Dspace, Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University
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Determining characteristics of competitiveness of agro-food products in the conditions of globalization (აგროსასურსათო პროდუქტების კონკურენტუნარიანობის განმსაზღვრელი მახასიათებლები გლობალიზაციის პირობებში)
No full text1. Abbott, P. C., & Bredahl, M. E. (1994). Competitiveness: Definitions, Useful Concepts, and Issues. In
Competitiveness in International Food Markets p. 25.. CRC Press.
2. Altukhov, A. I., Drokin, V. V., & Zhuravlev, A. S. (2019) Increasing competitiveness the agro-food complex
is impossible without its rational territorial organization. IOP conference series: earth and environmental
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3. Atkinson, R. D. (2013). Competitiveness, innovation and productivity: cleaning up the confusion. The
Information Technology & Innovation Foundation.
4. Bawakyillenuo, S., & Agbelie, I. S. (2021). Environmental Consciousness of Entrepreneurs in Ghana: How
Do Entrepreneur Types, Demographic Characteristics and Product Competitiveness Count? Sustainability,
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Common Market Studies JCMS., Volume 53, Issue 3, 476-492.
6. Borisov, P., Stoeva, T., & Dirimanova, V. (2021). Methodology for Assessing The Competitiveness of
Agricultural Enterprises. Scientific Papers Series Management, Economic Engineering in Agriculture and
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7. Burkynskyi, B., Alyokhin, A., Brutman, A., Sokolovska, Z., & Khumarova, N. (2019). Competitiveness and
Related Concepts: A Logical Approach to Definition. Икономически изследвания, Issue No: 4, 18-44.
8. Cho, D., & Moon, H. C. (2000). From Adam Smith To Michael Porter: Evolution Of Competitiveness Theory.
Singapore: World Scientific Publishing.
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satisfaction-non-satisfaction. Polish Journal of Management Studies, 2, 132-138.
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Popadynets, I. R. (2017). Methods of competitiveness assessment of agricultural enterprise in eastern
Europe. Regional Science Inquiry, Vol. IX, 2., 231-242.
11. Gagnidze, I. (2012). Country Competitiveness and Clusters: History and Modernity. Universali. Tbilisi.
12. Gopinath, M., Arnade, C., Shane, M., & Roe, T. (1997). Agricultural competitiveness: The case of the
United States and major EU countries. Agricultural Economics, Volume 16, Issue 2, 99-109.
13. Hambrick, D. C. (2017). High Profit Strategies in Mature Capital Goods Industries: A Contingency
Approach. Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 26, No. 4.
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15. Latruffe, L. (2010). Competitiveness, Productivity and Efficiency in the Agricultural and Agri-Food Sectors.
OECD Food, Agriculture and Fisheries Working Papers, No. 30, OECD Publishing.
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Performance Implications. Academy of Management Journal Vol. 31, No. 2.
22. Nuryakin, N., & Maryati, T. (2020). Green product competitiveness and green product success. Why and
how does mediating affect green innovation performance? Entrepreneurship and Sustainability Issues,
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agricultural products as a basis for solving import replacement issues. IOP Conference Series: Earth and
Environmental Science, Volume 315, Issue 2. IOP Publishing.
24. Papageorgiou, A., & Petropoulos, D. P. (2010). The competitiveness of agricultural products in domestic
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changing social, economic and institutional environment pp. 89-103.. Thessaloniki, Greece: Hellenic
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26. Rastorgouev, P.V. (2020). Methodological bases for assessing competitiveness of agri-food products
according to quality Parameters. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus. Agrarian
Series, 58(2) 164-175.
27. Savchenko, T., N. Basiurkina, O. Rodina, and A. Kwilinski. (2019). Improvement of the assessment
methods of product competitiveness of the specialized poultry enterprises. Management theory and
studies for rural business and infrastructure development, vol. 41, no. 1 43-61.
28. Sheldon, I. M. (2017). The Competitiveness of Agricultural Product and Input Markets: A Review and
Synthesis of Recent Research. Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics, Volume 49 Issue 1, 1-44.
29. Shestakovska, T., Durglishvili, N., & Kushnir, S. (2018). Competitiveness of the agrarian business in the
context of maintenance of leadership positions on the market. International Conference on Social,
Economic and Academic Leadership ICSEAL. pp. 177-184. Advances in Social Science, Education and
Humanities Research, Vol. 217.
