved.
The jurisdiction of Transcaucasian Shiite and Sunni Religious Boards (centred in
Tbilisi) extended to the Muslims of Baku, Elisavetpol, Tbilisi (Tiflis) and Yerevan
(Erivan).
According to the data of the first general census of the Russian Empire, 1,885,722
Muslims were subject to the religious authorities in 1897, including 673,243 in Baku,
552,822 in Elisavetpol, 117,620 in Kutaisi, 189,028 in Tbilisi, and 350,009 in Yerevan.
In 1900, under the ownership of the Transcaucasian Sunni clerical government, there
were 649 mosque communities with 807 mosques and prayer houses, as well as 654
mullahs.
From the confessional point of view, the Muslim population of the region was
divided into two main categories: the Shiite Imams of the Ja‘fari Madhhab obeyed the
Transcaucasian Shi‘a Religious Board. On the other hand, the Sunnis of the Hanafi and
Shafi‘i (the Shafiites traditionally prevailed in Dagestan and Chechnya) schools
followed the clerical rule of the Transcaucasian Sunni Religious Board. The formation
of one type of clerical government contributed to the levelling of the differences
between the Transcaucasian Shiite-Imamites and Sunnis. As claimed by the Viceroy of
the Caucasus, Mikheil Nikolaevich Vorontsov, the purpose of establishing new clerical
governments was to control the activities of persons "hostile to the empire on religious
grounds", and to resist the strengthening of corporate anti-Russian spirit in the
influential clergy. Another purpose was to prevent representatives of the hostile Muslim
spiritual elite from the Ottoman Empire and Persia from entering the Caucasus.
The clerical governments were headed by the Sunni mufti and a Shiite sheikh-ul-
Islam approved by the Russian emperor on the nomination of the Viceroy of the
Caucasus. One of the most progressive figures in the Muslim clergy of the Caucasian
provinces of the empire was the Mufti of Transcaucasia, Hussein Effendi Gaibov,
Chairman of the Transcaucasian Sunni Muslim Religious Board.
This paper discusses and analyzes the activities of Hussein Effendi Gaibov as a
Sunni Muslims religious leader of Transcaucasia and a statesman of the Russian
Empire
CONSONANTS DISTRIBUTION IN GEORGIAN PERSONAL PROPER NOUNS: PHONETIC SYMBOLISM?
No full textBased on statistical analysis of consonants’ distribution in Georgian
Proper Nouns and taking into account gender differences some
generalizations might be suggested: Female proper nouns mostly represent
r, l, m, n sonorant consonants, while male proper nouns – fricatives,
occlusives and affricates (mostly glottalized ones). The statistic data
give arguments to interpret consonants distribution as some kind of
Phonetic Symbolism:
Female nouns symbolizing general image of females’ soft nature
are represented by soft, sonorant sounds, while male nouns symbolizing
general image of males’ (physical strength, power, rudeness, and so
on) – by sharp, abrupt, cleft sounds.
The paper presents tables showing statistic data reflecting appearances
of various consonants in Georgian Proper Nouns