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Restrictions on rational economic policy in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic (რაციონალური ეკონომიკური პოლიტიკის შეზღუდულობა COVID-19 პანდემიის პირობებში)
No full text1. გველესიანი რ., გოგორიშვილი ი. გადაწყვეტილებების მიღების ტექნოლოგია ეკონომიკურ პოლიტიკაში, გამომცემლობა „უნივერსალი“, თბილისი, 2018, 233 გვ.
2. გველესიანი რ., გოგორიშვილი ი. ეკონომიკურ-პოლიტიკური გადაწყვეტილებების მიღების პრობლემები და
მათი დაძლევის შესაძლებლობები, ჟურნ. „ეკონომიკა და ბიზნესი“, ტომი VIII, №4, თბილისის უნივერსიტეტი,
თბ., 2015, გვ. 34-45.
3. გველესიანი რ., რაციონალური ეკონომიკური პოლიტიკა და მისი დაგეგმვის სტრუქტურა, ჟურნ. „ახალი ეკონომისტი“ № 4, თბილისი, „ლოი“, 2013, გვ. 13-20.
4. გოგორიშვილი ი., გველესიანი რ. პროგრესი - სახელმწიფოს ეკონომიკური პოლიტიკისა და საწარმოთა სამეწარმეო პოლიტიკის ცვლილების მამოძრავებელი ძალა, III საერთაშორისო სამეცნიერო კონფერენციის ,,გლობალიზაციის გამოწვევები ეკონომიკასა და ბიზნესში“ მასალები, თსუ გამომცემლობა თბ., 2018, გვ.93-97.
5. გველესიანი რ., გოგორიშვილი ი. ეკონომიკური პოლიტიკა, წიგნი I, მეორე გამოცემა, „უნივერსალი“, თბ. 2012,
246 გვ.
6. გველესიანი რ., გოგორიშვილი ი. ეკონომიკური პოლიტიკა, წიგნი II, მეორე გამოცემა, „უნივერსალი“, თბ. 2012,
305 გვ.
7. Gvelesiani R., Gogorishvili I. The Basic Problems for the Realization of the Concept of Economic Policy. XII International
Conference on Economics and Management, International Science Index, Vol. 8. No:11; November 10-11, 2014, Madrid,
Spain, p. 532-535.
8. GAEFGEN, G. (1986), Komplexitaet und wirtschaftspolitisches Handeln – Anmerkungen zur Krise der theoretischen
Wirtschaftspolitik; in R. KAPPEL. (Hrsg.): Im Spannungsfeld von Wirtschaft, Technik und Politik (Festschrift fuer Bruno
Frisch), Muenchen, S.435-452.
9. GIERSCH, H. (1961), Allgemeine Wirtschaftspolitik (Erster Band: Grundlagen), unveraenderter Nachdr., Wiesbaden,
1990.
10. KIRCHGAESSNER, G. (1985), Ist ,,rationale’’ Wirtschaftspolitik moeglich? – Zu den Auswirkungen der Theorie rationale
Erwartungen und der oekonomischen Theorie der Politik auf die Theorie der Wirtschaftspolitik. Konjunkturpolitik 31,
S.209-237.
11. LUCAS JR., R.E. (1976), Econometric Policy Evaluation – A Critique; in K. BRUNNER und A.H. MELTZER (Hrsg.): The
Philips Curve and Labor markets, Amsterdam u.a. S.19-46.
12. STREIT, M. E. (2005), Theorie der Wirtschaftspolitik, 6. Auflage, Stuttgart.
13. SCHILLER, R. J. (1978), Rational Expectations and the Dynamic Structure of Macroeconomic Models. Journal of
Monetary Economics 4, S. 1-44.
14. Weber, I. (2021), Could strategic price controls help fight inflation?. https://www.theguardian.com/business/commentisfree/2021/dec/29/inflation-price-controls-time-we-use-it);
15. Tooze, A. (2022), ,,Shutdown: How ovid Shook the World,
s Economy” https://adamtooze.com/2022/01/07/the-economicsof-the-beatles-vs-the-rolling-stones/.The results of the scientific discussion of economic policy problems can not be ignored by any politician
when making decisions about the formation of goals and the tools to achieve them. The result of scientific solution
of economic policy problems is given to us in the form of knowledge on the following issues:
• What is the relationship between the set economic-political goals;
• What tools do we have to achieve these goals;
• What side effects will follow the use of a separate tool;
• Based on the logic of decision making and decision making, what aids can be used to achieve the set goals.
