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GEORGIAN ONOMASTICS OF DVALETI
No full textივანე ჯავახიშვილის დაბადებიდან 146-ე წლისთავისადმი მიძღვნილი სამეცნიერო კონფერენციაThe report discusses the onomastic empirical material of the indigenous
historical-ethnographic region of Georgia − Dvaleti and Dvals (Dval −
ethnic Georgians, Georgian ethnographic group) considering the onomastic
universals, its linguistic and extralinguistic aspects. The study pays special
attention to toponymy, in particular, oikonyms, as lexical units denoting
habitat, the in-depth study of which allows us to consider this linguistic
phenomenon in different contexts, in particular, to determine its relation
to different fields of science (geography, geology, biology and astrology),
history, archeology, Psycholinguistics and its relation to extralinguistic and
psycholinguistic factors. The report discusses onomastics in terms of the
origin of each onom and their relation to the spoken language or already
extinct language (Ossetian, Georgian). Structural-semantic analysis of Dvaleti
onomastics, especially the linguistic study of oikonyms (Oikonimia is
a Greek word οἶκοςὄνομα, which means “dwelling”, “city”) confirms the
“addressee” unambiguity of toponyms and emphasizes the importance of
onomas Archeology, Economic History, Folklore. Often toponyms are older
than written monuments, in this case toponymy is the subject of research
in historical lexicology, dialectology, archeology ”(Glonti, 1988: 235).
A review of Dvaleti oikonyms confirms that oikonyms are formed
during the settlement of ethnic groups in a particular area. These terms are
related to various historical-geographical, religious-cultural events. The report
shows how the onomas change diachronically with the epoch-making
changes in the Dvaleti area, or this onomastka retains its original appearance
and, better than all historical sources, unmistakably “tells” the history
of this ethnic group (language and linguistic material is history that cannot
be falsified).
The report analyzes Dvaleti onomastics in full and, especially, the
“core” of toponymy − oikonomies, the lexical meaning of these toponyms,
the etymology of the names, the structural of the name, the syntagmatic
and paradigmatic relations of the nominations. The results of extralinguistic,
psycholinguistic, semasiological and contrast studies of the problem
are presented together with the linguistic relations. The report discusses
the types of oikonyms: geographical, historical, anthroponymic, zoonymous,
folk (etymological), metamorphotic. Based on all the above, it is concluded that the Dval are one of the
extinct ethnolinguistic groups of Georgians, whose habitat is located in the
territory of the historic Dvaleti in the Central Caucasus, as evidenced by the
Georgian onoms in the area and their linguistic analysis. This conclusion is
in full agreement with the results of Dvaleti historiographical and ethnographic
research
International Scientific Conference “Thirty Years After Restoration of Independence”, November 23, 2021, Report by Natia Phiphia (TSU) and Tedo Dundua (TSU)
No full texthttps://geohistory.humanities.tsu.ge/ge/procedings/83-shromebi/177-shromebi-18.htm
საქართველოს ალექსანდრე ჯავახიშვილის სახელობის გეოგრაფიული საზოგადოების შრომები
No full textაბსტრაქტი. ნაშრომი მოიცავს ურბანიზაციის პროცესის ზოგად მიმოხილვას საქართველოში,
საუბარია ურბანიზაციის რაოდენობრივი მახასიათებლის – ურბანიზაციის დონეზე, რათა
დადგინდეს, თუ რომელ ჯგუფს ეკუთვნის საქართველო _ განვითარებულ, განვითარებად თუ
შუალედური ქვეყნებისას. ყურადღება გამახვილებულია საქართველოს დედაქალაქში ბოლო
ათწლეულებში გააქტიურებულ ურბანიზაციის პროცესების თავისებურებებსა და მის გამომწვევ
მიზეზებზე. ასევე ხაზგასმულია ის ფაქტი, რომ 2021 წლის მონაცემებით ბათუმის მოსახლეობის
სიმჭიდროვის მაჩვენებელი თბილისისაზე უფრო მაღალი აღმოჩნდა და საქართველოს
დედაქალაქმა ამ მხრივ პირველობა დაკარგა, განხილულია ამ თავისებურების
გამომწვევი მიზეზები.სტატიაში საუბარია აგრეთვე თბილისში მიმდინარე ურბანიზაციის
პროცესის თანმხლებ უარყოფით შედეგებზე, სოციალურ-ეკონომიკურ პრობლემებზე
და მათ გამომწვევ მიზეზებზე. ასევე ქალაქში ცხოვრების მიზიდვის ფაქტორებზე.
