Dspace, Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University
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საქართველოს ალექსანდრე ჯავახიშვილის სახელობის გეოგრაფიული საზოგადოების შრომები
No full textაბსტრაქტი: თანამედროვე პირობებში ნიადაგური რესურსების რაციონალური გამოყენებადაცვა,
განსაკუთრებით მთაგორიანი რელიეფის ქვეყნებში, მათ შორის საქართველოში, ერთერთი
მწვავე გამოწვევაა. აჭარის რეგიონში ამ კომპლექსურ პრობლემას კიდევ უფრო ართულებს
ნიადაგწარმოქმნის პროცესების მაღალი ინტენსივობა და მოჭარბებული ანთროპოგენური
დატვირთვა. არსებულ ფონზე, აჭარის სხვადასხვა მუნიციპალიტეტების ტერიტორიებზე,
ნიადაგების მორფოლოგიურ-გენეზისური ნიშან-თვისებების მეთოდებით, ვაწარმოეთ საველე
კვლევები. რის შედეგადაც დადგინდა, რომ შავშეთის, არსიანისა და აჭარა-გურიის მთიანეთის
შიდამთიანი აჭარის სამხრეთ და სამხრეთ-აღმოსავლეთ ფერდობებზე ზ.დ. 360-1200 მ სიმაღლეთა
ფარგლებში,ინტრაზონალური გავრცელების კანონზომიერებით ერთდროულად მიმდინარეობს,
როგორც ყომრალიების (Humic & Dystric Cambisols), ისე წითელმიწების (Ferralic Nitisols)
ფორმირება. იდენტიფიცირებულია წითელი შეფერილობის ნიადაგების მორფოლოგიური
ძირითადი მადიაგნოსტირებელი ნიშნებია: Bm გათიხებული ჰორიზონტის არსებობა,
აგურისფერ-ყომრალ-წითელი შეფერილობა, ერთნახევარი ოქსიდების, განსაკუთრებით F2O3ის
დაგროვება, ხირხატიანობა (ქვიანობა) და კაკლოვან-კოშტოვან-გოროხოვან-მარცვლოვანი
სტრუქტურა, რაც საფუძველს გვაძლევს ვივარაუდოთ, რომ შესაძლებელია იგი გამოიყოს დამოუკიდებელ
ნიადაგურ ტაქსონად, სახელწოდებით წითელ-ყომრალი ნიადაგი
The Sense of Alienation - the Main Human Experience. ''City Gates'' by Elias Khoury
No full textეძღვნება პროფ. გოჩა ჯაფარიძის ხსოვნას (1942 – 2020)/ Dedicated to Memory of Prof. Gocha Japaridze (1942 – 2020)The concepts of “a stranger", “an alien”, “an exile” are of great importance concerning
one of the earlier small-format novels “City Gates”, by a modern Lebanese
writer, novelist, literary critic Elias Khoury. The novel, written in 1981, is a postmodern
literary rendition of one of the well-known themes of “One Thousand and One Nights”-
"Cooper City". Although the author links this theme to his most poignant topic - the
Beirut Civil War and its invocations, in this short novel the reader cannot see Beirut
directly. There is no mention of war either. The main character of the novel is a stranger
travelling to a distant city and his strength lies in his sense of alienation, because it is the
sense of alienation that leads him to the divine truth, to his essence of worldview.
Alienation is a torment to him and, at the same time, an expression of his prominence, a
means of accessing the divine truth. His path is the path of God, the path leading to
God; his life experience is simultaneously a form of ecstasy that transcends worldly and
divine divisions between the soul and the matter. His world is a place of exile, where
everything and everyone reminds him of his alienation and sets him free from being
chained to the earthly orientation. The way back from this alienation is cut for him, his
earthly ideas about identity are completely gone, for he no longer has the memories of
his lost homeland. He does not seek to overcome the alienation and suffering, to end it,
on the contrary, he continues its course tirelessly, alienation is deeply rooted in him, and
after overcoming many obstacles that resemble apocalyptic scenes, he reaches his goal.