30. Talikadze N., Kharaishvili E. (2022). Competitiveness characteristics of agri-food products – what does the
consumer choose? (Case of Georgia). Innovative Marketing , 18(1), 195-207.
31. Wilson, S. (2018). Assessing export competitiveness of food manufacturers in SIDS. Competitiveness
Review, Vol. 28 No. 4 408-432.
32. Zakharchenko, O.V., O.O. Alieksieichuk, A. V. Kliuchnyk, N. Y. Shyriaieva, and I. V. Kudlai. (2020). State
support of agricultural producers as a factor in increasing the competitiveness of the agricultural sector.
Entrepreneurship and Sustainability Issues, 8(1) 687.
33. Zhu, X., Demeter, R. M., & Lansink, A. G. (2008). Competitiveness of dairy farms in three countries: the
role of CAP subsidies. International Congress. Ghent, Belgium: European Association of Agricultural
Economists EAAE.This paper discusses the determinants of product competitiveness and the Doctor of Economics views of
researchers in this area. The author draws conclusions about what can be the key to the competitiveness of
agri-food products, opinions are supported by the results of quantitative and qualitative research: A total of
1,200 consumers were interviewed. The survey was conducted by sending a questionnaire through digital
channels. 74% of consumers named quality as the main characteristic of competitiveness. The price comes only
in second and it is chosen by 21% of consumers. With increasing age and income, the importance of quality
increases. It was found out that service and packaging are not crucial for consumers in the process of selecting agri-food products. In addition, it should be noted, that for 42% of respondents are more or less impacted by
advertising for agri-food products. Thus, producers need to devote a large portion of their resources to quality
improvement, while the state should create a favorable environment for this.
Research has shown that in general, quality is the main factor for choosing one of two similar products.
Similarly, consumers' choice in purchasing agri-food products is largely determined by its quality and
subsequent personal experience. So, the Georgian consumer is in the transition stage of the 2nd and 3rd levels
of competitiveness Pyramid.
The analysis of customer responses categorized by age groups revealed an interesting result. In particular,
as the age of the buyer increases, quality plays a major role in the decision to purchase an agri-food product.
Consequently, price dependence decreases. In the age categories of 55-64 years old and 65 years old and over,
the price is replaced by taste characteristics and utility. When the answers were grouped based on average
monthly income, similar results were received, with the increase in income, quality becomes the main factor to
purchase the product. Price becomes relatively crucial for low-income respondents.
Consumers evaluate Georgian agro-food products as having average competitiveness. Thus, it is important
for manufacturers to focus on improving the quality of their products. However, competitiveness cannot be
achieved at the product level unless certain preconditions are created at the state level to ensure it.
The conducted research will give an opportunity to the interested persons to introduce the peculiarities of
product competitiveness in the agro-food market of Georgia and help them to determine the right production
strategy. Thus, the study contains few limitations, which should be solved in the future researches. Limitations
are following: the sample size was limited by 1200 respondents. More significant number of consumers can be
included into the study in the future. The online survey method was the only method used, which should be
further combined with field and experimental investigations
FOR THE HISTORY OF RESTORATION OF STATE INDEPENDENCE OF GEORGIA (MAY 26, 1918)
No full texthttps://geohistory.humanities.tsu.ge/ge/procedings/83-shromebi/177-shromebi-18.htmlThe struggle for the restoration of Georgia's state independence was a long process. This national movement had several stages and entered a decisive phase after the overthrow of the Russian monarchy. The Georgian political elite gradually implemented the steps leading to independence and they are as follows:
1. After the overthrow of the Russian monarchy, the inter-party council became the leading body of the Georgian national movement. The creation and functioning of the national inter-party council was the first stage of the struggle for Georgian statehood. Chronological framework or the first stage is April 1917-November 1917.
2. From November 1917, with the creation of the Transcaucasian Commissariat and the National Council, the second stage of the movement for statehood began in Georgia – this was a period of political autonomy for Georgia.
3. The capture of Tbilisi arsenal in December 1917 and the successful defense operations of January-February, 1918 were the start of the third stage of the struggle for Georgia's independence albeit as a part of Transcaucasian state. This was finally formalized with the establishment of the Transcaucasian Diet and achievement of de facto independence of Transcaucasia – Georgia, Azerbaijan and Armenia were now de facto free countries. Transcaucasian Sejm appeared as a union of three de facto independent political units loosely connected with each other as a part of confederal state.