წინა პლანზეა წამოწეული ურბანიზაციასთან დაკავშირებული ისეთი აქტუალური საკითხები,
როგორიცაა ქალაქის ეკოლოგიური მდომარეობის გაუარესება
Digitalization of banking services against the background of the global pandemic
No full text1. კეპულაძე გ., (2021) ორი პრობლემა რაც მომხმარებელსა და ბანკებს შორის არსებობს, „ბიზნეს მედია“;
2. შალამბერიძე ხ., (2020) ,,საბანკო საქმიანობის ტენდენციები, პანდემია და საბანკო პროდუქტების
ტრანსფორმაცია’’, კონფერენციის მასალების კრებული „ეკონომიკის განვითარების სტრუქტურული და
ინოვაციური პრობლემები“ ;
3. ,,საქართველოს ეროვნული ბანკი’’, ფინანსური სტაბილურობის ანგარიში, თბ., 2020;
4. „საქართველოს ეროვნული ბანკი“. საქართველოს ეროვნული ბანკის საგანგებო ღონისძიებები COVID-19-თან
დაკავშირებით, თბ., 2021;
5. Saunders A., Cornett M. M., (2010) Financial Institutions Management: A Risk Management Approach,.
6. Heider F., Saidi F., Schepens G., Banks and negative interest rates, Frankfurt, 2021;
7. https://forbes.ge/blogs/e1-83-a3-e1-83-a5-e1-83-9b-e1-83-9c-e1-83-98-e1-83-a1-e1-83-97-e1-83-a3-e1-83-90-e1-83-a0-
e1-83-90-e1-83-a4-e1-83-98-e1-83-9c-e1-83-a2-e1-83-94-e1-83-a5-e1-83-98-e1-83-a1-e1-83-90-e1-83-a4/;
8. https://fintech.ge/news/details?id=153While the global economy and trade have declined in the wake of the Covid-19 pandemic, demand for ecommerce has grown, with the main source being the development of the digital economy and its establishment in
everyday life. Innovative services of commercial banks play an active and necessary role in this process, therefore,
the Covid-19 pandemic has shown us the need for electronic money and online payments. As we can see, the
Georgian banking sector met the challenges of the pandemic prepared and took important steps towards the
introduction and digitization of technologies. The role of banks in the current pandemic process has also increased
and their involvement in civic activities. Fortunately, throughout Georgia we are already seeing the involvement
of the banking sector in terms of crisis management in the wake of financial challenges. However, given the need
and popularity of technologies, their future impact on the financial sector needs to be considere
POSTMODERN TRANSFORMATIONS OF THE KEY MODERN FEATURES
No full textივანე ჯავახიშვილის დაბადებიდან 146-ე წლისთავისადმი მიძღვნილი სამეცნიერო კონფერენციაThere are diff erent positions in modern philosophical literature when
refl ecting on current processes in culture. Some say, that culture is postmodern,
others believe – modernity is not over.
The source of inspiration for our report is Ibn Hassan’s famous article
on the concept of postmodernism. This multifaceted interesting article is
accompanied by a spreadsheet, where the transformation of modern features
into postmodern is shown. The table, however, is very schematic, is
therefore the purpose of our report fi nd and explain the basics of postmodern
transformation of the modern features given in this scheme, if
things led to such a transformation.
In our opinion, to explain this scheme of Hassan, we need to point out
those fundamental features, which lead to the completion on modernity and on the basis of which it will be possible to show the basics of transformation
of the concepts given in the diagram.
key featurea of postmodernism are:
1. Replacing the legislative mind with the interpretive mind.
2. Ontological nihilism.
3. The end of the project of truth.
4. Denial of metaphysics and its replacement by irony.
We consider, that for the interpretation and explanation of the above
table in addition to the above characteristics should be considered replacing
the hierarchical set of reality with the anarchic model.
A hierarchical model of reality was created as far back as Plato’s philosophy,
which implied such a structuring of reality, according to which this
or that series of events of reality stands above another series of events.
This model of Plato’s philosophy was shared according to the Christian
worldview. If real existence in Plato’s philosophy was attributed to the
world of ideas, and the sensible world was the ghost of the world of ideas
and was thus fl awed and occupied a proper place on the hierarchical scale
of reality, the world of ideas has been replaced by the underworld by the
Christian worldview, and the tangible world by the notions of the world.
The same principle was maintained according to Scientist-Positivist thinking.
Here the concepts of causal connection have replaced the concepts
mentioned above.
The fi rst view that challenged the hierarchical model of reality, was
Nietzsche’s philosophy, according to which there are no fi nite quantities,
everything experiences variability and movement. Thus the talk of a hierarchical
order of reality is replaced by an anarchic model of reality.