After a countless day and a cold, rainy night he succeeds and fails, at the same time, to
reach the city- the city, where he thought he was expected, first was consumed by fire,
then the sea swallowed fire, and covered the city, and the place plunged into the water
and disappeared. Thus, beauty and truth remained unobtainable to the man trying to
gain it. This means that the man was in search of something that does not exist in this
world, something that is only otherworldly. The distressing prospect of salvation for
him lies precisely in this alienation and motion - the travel to the promised land
On Arabic Inflection
Get PDFეძღვნება პროფ. გოჩა ჯაფარიძის ხსოვნას (1942 – 2020)/ Dedicated to Memory of Prof. Gocha Japaridze (1942 – 2020
იდეასთან მხატვრული მასალის მიმართების საკითხი ილია ჭავჭავაძის მოთხრობაში „სარჩობელაზედ“. THE ISSUE OF THE RELATION OF FICTIONAL MATERIAL WITH AN IDEA IN ILIA CHAVCHAVADZE’S STORY “ON THE GALLOWS”
Get PDFWith his short story “On the Gallows” Ilia Chavchavadze brought
the issues of the relationship of an individual with the society, crime,
and punishment into the Georgian intellectual and literary space
and made a stand against capital punishment.
The primary driver of Ilia Chavchavadze’s creative work is the
will to deliver the ideals to the readers with clarity and without obstructions.
In a large segment of his prosaic work the idea is expressed
through fictional material. The material is chosen to exhibit
the idea with maximal precision and to leave a strong impression.
This same method is used in the short story – “On the Gallows.”
The compositional center of the story is the character of old Petre.
He is a man formed and brought up by people, his nature, mentality,
and his attitude towards his environment express people’s world
views. His humanity, morality, and kindness are products of the environment
that shaped him. With his charming childlike simplicity,
naïveté, internal purity, and honesty, Petre comes close to the human
ideal. His primary trait is his love towards other people which
determines his unconditional kindness, warmth, and forgiveness. In
the story all the important ideas and thoughts are expressed in relation
to this character:
Social degradation, indifference, and irresponsibility turned to
cruelty are shown in the short story through old Petre’s confusion
about people’s attitude towards the act of capital punishment.
The protest against capital punishment and its cruelty, along
with its incompatibility with the human ideal is shown through the
fact, that even though Petre observes all of this with his own eyes, he
cannot believe that they hung a living human “like a cat.” The letter written to Petre provides an analysis of the problem of
crime and fair punishment. Life before the crime is retold in the letter
from the point of view of a person who experienced the miserable
situation of life taking away their choice and pushing them to crime
firsthand. This enables the readers to not only judge the brothers,
but to gain perspective and see the events through their eyes. This
way the reader can balance the purely rational and cold judgement
of the crime with a humanitarian position based in morality. Only
such humanitarian attitude can produce fair judgement. Otherwise,
punishment turns into revenge, and the moral barrier that separates
the judge from the criminal disappears. Such approach is one of the
primary requirements towards a healthier society
სამკვიდროს გაყოფა – საჩუქრის ჩათვლა მემკვიდრის წილში
Get PDFწინამდებარე ნაშრომში განხილულია მამკვიდრებლის გარდაცვალების შემდეგ მემკვიდრეების მიერ სამკვიდრო ქონების გაყოფის წესთან დაკავშირებული სამართლებრივი საკითხები, ასევე აღნიშნულ საკითხთან დაკავშირებული უახლესი საკანონმდებლო ცვლილებები. სტატია განკუთვნილია სამართლის პროფილის სტუდენტების, მეცნიერების, პრაქტიკოსი იურისტების და სამკვიდროს გაყოფის საკითხებით დაინტერესებული ფართო მკითხველისათვის
XIX CENTURY CAUCASUS IN THE WORKS OF THE GERMAN SCHOLARS
Get PDFივანე ჯავახიშვილის დაბადებიდან 146-ე წლისთავისადმი მიძღვნილი სამეცნიერო კონფერენციაThe object of research is a book published in the German Democratic
Republic in 1987 – „Reisen im Kaukasus“ (Travel to Caucasus), dedicated to
the 19th century German travelers and explorers, who travelled to the Caucasus
numerous times for the purpose of studying this region. Frequently,
these scholars travelled to the Caucasus despite great risks and threats to
their lives. The paper is informative and aims to introduce the Georgian
society to the thematic aspects provided in the book in the form of twenty
abstracts from the works of German scholars working in diverse fields.
The authors with University education in the XIX century Europe – Adolf
Bastian, Moritz von Kotzebue, Julius von Klaproth, Gustav Radde, Moritz
Wagner, Gustav Radde, Rudolf Virchow, Karl Koch, Fridrich von Bayern and
others, as well as poets Friedrich Martin von Bodenstedt and Arthur Leist
– were members of the academies in Germany and St. Petersburg, Russian
Empire. Publication of their notes, diaries and personal letters in Leipzig in
the period of German Democratic Republic, and, above all, the transfer of texts from Gothic into Latin script, is considered the first and so far unique
attempt of this kind, whereas the book itself is regarded as a bibliographical
rarity.