4. With the creation of the Democratic Federal Republic of Transcaucasia and the declaration of independence, the fourth and final stage of the movement for the independence of Georgia began, which ended up with the declaration of independence of Georgia and the creation of the first republic.სტატია შესრულებულია შოთა რუსთაველის ეროვნული სამეცნიერო ფონდის ფუნდამენტუ-რი კვლევების 2022 წლის გრანტით გათვალისწინებული პროექტის "საქართველოს პირველი რესპუბლიკა" ფარგლებში
რისთვის არის ფსიქოთერაპია?
No full textფსიქოთერაპიული ინტერვენციების მრავალფეროვნება მეოცე საუკუნის ბოლოს და ამ საუკუნის დასაწყისში დიდ გარღვევებს პირდება მის პოტენციურ მომხმარებლებს, რომელთაც საკუთარი პრობლემების გადასაჭრელად ან მოსაგვარებლად ‘ჯადოსნური ჯოხის’ ძიებაში დიდი დრო აქვთ დახარჯული. ყოველი ახალი ფსიქოთერაპიული მიმდინარეობა თუ სკოლა უფრო და უფრო მეტად შორდება ვერიფიკაციის პარადიგმას და საკუთარ ტექნიკას ყოვლისმომცველ პანაცეად აცხადებს. მეორე მხრივ, ჩარევის სპეციფიკურ ტექნიკებზე ორიენტირება ყურადღების მიღმა ტოვებს ადამიანს, როგორც თავისუფალ არსებას, რომელიც ერთი მხრივ, არის სოციალური აქტორი და მეორე მხრივ, მისი ქმედებები ინტერპრეტაციის მრავალფეროვნებას წარმოშობს როგორც თავად ამ ადამიანის, ისე მის გარშემო მყოფთა თუ თავად ფსიქოთერაპევტის მიერ. თუ მოვლენის, ამ შემთხვევაში, ‘პრობლემური ქცევის’ მინიმუმ სამი ინტერპრეტაცია არსებობს, რას ეყრდნობა ფსიქოთერაპევტი, რომელიც ცდილობს ინტერვენციის საფუძველზე ადამიანის მიერ პრობლემის მართვის უკეთეს მოდელს მიაღწიოს. ფსიქოთერაპევტს, რომელმაც საუბრით უნდა მიაღწიოს შედეგს, რადგან ის ვერ გასცდება თავისი პროფესიული მოქმედების საზღვრებს, გადასაწყვეტი აქვს რას უნდა მიაქციოს ყურადღება - ადამიანს თუ დარღვეულ ქცევას. სხვა სიტყვებით, რა უნდა აინტერესებდეს მას სიმპტომი, რომელსაც აღწერს DSM-5 კრიტერიუმებით, რაც უზურნველყოფს მისი სამუშაოს ანაზღაურებას სადაზღვევო სისტემის მიერ, თუ მოუსმინოს ადამიანს და მის ამბავს, რომელმაც შეიძლება ‘პრობლემური ქცევა’ საზრისული გახადოს; ან სიტუაციურ/გარემოს ტემპს დაყვეს და დროში სწრაფად გაუმჯობესებისათვის, კრიზისული ინტერვენციების მსგავსად, მართვად ტექნიკების დასწავლასა და ქცევის კონტროლის დამატებითი უნარები განავითაროს, ან სულაც ღრად სწამდეს, რომ მხოლოდ კოგნიტური სქემების რესტრუქტურიზაციით შეიძლება პრობლემის მოხსნა. ყველა ამ შემთხვევაში, დარღვეული იქნება ფსიქოთერაპიის ძირითადი პრინციპი, რომელიც განმარტებულია, როგორც „საუბრით მკურნალობა სამედიცინო საშუალებების ნაცვლად“, რაც სხვა სიტყვებით ნიშნავს გარედან ინტერვენციას ინდივიდის გაუთვალისწინებლად და ფსიქოთერაპიას გადააქცევს ვისთვის ორიენტირებული პროცესის ნაცვლად [კონკრეტული ადამიანის ფენომენი], რისთვის, უსულო და კონკრეტული სუბსტრატის არმოქნე, აბსტრაქტული და განზოგადებული დარღვეული ქცევის გასაუმჯობესებელ ტექნიკად [სიმპტომის მოსახსნელად აქ და ამჟამად არსებული ცოდნა გამოყენებადი ინტერვენციების შესახებ]. ადამიანის, როგორც ფსიქოთერაპიულ დიალოგში, მონაწილე მეორის დაკარგვა და მისი ამბის მხოლოდ ინსტრუმენტულ იარღად გამოყენება მისივე ქცევის მოსაგვარებლად ქმნის ერთგვარ ილუზიას და აკმაყოფილებს ფსიქოთერპევთა გაუცნობიერებლ ‘მესიანიზმს’ და ქმნის ფსიქოთერპიისა თუ ფსიქოთერაპევტის ‘ყოვლისშემძლოების’ წარმოდგენას, რომელიც არაფერით განსხვავდება მესმერიზმისაგან. პრაქტიკოს ფსიქოლოგთა [კლინიკურ ფსიქოლოგთა] მომზადებისას გათვალისწინებული უნდა იქნეს არა მარტო რომელიმე ერთი მიმართულებით ინტერვენციების სრული რეპერტუარის სწავლება, არამედ უნდა იყოს ადამიანის, როგორც თავისუფალი და მნიშვნელობის შემქმნელი, რეფლექსიურობის მქონე არსების, ფსიქოთერაპიული დიალოგის სრულუფლებიანი წევრის, ადგილის შენარჩუნების უზრუნველყოფა ფსიქოთერაპიულ სეანსში, რაც დააბრუნებს ფსიქოთერაპიას კონკრეტულ ადამიანთან და აქცევს მას პროცესად ‘ვისთვის ფსიქოთერაპი