Based on the basic characteristics of the postmodern listed above it
is possible to analyze the table oppositions named by us. So for example:
The aim – The game
Intention – Chance
Mastery – Logos
Exhaustion – Silence
And so on. There are up to twenty-fi ve such pairs in the table above
About Functional-semantic Designation of the Synonym Pairs in Georgian Language (georg. garja "toiling" and georg. ghuatsli "contributing through restless work"; georg. Morchili "Novice" and georg. Msaxuri "Servant")
No full textეძღვნება თსუ-ს ემერიტუს პროფესორ ლელი ბარამიძის დაბადებიდან 90-ე წლისთავს/ Dedicated to the 90th Birthday of Emeritus Professor of TSU Leli BaramidzeEverybody and everything teach something around us. The oldest Pagan and Christian
levels of our ethnos and Georgians’ characteristic national psychology and traditions
are imprinted by the Georgian Language or by the Georgian word.
The history of the Georgian nation is an important part of the history of Christianity
in the whole world. Old Christian footprints of our ethnos are engraved in the Georgian
word. Therefore, identifying the genesis of the Georgian Word (resp. Language), and
researching of its lexical-semantic and etymological fields reveals the historical process of
Christianization of the Georgian nation, remarkable national psychology of Georgians and
Georgian traditions in its full spectrum. All the above mentioned belongs to the Georgian
word’s and respectively, to the spiritual sphere of Georgian language.
Consequently, while studying the human word (language), together with other
factors we should use the principle of unifying faith and knowledge, religion and science,
i.e. we should seek the theological fundamentals of the human word the attempt of which
is represented in the paper.
I. georg. garja "toiling" and georg. ghuatsli "contributing through restless work":
The group of synonymous pairs existing on the basis of certain semantical-typical
peculiarities can be clearly seen in rich synonymy of the Georgian Language, for example:
dzala "might" and ghone "forcee"; tsodva "sin" and brali "fault"; nichi "talent" and madli
"gift"; madli "gift" and tskaloba "grace"; neba "will" and survili "wish"; amkhanagi "comrade"
and megobari "friend" etc.
The differentiating historical functional marking draws special attention, namely, the
historically remarkable unifying process of such differentiating synonymous pairs as visbleinvisible,
corporeal-mental, real world-heavens which is clearly seen from the pieces of
Georgian classical and religious literature.
On the basis of the principle of unity of the faith and knowledge, it becomes possible
to explain definitely the linguistic choice out of the Georgian synonymous pair garja
"toiling" and ghuatsli "contributing through restless work" – which represents the main
question of the represented paper, and besides that, we will try to discuss the original functional
semantics as well as the pre-conditions of so-called synonymities of the given pair.
I. 1. In Georgian the word garja "diligence; working; doing hard work" belongs to
the lexical-semantical nest of the words derived by the some root morphemes, namely -sj-
/-shj-/-rch/-rj- (< *-saj-), implies about a hundred of the lexical units, comp.: old gan-sj-a,
gan-shj-a, gan-rch-a "the court of honour"; old sj-uli, shj-uli, rch-uli, rj-uli – means "the
rule, punishment, doctrine"; samsjavro – "the code, the court"; sasjulo "according the
existing code, the rules - means a book of the existing ancient code of rules"; daghrjulavs –
"decision-making on the „doctrine basis", etc. I. 2. In the semantic field of the word garja most actively used is a semanteme
"deliberate physical work", comp.: gairjeba (from the action gaisarja) in meaning of "work,
try, disturb itself to do something"; the same as jafa ( Arab.), meaning in Georgian "hard
work", etc.
Though, according the above named semantic data concerning the word garja, it can
be supposed that this word-notion firstly was used in the sense of religious belief - which
can be confirmed by the noteworthy lexicographic entries of some Georgian dictionaries
concerning the word garja, for example, let us consider some explanations: garja "restless
work"; "dedicated work"; garjili "one who has done much work", garjiloba "having done
the work", etc.
In Georgian, the synonymous pair for garja "toiling" is ghvatsli "merit" ( old ghutsa,
ghutsola, ghuatsli) with the following polysemic: „hard labor, restless work, care,
supervision; struggle, overcoming difficulty, hardness, hard living, aspiration, trying; sorrow“;
also, "work in the social life field, in favor of the country, merit", comp.: samsakhuri
"care about country, work for its benefit".
See also the explanation of old ghuatsli as "working for well being of the country,
serving the country"; comp.: ghuatsli "hard work such as in struggle for virtue" and sarjulo,
sashjulo "matter of religious belief" and: "doing useful activitiesl; take care, merit";
ghuatsli "working hard, resless, doing job"; comp.: ghvatslit mdzle – "who is a winner of
the battle".