The abstracts provided in the book refer to the following themes: a)
location of the Caucasus – according to Julius von Klaproth, “the most wonderful
and the least known region of the old world“ b) the archeological
excavations of Friedrich Kolenati and the burial grounds discovered by him,
in most cases already robbed by Russian expeditions; c) the unimpaired
plant cover of the Alpine zone, “the captivating beauty” of which is proved
by the herbarium composed by Moritz Wagner; d) collections of “colourful
butterflies” and “foreign species of grasshoppers” „never discovered in the
European Alps“ by Friedrich Wilhelm Parrot; e) the inhabitants of the Caucasus,
described by Adolf Bastian as “rather gloomy and morose highlanders,
Chechens, Kabardians, Ossetians and people of other ethnicities that are
hard to distinguish from one another“; f) illustration material consisting
of photographs made from daguerrotypes by unknown authors, sketches
and maps; g) poems by Friedrich Martin von Bodenstedt and Arthur Leist,
inspired by the charm of Caucasian wildlife.
Another object of research is the language of the original text, which
has preserved the spelling rules of the 19th century, archaic vocabulary,
vast syntactic periods, loquacious passages, Russianisms and Russian-influenced versions of toponyms
The importance of travel insurance for tourism business and its development prospects in Georgia
Get PDF1. კაკაშვილი ნ. შათირიშვილი ჯ. სადაზღვევო საქმე თბ., 2012
2. Damian Tysdal. “History of Travel Insurance”, (octomber, 2009), https://www.travelinsurancereview.net/2009/10/04/history-of-travel-insurance/ (15.04.2021)
3. И.Е. Сергеевна, „Виды страхования в туризме“. (Реферат, Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет,
2010), https://works.doklad.ru/view/9CDwj97rQnY.html(22.04.2021)
4. И.Е. Сергеевна, „Виды страхования в туризме“. (Реферат, Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет,
2010), https://works.doklad.ru/view/9CDwj97rQnY.html (22.04.2021)
5. სსიპ საქართველოს დაზღვევის სახელმწიფო ზედამხედველობის სამსახური, http://insurance.gov.ge/Statistics.aspx
(01.05.2021)
6. სადაზღვევო კომპანია „ჯი პი აი ჰოლდინგი“, სამოგზაურო დაზღვევა, https://www.gpih.ge/gpih/Travel/-
whatiscovered.php (01.06.21)
7. სს სადაზღვევო კომპანია „ჯი პი აი ჰოლდინგი“, პოლისი Tavel Annual Covid, წყარო: https://www.gpih.-
ge/gpih/Travel/whatiscovered.php (01.06.21)
8. თიბისი დაზღვევა, „COVID-19-ის გართულებული შემთხვევების დაზღვევა ბიზნესისათვის“, წყარო: https://-
tbcinsurance.ge/ka/blog/article/193-covid-19-is-gartulebuli-shemtkhvevebis-dazghveva-biznesistvis (02.06.21)
9. თიბისი დაზღვევა, სპეციალური შეთავაზება სამოგზაურო დაზღვევის შეძენისას, წყარო: https://tbcinsurance.ge/-
ka/blog/article/258-spetsialuri-shetavazeba-samogzauro-dazghvevis-shedzenisas (02.06.21)
10. FINANCE AND DEVELOPMENT, December 2020, https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/2020/12/impact-of-thepandemic-on-tourism-behsudi.htm (25.04.21)
11. UN WTO, Tourism and Covid-19 – unprecedented economic impacts, https://www.unwto.org/tourism-and-covid-19-
unprecedented-economic-impacts (29.04.21)
12. World Travel & Tourism Council, Economic Impact Reports, https://wttc.org/Research/Economic-Impact (3.05.21)Travel insurance means protecting the material interests of the citizen during a tourist trip. The COVID19 pandemic has had a significant impact on tourism - systemic travel restrictions prevent people from traveling,
regardless of their wishes, and increase their fear of perceived risk-taking trips, causing them to change typical
travel behaviors. All in all, the importance of travel insurance is growing indefinitel
Covid-19 pandemic - risks of economic growth
Get PDF1. ანანიაშვილი ი., პაპავა ვ., გადასახადები, მოთხოვნა და მიწოდება. თბილისი: გამომცემლობა ,,სიახლე“, 2009.
2. ბახტაძე ლ., კაკულია რ., ჩიკვილაძე მ., საგადასახადო საქმე. თბილისი, 2007.
3. კოპალეიშვილი თ., ჩიკვილაძე მ., გადასახადები და დაბეგვრა. თბილისი, 2011.
4. ჯიბუტი ა., კაკულია რ., ბახტაძე რ., საჯარო ფინანსები. თბილისი, 2007.