Distance working under Covid-19: trends and prospects (დისტანციური მუშაობა კოვიდ-19 პანდემიის პირობებში: ტენდენციები და პერსპექტივები)
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15. OECD (2020), Digital Economy Outlook 2020, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/bb167041-en.
16. OECD (2019), Measuring the Digital Transformation: A Roadmap for the Future, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://dx.-
doi.org/10.1787/9789264311992-en.
17. OECD (2018), Good Jobs for All in a Changing World of Work: The OECD Jobs Strategy, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264308817-en..
18. Statistics Canada (2021), Study: Working from home: Productivity and preferences, https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/-
n1/daily-quotidien/210401/dq210401b-eng.htm.
19. Statistics Canada (2020), Table 33-10-0274-01 Percentage of workforce teleworking or working remotely, and percentage
of workforce anticipated to continue primarily teleworking or working remotely after the pandemic, by business characteristics, https://doi.org/10.25318/3310027401-eng.Thus, the full impact of Covid-19 on labour markets remains to be determined. However, it is very likely
that rates of telework will remain significantly higher than they were prior to the onset of the pandemic (see e.g.,
Eurofound, 2020). Early-stage research and surveys have found that a high percentage of workers would like to
telework more frequently—even after social distancing restrictions have been lifted. Additionally, some workers
have now realized that their jobs can be performed outside of traditional office spaces, and they are now also more
comfortable using the necessary technology. Finally, many business leaders who previously were resistant to their
teams working from home have now experienced that it can be done successfully, and thus are supportive of
workers teleworking more frequently. However, this requires ensuring that the necessary digital infrastructure is
in place—which is a costly, but absolutely necessary
It will be necessary to develop policies to promote decent and productive telework as a much larger portion
of the workforce is likely to use this work arrangement than prior to the pandemic. During the next, highly
uncertain period
New Research by German Kartvelologist about the Merit of Academician Akaki Shanidze
No full textეძღვნება თსუ-ს ემერიტუს პროფესორ ლელი ბარამიძის დაბადებიდან 90-ე წლისთავს/ Dedicated to the 90th Birthday of Emeritus Professor of TSU Leli BaramidzeA new book by well-known kartvelologist prof. Heinz Fähnrich has been published
in Germany; it is dedicated to the life and diverse activities of Georgian Academician
Akaki Shanidze. Title: “Akaki Shanidze in service of science and Georgian nation” (Düren:
Shaker, 2021) (Fähnrich 2021).
Heinz Fähnrich has had much merite to Kartvelian linguistics and philology. At the
beginning of his work, he was interested in archeology and was doing his work in this
field but since 1960 he got interested in Caucasian studies and began to study it at Jena.
In 1969 Fähnrich had his first dissertation paper (Promotion) defense; then he arrived to
Georgia, became Akaki Shanidze’s postgraduate student and in 1971 he had his
dissertation paper (Habilitation) defense at Tbilisi State University, in Georgian language.