I. 3. Resulting from the lexical-semantic analysis, given in the represented paper
(garja "toiling, hard work" and ghvatsli – "toiling, contributing through the restless work"),
we represent to you the following conclusion:
The initial semantics function of the Georgian synonymous pair of word-notions is
preserved till nowadays through the semantics of the Georgian word-notion ghvatsli –
"toiling through hard work" ( old ghutsa, ghutsola, ghuatsli) which is clear from the
definition such as: "Everyday work which is dedicated to saving the own soul and is showing
loyalty and faith dedicated with great merci to Christ, overcoming the difficulties, poverty,
hard times and struggle which all together means fulfilling the doctrine of Christ with
dignity".
This conditioned the fact that we name all our famous compatriots are named as
"meritorious" (in ghvatslmosili), as by their great deeds they contributed to development
and wellbeing to their country, with joy they resisted much difficulties on their way in
benefit of the future of the country.
As for the word garja, its lexical-semantic functioning nowadays attracts our
attention. We mean namely the fact that there is no special notional designation for this
word and it is used only as a lexeme in meaning of "hard work". On the other hand, the
root-morpheme -rj- ( old gan-rj-a) clearly shows the same shared semantics as it really
represents itself as the member of the synonymous pair garja and ghvatsli as "a representative" of the lexical-semantic nest of the root "saj" which in its turn represents a
bearer of the semantics of the words rjuli, tsesi ("meaning: religion, law, religious doctrine").
II. Though, from this point of view, it is important to consider also the term from the
Georgian church terminology, representing member of the synonymous pair, namely the
Georgian terms: Morchili denoting one "who passes the preparation period for becoming
a blessed" and Msaxuri "church servant", as a monk or as a priest.
The presented analytical material makes clear that the georg. Morchili "Novice" and
georg. Msaxuri "Servant" could be names for the things those are under obedience of
somebody or something. Georg. Msaxuri "Servant" – servant was a person who did the
charitable word, and georg. Morchili "Novice" was a person who believed in confession or
a person who is under obedience of confession. Such explanation of the given words are
confirmed by the theological material
Monastic-Literary Life in the 17th Century Syria
No full textეძღვნება პროფ. გოჩა ჯაფარიძის ხსოვნას (1942 – 2020)/ Dedicated to Memory of Prof. Gocha Japaridze (1942 – 2020
მარიამ ლორთქიფანიძე – 100
No full texthttps://geohistory.humanities.tsu.ge/ge/procedings/83-shromebi/177-shromebi-18.htm
The urgency of cryptocurrency in the period of Covid 19 and new challenges of financial globalization
No full text1. პაპავა ვ., არატრადიციული ეკონომიქსი, თბილისი, 2011
2. Satoshi Nakamoto. Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System. 2008. htps://bitcoin. org/bitcoin.pdf
3. Bordo, M.D., 1981, “The Classical Gold Standard: Some Lessons for Today,” Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Review,
(May), pp. 2–17.
4. Dong He, Karl Habermeier, Ross Leckow, Vikram Haksar, Yasmin Almeida, Mikari Kashima, Nadim Kyriakos-Saad, Hiroko
Oura, Tahsin Saadi Sedik, Natalia Stetsenko, and Conceprion Verdugo-Yepes, IMF STAFF NOTE, Virtual Currencies and
Beyond: Initial Consideration, 2016.
5. Dowd, K., 2014, “New Private Monies: A Bit-Part Player?” Institute of Economic Affairs, Cobden Centre Hobart Paper No.
174. London: Institute of Economic Affairs.
6. Fischer, S., 1986, "Friedman Versus Hayek on Private Money: Review Essay," Journal of Monetary Economics: 17 (3), (May
1986), 433–440.
7. Friedman, M. and A.J. Schwartz, 1986, “Has Government any Role in Money?” Journal of Monetary Economics: 17(1), pp.
37–62.
8. Hayek, F.A., 1976, Denationalization of Money (London: Institute of Economic Affairs).
9. Redish, A., 1993, “Anchors Aweigh: The Transition from Commodity Money to Fiat Money in Western Economies,”
Canadian Journal of Economics: pp. 777–795.