5. პაპავა. ვ., არატრადიციული ეკონომიქსი: მეთოდოლოგია და მეთოდიკა. თბილისი, თსუ 2020.
6. საქართველოს ფინანსთა სამინისტრო https:mof.ge, 2021 წლის სახელმწიფო ბიუჯეტის შესახებ კანონის პროექტი.
7. საქართველოს ფინანსთა სამინისტროს მასალები, საქართველოს 2020 წლის სახელმწიფო ბიუჯეტი.
8. საქართველოს საგადასახადო კოდექსი, თბილისი. 2010.
9. Chikviladze, M. (2018) The Share in Percentage of Taxes in GDP. Ecoforum Journal. Volume 7, Issue 1 (14).
10. Atanelishvili, T., Chikviladze, M., Silagadze, N. (2017). About State Financial Control. Ecoforum Journal. Volume 6, Issue
1 (10).
11. Bedianashvili, G (2017) Benchmarking ASL research methhod for obtaining system knowledge of the state intitutional
development. J. information models and analyses volume 6, number 1. pp. 84-89
12. Gaganidze. G (2018), forign trade of Georgia, Moldova and Ukraine with the European union after signg the Association
agreement, Ekoforum journal, 7, issue 1 (14).
13. Kopaleishvili, T., Chikviladze, M. (2011). Taxes and Taxation. Tbilisi.
14. Silagadze, A., Atanelishvili, T., Silagadze, N. (2019). Economic Doctrines: The Origins. Published by Nova Science
Publishers, Inc. New York.
15. Silagadze, A., Zuniashvili, T. (2016). Georgia`s Economy against the Background of the Associate Agreement with the
European Union. International Journal of Business and Management Studies, 59, 2: 533-540. (USA).
16. Zubiashvili, T., Chikviladze, M., Silagadze, N. (2018). Some Aspects of state External Debt. Ecoforum Journal 7 (2).The Covid-19 pandemic has exposed unprecedented circumstances to businesses and individuals and natural
persons with tax liabilities, as well as the entire population. The government of Georgia must take decisive action
to reduce the effects of the crisis on businesses, taxpayers and household
Innovative banking technologies and products: challenges and development prospects (ინოვაციური საბანკო ტექნოლოგიები და პროდუქტები: გამოწვევები და განვითარების პერსპექტივები)
Get PDF1. Businessfeed, საქართველოს ბანკის ინოვაცია: დაუტოვე სამადლობელი ბარათით ან
პოსტერმინალით, 2021,
https://businessfeed.ge/saqarthvelos-bankis-inovatsia-dautove-samadlobeli-barathith-anposterminalith/?
fbclid=IwAR19BlhI5CvwGzaI-LYTt7mLEPk5BtFnQKVWzmrKbmGjZYPrkyaJvvOOb9Y
2. ნეთგაზეთი, Mastercard საქართველოში უნაღდო გადახდების განვითარების სათავე შია, 16
სექტემბერი, 2020, https://netgazeti.ge/news/482113/
3. საქართველოს ბანკი და შვილობილი კომპანიები, შუალედური მმართველობითი
ანგარიშგება,2021, https://gse.ge/upload/d945c550_436d_46f6_99e7_e853175349b4_3eedde01.pdf
4. საქართველოს ბანკი, Apple Pay – გადახდის სრულყოფილი სისტემა საქართველოს ბანკშია,
2019, https://bankofgeorgia.ge/ka/retail/digital-bank/applepay
5. საქართველოს ბანკი, მმართველობითი ანგარიშგება, 2020,
https://gse.ge/upload/JSC_BOG_Group_Management_Report_2020_GEO_312802c8.pdf
6. საქართველოს ბანკი, წლიური ანგარიში, 2018,
https://bankofgeorgiagroup.com/reports/annual/15/download
7. საქართველოს ეროვნული ბანკი, ფინანსური სტაბილურობის ანგარიში, 2021,
https://cutt.ly/ZUIBBCx
8. საქართველოს ეროვნული ბანკი, წლიური ანგარიში, 2020, https://cutt.ly/UUIHRum
9. ფინტექი, გატერმინალება – ინოვაციური გადახდის სისტემა ბიზნესისთვის, 2020,
https://www.fintech.ge/news/details?id=120
10. CENTRAL BANK OF KENYA BANKING SECTOR INNOVATION SURVEY, 2020,
11. https://www.afiglobal.org/wpcontent/uploads/2021/09/Banking-Sector-Innovation-Survey-2020.pdf
12. Cohen M., Covid Has Catalyzed Banking Innovation: The Challenges and Opportunities that Remain, 05
January, 2021, https://www.finextra.com/blogposting/19714/covid-has-catalyzed-banking-innovationthe-
challenges-and-opportunities-that-remain
13. Deloitte, Realizing the digital promise, COVID-19 catalyzes and accelerates transformation in financial
services, 2020, https://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/global/Documents/Financial-
Services/gx-fsi-realizing-the-digital-promise-covid-19-catalyzes-and-accelerates-transformation.pdfThe 21st century is the era of technology, the rapid development of technology creates new significant
opportunities in terms of accessibility, convenience and efficiency of financial products. Technological
innovations are mainly used by the banking sector to create competitive information and competitive
advantage, as they help banks improve their services and cost efficiency, as fewer employees and less
traditional departments are required, which allows them to provide customers with much faster service at a
lower price.