He translated Akaki Shanidze’s book “Old Georgian Grammar” (Shanidze 1982). He also
founded the yearly German- language scientific journal “Georgica” and was its editor-inchief
(1978-2006), he worked as the head of Department of Caucasiology (Caucasian
Studies) at Friedrich Schiller University of Jena (1986-2006); from 1996 he is a foreign
member of the Georgian National Academy of Sciences, the author of many scientific
works, among them, the dictionaries, also a translator of Georgian literary pieces and
folklore.
The new book by prof. Heinz Fähnrich introduces to the readers the life and work
of prof. Akaki Shanidze, great Georgian linguist, Academician of Georgian Academy of
sciences (1941) and describes his great merit towards the linguistics as a science. The
book consists of the following paragraphs:
• The road of life before the Doctor dissertation;
• Shanidze’s scientific activities in the field of the New Georgian language;
• Old Georgian language;
• Observations about Kartvelian languages;
• Researches in the field of Georgian dialects;
• His works in Rustvelology;
• Publishing of the Old Georgian manuscripts;
• Researches in lexis;
• Reading the ancient Georgian inscriptions;
• Albanian script and language;
• Selective bibliography of Akaki Shanidze’s works.
At the end there is the list of works edited under the title “Caucasian series” in
1991-2017 (some works of the undergraduate german students of the Caucasiology
specialty among them).
In the introduction, H. Fähnrich remembers the remarkable date, the year 1968,
when Akaki Shanidze was given the honorary title of the doctor of philosophy at the
philosophy faculty of Friedrich Schiller University of Jena.
The part in which A. Shanidze’s biography is given, tells about his difficult but very
interesting and meaningful life; his merit in the comlex job of foundation of Tbilisi State University is underlined; in this part, the author also writes about importance of Akaki
Shanidze’s first dissertation work for the Doctor degree (it was A. Shanidze’s work on
the person marks of the verb in Old Georgian), the special work of the scholar done in
the sphere of Kartvelology and Caucasiology in general, is underlined; his researches on
grammatical structures, his great deal in the process of Georgian and Caucasian
languages investigations, also in the job of development of the Georgian language
studying within the school programs and at the Universities of Georgia are also precious.
In the chapters of his book, the author discusses Akaki Shanidze's fundamental
researches in the fields of the New Georgian and Old Georgian, in Georgian dialects, in
rustvelology, in the lexical sphere, in the process of Old Georgian manuscripts’
researches, in discovering and systematization of the Alban language manuscripts, in
proper reading and dating of the Old Georgian inscriptions, in Kartvelology; special
attention is paid to the fundamental works: “Georgian dialects in the Mountain regions”
from 1915 (Shanidze 1981); “Basics of the Georgian language grammar” (Shanidze
1973); “Grammar of the Old Georgian Language” (Shanidze 1976); “Sinai Polycephalion
of the year 864” (Shanidze was the editor of this fundamental work) (Shanidze 1959),
“Symphony of “Vepxistkaosani” (The Knight in the Panther's Skin) (1956), he also edited
the Georgian folk poetry and others.
The author underlines also Akaki Shanidze’s tribute to the studying of the noun
and verb categories in Georgian, his great deal in work on the system of series and
tense-mood forms (mtskrives) in Georgian verb conjugation; in showing agglutination
and synthesis in the Georgian verb structure. Basing on Akaki Shanidze’s works, the
author suggests 25 verb components (personal marks, marks of tense-mood forms,
morphological markers of the verb categories – chains of prefixes and suffixes which can
be separated out in the verb forms (e.g.ze-cạ -mo-i-čṛ -a, da-gv-a-tvalier-eb-in-eb-d-nen
and others the like).
Besides, prof. Heinz Fähnrich discusses in details the importance of the Georgian
inscriptions in Georgia and abroad (the Georgian inscriptions of Bolnisi, Urbnisi,
Ukangori, Palestine). In this part of the book, along with the great work by Akaki
Shanidze, the important stages are shown in the history of Georgian literary language
development such as main changes and gradual language formation basing on which
Akaki Shanidze reached the main and important goal of phasing the process of Georgian
language development.
Tao-Klarjeti school is mentioned in his work with the manuscripts written there,
also the activities taking place in Gelati and Ikhalto ancient academies, other places
abroad where Georgian language educational activities are mentioned.