ელექტრონული გვერდი:
10. https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/sdn/2016/sdn1603.pdf
11. https://bitcoinrush.md/лауреат-нобелевской-премии-мильтон-ф/
12. https://www.bbva.com/wp-content/uploads/en/2016/11/Digital_Economy_Outlook_Oct15_Cap1.pdf
13. https://www.entrepreneur.com/article/233143
14. http://goldenfleece.co
15. https://anycoin.news/2017/11/29/stiglitz-bitcoin/
16. https://www.rt.com/business/420419-marshall-islands-sovereign-cryptocurrency/
17. https://inosmi.ru/politic/20171004/240430052.html
18. http://www.imf.org/en/News/Articles/2017/09/28/sp092917-central-banking-and-fintech-a-brave-new-world?cid=em-COM123-35955
19. https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/sdn/2016/sdn1603.pdf
20. https://news.ge/erovnuli-bankis-gafrtxilebi/
21. https://www.irs.gov/pub/irs-drop/n-14-21.pdf
22. https://bits.media/news/evropeyskiy-sud-spravedlivosti-priravnyal-bitkoin-k-valyutam-i-osvobodil-ot-nds/
23. https://www.eba.europa.eu/documents/10180/657547/EBA-Op-2014-08+Opinion+on+Virtual+Currencies.pdf
24. https://www.esma.europa.eu/sites/default/files/library/esma50-164-1284_joint_esas_warning_on_virtual_currenciesl.pdf
25. https://news.ge/kriptovalutebtan-dakavsirebit-erovnul-banksi-sexvedra-gaimarta/
26. https://econ.economicshelp.org/2009/10/liquidity-trap-explained.htmlNew technologies - run the process of transformation change in the global economy, including the process
of exchanging goods, services and assets. An important development in this process was the creation of a virtual
currency.
The virtual currency industry is in the begining stage of development. The related legislative and
supervisory framework varies according to countries and mostly is still in the process of study. Virtual currency is
defined as any type of digital unit that is used as an exchange and account unit. Cryptocurrency is one type of
virtual currency.
The activities connected to cryptocurrencies in terms of both earning and trading is increasing worldwide
and Georgia in this regard is not an exception either. In addition, the Georgian legislation does not regulate the
activities related to the virtual currency and the cryptocurrency is not a legal way of payment. It is characterized
with high price fluctuations; hence the probability that the consumers may suffer financial losses is high.
Virtual currencies offer a lot of potential benefits in terms of speed and efficiency of payments and
transfers (especially abroad). The system is absolutely decentralized and transparent. At the same time, virtual
currencies bear significant risks related to money laundering, terrorism financing, tax evasion and fraud
Pandemic called COVID-19, and some ecological problems (COVID-19 -ით გამოწვეული პანდემია და გარემოსადმი მდგრადობის ცალკეული საკითხები)
No full text1. Myers, S. S. et al. Human health impacts of ecosystem alteration. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 110, 18753–18760 (2013).
2. D Fedrigo-Fazio, JP Schweitzer, P Ten Brink, L Mazza… -Evidence of absolute decoupling from real world policy mixes in
Europe, Sustainability, 2016 - mdpi.com
3. https://projects.iq.harvard.edu/covidpm?fbclid=IwAR2DdlUsbvmstWi9M8oyVxcWG8oYFH4MsR2Wba9q4MUbu3RvbteWOXfWldk
4. https://www.carbonbrief.org/analysis-coronavirus-has-temporarily-reduced-chinas-co2-emissions-by-a-quarter
5. https://thehill.com/policy/energy-environment/489753-epa-suspends-enforcement-of-environmental-laws-amid-coronavirus
6. https://theintercept.com/2020/03/31/epa-regulations-air-pollution-coronavirus/
7. https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/content/paper/5k8zxpjsggf0-en
8. https://www.eea.europa.eu/policy-documents/com-2010-2020-europe-2020
9. https://energyeducation.ca/encyclopedia/Total_primary_energy_supply
10. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/292147307_Green_Economy_Indicators
11. https://www.lse.ac.uk/granthaminstitute/publication/the-economics-of-climate-change-the-stern-review/In the modern era, the issue of green economy and sustainable development has been especially advanced.
The urgency of this problem stems from the importance of its own sustainable development, as it is fundamental to
economic growth and to protect the interests of future generations. Sustainable development is a system of social
development that ensures human well-being in the interests of economic development and environmental
protection, increasing the quality of life and the rights of future generations to enjoy maximum natural resources
and environment protected from reversible qualitative and quantitative changes.
The main goal and action of green economy and sustainable development is economic evolution. Due to it
the vector is directed towards the rational use of natural resources and the reduction of negative impacts on the
environment.
The main aim of the police paper is to present the peculiarities of green economy and sustainable
development, as well as the problems arising during their introduction and ways to solve these problems. The
paper presents the ongoing processes in Georgia, which have been implemented in the modern directions recent
years