Banks have been promoting digital opportunities for several years, but the Covid-19 crisis has brought the
problem to the fore, requiring a quick adjustment of expectations, time frames and scope of use. As a result,
banks are forced to solve online tasks faster and more decisively, including security, communication with
clients and development of new services on request.
The pandemic has also threatened the growth of competing banks as smaller institutions try to capture
market share using innovative digital services. The financial insecurity that many people are experiencing now
has prompted them to prefer larger institutions, because they believe that they are better prepared to weather
the storm. This will probably lead to further consolidation in the banking sector – larger banks will swallow
smaller ones. Consolidation can lead to the development of digital services, but on the other hand,
consolidation can mean less competition and, therefore, less innovation. How this will affect the market of
financial services will show.
One thing is clear, clients are looking for safe and stable banks, but convenience is no less important for
them, so financial services institutions realize that innovation and digital transformation have become
necessary not only for survival, but also for ensuring future growth.
The article discusses and analyzes: innovative banking technologies and digital products: Features of the
development and implementation of remote banking services in connection with the Covid-19 pandemic;
Modern mechanisms for risk assessment and cybersecurity control in relation to innovative banking products
and an opinion is expressed in the direction of their further improvement
ON HITHERTO UNKNOWN SOURCES ABOUT THE CATHOLICOSATE OF TBILISI AND ITS BISHOP − CHRISTOPHER ORBELIANI
Get PDFივანე ჯავახიშვილის დაბადებიდან 146-ე წლისთავისადმი მიძღვნილი სამეცნიერო კონფერენციაIt is more or less specified in historiography that the Catholic episcopate
which was established in 1329 existed until 1510. There are known
13 bishops of the episcopate and their years of governance one way or
the other. They were the members of different orders and foreigners by
their origin. In subsequent centuries, till 1736, we do not have any information
on the existence of the Catholic episcopate of Tbilisi and nothing
is known about its bishop. On the basis of the hitherto unknown sources
(from Vatican Archive) is investigated that in the period of Kizilbash rule
(1735-1744) in Eastern Georgia the tax and repressive policy enforced by Nadir
Shah pressed hard with classes of people Catholic missionaries as well.
In addition to this, Nadir Shah’s anti Catholic policy, which created hardest
conditions to Georgian Catholics. Under the circumstances it seems that
on the basis of the request of all Catholics of Tbilisi in 1736 Patriarch of
Antioch and the first Uniate of All the East Cyril IV (1724-1759) established
Christephore Orbeliani as the bishop of Tbilisi of Catholics having a Georgian
typicon.
In accordance with the above-mentioned sources, Christephore Orbeliani
was a member of the Order of Saint Basil the Great and he, as an Orthodox
Priest, converted to Catholicism in previous ages of 1725. This worthy
confessor obtained a great honour and authority in ecclesiastical circles
and parish of both confessions. Thanks to this, under the circumstances
where Catholics had hard times in Tbilisi, on the basis of the request of Georgian Catholics, Uniate Patriarch of Antioch established Christephore
Orbeliani as a bishop of Catholics having a Georgian typicon that we should
imply to be found acceptable for Holy Throne.
Thus, after 1510, it was the first occasion when we see the Catholic
episcopate having a Georgian typicon and its bishop, by one’s origin a
Georgian Catholic, Christephore Orbeliani. The latter, in accord with the
same sources, was appointed as one’s vicar by the Patriarch Domenti IV
of Georgia hindered in Constantinople in 1725-1739, and he performed the
duty in 1737-1739 that was absolutely an unprecedented event. It is being
established that at the time of the ordeal in the country, confessional differences
were sent to the background and the intermediation of the pope
of Rome before Nadir Shah to facilitate the condition became the factor of
consolidation between the Orthodox Church of Georgia and the episcopate
of the Catholic Church