Heinz Fähnrich's book about Akaki Shanidze is an a really important acquisition for
Kartvelology
Poverty as a social problem and the difficulties of its assessment (სიღარიბე, როგორც სოციალური პრობლემა და მისი შეფასების სირთულეები)
No full text1. ანანიაშვილი, ი. (2012). ეკონომეტრიკა. თბილისი. მერიდიანი
2. გელაშვილი, ს. (2019). შესავალი სტატისტიკურ პროგნოზირებაში. თბილისი. უნივერსალი
3. კაკულია, მ., კაპანაძე, ნ., ქურხული, ლ. (2017) ქრონიკული სიღარიბე და შემოსავლების უთანაბრობა საქართველოში. ეკონომიკურ-სტატისტიკური გამოკვლევა. საქართველოს სტრატეგიისა და საერთაშორისო ურთიერთობების კვლევის ფონდი. თბილისი.
4. საქართველოს სტატისტიკის ეროვნული სამსახური. მოძიებულია https://geostat.ge -დან.
5. ცარციძე, მ. (2022). უმუშევრობა და სიღარიბე საქართველოში. თბილისი. უნივერსიტეტის
გამომცემლობა
6. Abramo, L., Cecchini, S.. & Morales, B. (2019). Social programmes, poverty eradication and labour
inclusion Lessons from Latin America and the Caribbean. ECLAC Books, United Nations. Retrieved from
https://repositorio.cepal.org/bitstream/handle/11362/44622/1/S1900004_en.pdf
7. Allen, R. C. (2020). Poverty and the Labor Market: Today and Yesterday. Annual Review of Economomics.
8. Dean, J & Prydz, E. (2017). Societal poverty: a relative and relevant measure. Policy Research working
paper; no. WPS 8073, Washington, D.C. : World Bank Group.
9. Foster, J., Greer, J., & Thorbecke, E. (2010). The Foster–Greer–Thorbecke (FGT) poverty measures: 25
years later. The Journal of Economic Inequality. 8 (4)
10. Mankiw, G. (2016). Principles of Economics. Boston. Cengage.
11. OECD (2011), Divided We Stand – Why Inequality Keeps Rising, Paris. Retrieved from
www.oecd.org/social/inequality.htm/www.oecd.org/fr/social/inegalite.
12. Smith, H., Pettgrew, T., & Huo, I. (2020). Relative Deprivation Theory: Advances and ApplicationsAdvances
and Applications. In book: Social Comparison, Judgment, and Behavior.
13. Social Programs (2022). Governmant of Canada. Retrieved from https://www.sacisc.
gc.ca/eng/1100100035072/1521125345192
14. Social Programs That Work. Retrieved from https://evidencebasedprograms.org/
15. Shapiro, A. F. (2005) Fuzzy regression models. ACM, Penn State University.
16. Tanaka, H., Uejima, S., & Asai, K. (1982). Linear regression analysis with fuzzy model. IEEE Transactions on
Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Vol. 12.
17. Tanaka, H., & Watada, J. (1988). Possibilistic linear system and their application to the linear regression
model. Fuzzy Sets and Systems, Vol. 27.
18. World Bank. (2022). Poverty. Retrieved from https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/povertySocial problems remain world-class challenges. The cause and origin of most social problems lie in poverty
and poverty. Poverty is assessed according to various criteria, and it is important that the assessment system
adequately reflects the real situation. Certain recommendations are offered by international organizations, but
it is necessary to take into account the specifics of a particular country or region. When assessing poverty,
extrapolation of data from studies conducted on a sample population on population by statistical weighting is
carried out, and the simulation method is also used. As a rule, demographic and social statistics are taken into
account. A relatively balanced assessment of the existing differentiation is the so-called Adjusted (equivalent)
scales, as well as the prevalence of poverty, which are determined by subtracting the indices of low-income
(expenditure) deficit, severity and depth of poverty. Regression models are used to estimate and predict
poverty. The variety of methods for assessing poverty is due to problems that arise at certain times and in
certain spaces. They can be overcome only as a result of complex and purposeful work, in which a scientifically
based assessment system plays an important role
THE LITERARY SCHOOL OF SHIRVAN: POETESS MEHSETI GANJAVI
No full textIn the 12th century, a powerful Persian literary school was developed
at the royal court of Shirvan Shahs. This school included world famous
poets like Abu-L-Ala, Falak, Khaqani... One of the most interesting,
almost legendary persons in this poetic circle is a frivolous poetess
Mehseti. She is distinguished by her controversial nature and bold
poems.
The data of her biography, personal life and literary activities are
also controversial. The scarce data preserved in literary museums and
libraries allow diverse interpretations; the authors of old tezkeres
(Dawlatshah Samarqandi, Hamdallah Qazvini) provide diverse information,
which leads to the skeptical attitude of European scholars
(Browne, Horn, Vambery).
The etymology of her Takhallus (literary pen-name, honorary
title) is also diverse. The Persian collocation of consonants is read in diff erent ways: Mehseti, Mahsati, Mahasti, Mahisti... Hence, the title is
related either to the moon or a great, glorious lady (Bertels, Browne).
Due to the bold and piquant nature and unbridled demonstration
of feelings in her rubayat, there was even an attempt to consider her as
a male poet (however, this attempt failed). Some scholars even doubted
that she was a real person...
According to old tezkeres, Mehseti was a maidservant of “Great
Seljuk” – Sanjar (1118-1157). Later, after impromptu reciting one four-line
verse (rubai), she became Sanjar’s court poetess and singer. According
to other data, Mehseti was first a mistress of the poet Taj ad-din Ahmad
ibn Hatif Ganjavi and later became his wife. The novel written by the
poet Jahar tells about this love affair. The novel is written in the style of
a dialogue. The verses are distinguished by the diversity of images and
abundance of puns. It is highly probable that an important portion of
the poetic dialogue is formed by popular rubai.
Recent research has proved that Mehseti was a real person born
in Ganja in 1089. She was well-educated for her period, was good at
playing chess and well aware of oriental poetry and music. Mehseti
herself was famous for her poetry and singing. At the royal court of
the Shahs of Shirvan, she often took part in the poetic meetings and
contests
TAMERLANE, GEORGIA AND THE SILK ROADS
No full texthttps://geohistory.humanities.tsu.ge/ge/procedings/83-shromebi/177-shromebi-18.htmlGreat Central Asian conqueror Tamerlane sought to achieve several goals through his brutal 8 military campaigns against Georgia in late 14th-early 15th century. The religion – spread of Islam – played an important role, as did other strategic aims such as establising control over the Caucasus passes to deter the Holden Horde leader Tokhtamish from invading the Middle East. Indeed, if we look at his campaigns in other regions, Tamerlane’s campaigns often combined several goals: control over the trade routes, getting hold of available riches, and securing territorial expansion for greater military security. In this article, we have focused on Tamerlane’s trade and economic policy suggesting that one of the major goals of the Central Asian conqueror was to isolate Georgia from the regional trade routes the country still seemed to control.
In the Georgian historiography, Tamerlane’s expeditions against Georgia are mainly viewed through a military-political prism. Yet, by considering the invader’s campaigns against Georgia in a broader regional context, it becomes clear that Tamerlane’s goal was also driven by the need to control trade routes criss-crossing the Caucasus and the neighboring territories.
Tamerlane’s campaigns had a devastating effect on trade routes in Eurasia. After the Golden Horde lost its trade and economic potential following Tamerlane’s campaign of 1395, the major trade route shifted southward through Asia Minor and northern Iran. It was close to Georgia, but due to Georgia's weak economic position and despite the active military policy of the Georgian king, Giorgi VII, the country was unable to reap benefits from those transit routes.
But a one-sided depiction of Tamerlane’s rule would not be entirely correct. The roads and cities that fit into his imperial agenda reached a high level of economic and political development. This was the case with Tabriz, which, second to the imperial capital Samarkand, was the richest city in the Timurid Empire. The description of the city given by the Castilian envoy Clavijo in early 15th century shows that it would not be entirely correct to portray Tamerlane solely as a destroyer of trade routes and economic prosperity.
In addition to the southern trade route around Georgia, another important route was through Derbent on the western seashore of the Caspian Sea. The main directions of the military campaigns staged by Tokhtamish indicate that the west coast of the Caspian Sea was the main transit route from the Middle East to the Eurasian steppes meaning that trade was also quite widespread.
These two trade routes were close to Georgia making it easier for Giorgi VII to mount attacks against Tamerlane’s plans for building effective trade routes from Central Asia to Asia Minor. The Georgian king ventured southward on several occasions. The mentioning of merchants in the 1401 peace agreement between Giorgi and Tamerlane is also quite indicative that the Asian conqueror was worried about potetial disrusptions from the Georgian side to the operation of trade routes.
Despite its seeming military strength, Temurid empire was not a solid formation. Tamerlane’s campaigns and the strategic position of his empire were in many ways similar to those of Jalal ad-Din, Khwarezmian prince of early 13th century. The main strategic goal of both invaders in the Middle East was to prevent the formation of an opposing military coalition. Both wanted to accumulate wealth by conquering rich cities or receiving tribute as a result of an agreement.
Yet, the two Asian rulers had different long-term political-economic goals. Jalal ad-Din’s goal was self-preservation. He thought less about controlling trade routes, though there are indications in the sources that he was intent on punishing those who ostructed trade. Its immediate purpose was to ensure the security of his army and work with regional powers toward a veritable anti-Mongol coalition.
The imperial projects of Tamerlane and Jalal ad-Din produced a radical overhaul of the trade and economic patterns in Eurasia. None of the leaders, however, had enough power to secure long-term existence of their empires. Both rulers were surrounded by a number of potent powers that hindered a successful establishment of an empire in the heart of the Middle East.
For Georgia, what started during Jalal ad-Din ended with the death of Tamerlane in 1405: growing isolation of the kingdom from major trade routes and pushing them southward to the Tabriz-Trebizond line. The process continued for about two centuries and ended in Georgia’s near-complete distancing from the regional and transcontinental trade routes. This had a direct impact on the country’s development in the following centuries. The 15th century was a time when the process of establishing new trade routes in the world was in full swing. Georgia, on the other hand, met this era as a politically and economically weakened state ever further removed from lucrative trade routes
CARTOON AS A SOURCE ON THE EXAMPLE OF BRITISH AND NEW ZEALAND CARTOONS ABOUT GEORGIA
No full texthttps://geohistory.humanities.tsu.ge/ge/procedings/83-shromebi/177-shromebi-18.htmlBritish and New Zealand press paid some attention to Georgia, most
notably, August War became the common topic of their interest. Additionally,
British press was interested in the collapse of the Soviet Union, while New
Zealand press paid attention to some social and political issues inside their
countries and connected Georgia with those topics, for example, the death of
Georgian sportsman during Vancouver Olympiad was used to criticize New
Zealand television’s way of covering news or South Ossetia (Samachablo) was
mentioned as place of political exile while addressing political outcasts of New
Zealand. British authors usually are better informed about political events in
Georgia and therefore, British cartoons reveal more in-depth acute political
satire, while New Zealand authors are less informed and therefore their cartoons
either show some superficial knowledge or reveal quite indifferent attitude
towards the events. New Zealand authors usually are critical to every country
involved in political processes, for example, during August War they criticized
Georgia, USA and Russia equally, while the British authors were more prone to
blame Russia.
Overall, these cartoons are very interesting to show the attitude of more
or less neutral or even very neutral press towards international events involving
Georgia. Also, they are very useful tool to study cartoons created by objective
and neutral authors
Impact of social marketing for changing behavior during the COVID–19 pandemic (სოციალური მარკეტინგის გავლენა ქცევის ცვლილებაზე COVID-19-ის პანდემიის პირობებში)
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Available from: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240016927 (Accessed 29 January 2022).An important aspect of the COVID 19 pandemic is the vaccination strategy (immunization), which is
actively implemented in many countries around the world. The purpose of this article is to analyze the ongoing
immunization process in different countries based on a review of the latest publications and searches. The paper
focuses on three issues: changes for social behavior, social marketing tools to activate immunization, social
networks - an arena for discourse of vaccine proponents and opponents. The paper discusses the so-called 5C
model, which includes the following factors: trust, limitation, self-confidence, calculation and collective
responsibility. This model emerges as driver and affects on individuals behavior, who are neutral or negative
regarding immunization. There`s is urgent need to increase amount of vaccinated people , it is essential to promote
varies forms of stimulation of different segments of population. Social networks are used intensively for effective
and large-scale management of health and social campaigns. In addition, individuals who are skeptical about
vaccination are involved in social networks and react in negative way to the information provided. Any
information about the vaccine is perceived by them not as a standard product relevant to the scientific process, but
as an individual irrational interpretation that hinders the immunization process. Social media is a powerful
instrument and has a strong impact on an individuals behavior, systematic research is needed in this area ,so that
everyone is aware of the benefits of COVID 19 vaccinatio