As much as such knowledge ensures a certain degree of credibility in the politician, so he uses it even in
the process of preparing his actions. The issue (as an additional problem with decision-making) often arises whether
it is possible to acquire such knowledge and to evaluate i
The Lord is infinite knowledge illumined by love (უფალი არის უსაზღვრო ცოდნა სიყვარულით გასხივოსნებული)
No full text1. ახალი აღთქმა და ფსალმუნები. ბიბლიის თარგმნის ინსტიტუტი. სტოკჰოლმი, 1991. გვ. 56-
57; (6)
2. ახალი აღთქმა და ფსალმუნები. ბიბლიის თარგმნის ინსტიტუტი. სტოკჰოლმი, 1991. გვ. 158-
159; (7)
3. ახალი აღთქმა და ფსალმუნები. ბიბლიის თარგმნის ინსტიტუტი. სტოკჰოლმი, 1991. გვ. 99; (8)
4. ახალი აღთქმა და ფსალმუნები. ბიბლიის თარგმნის ინსტიტუტი. სტოკჰოლმი, 1991. გვ. 56; (9)
5. ახალი აღთქმა და ფსალმუნები. ბიბლიის თარგმნის ინსტიტუტი. სტოკჰოლმი, 1991. გვ. 27,
76, 129, 159; (10)
6. ბიბლია. საქართველოს საპატრიარქო. თბილისი, 1989. გვ.298; (11)
7. ბიბლია. საქართველოს საპატრიარქო. თბილისი, 1989. გვ. 548. (12)
8. Cattell, R. B. (1971). Abilities: Their structure, growth, and action. New York: Houghton Mifflin; ISBN
0395042755. (2)
9. Gardner, Howard (1983), Frames of Mind: The Theory of Multiple Intelligences, Basic Books; ISBN 978-
0133306149 (1)
10. Kendra Cherry, David Susman, Aaron Johnson, (2021). Fluid Intelligence vs. Crystallized Intelligence;
https://www.verywellmind.com/fluid-intelligence-vs-crystallized-intelligence-2795004 (4)
11. Kirchner, W. K. (1958), Age differences in short-term retention of rapidly changing information. Journal of
Experimental Psychology, 55(4). 352–358; (3)
12. Mika Hayashi; Kato, Motoichiro; Igarashi, Kazue & Kashima, Haruo (2007). Superior fluid intelligence in
children with Asperger’s disorder, Brain and Cognition (Elsevier). Pp.306–310; doi:10.1016/j.bandc.-
2007.09.008; https://web.archive.org/web/20190430081851/http://www.freewebs.com/adiscussion/Su
perior%20fluid%20intelligence%20in%20children%20with%20Asperger%27s%20disorder.pdf (5)The article discusses the opinions and theories of modern researchers of talent, knowledge, intelligence
and crystallized intelligence. It also analyzes the sacred texts given in the Gospels of the authors of the Gospels
– Matthew, Mark and Luke. Among them, attention is focused on the parable of the talents in the Gospel of
Matthew and its connection with the parable of Mina in the Gospel of Luke. The paper presents the author's
views on talent, knowledge, awareness and mind-intelligence. Separate words are also analyzed taking into
account their content and connections
An Interfix as a Term and Notion: A Socioterminological Approach
No full textIn the present paper, I adhere to socioterminology as a framework of my research due to the fact that it prefers a descriptive method to a prescriptive one; socioterminology studies terms (their origin, formation, relationship with other items) with respect to contexts in which they occur.
A socioterminological approach seems to be the most adequate choice for the study of interfix as a term and notion. This is necessary in order to view not only what is an interfix but also what is not an interfix.
In the linguistics literature, the term interfix (Lat. inter ‘between’ + fixus ‘fasten’) is predominantly used to refer to linguistic items of two kinds: 1) a unit devoid of lexical and grammatical meanings occurring at a junction of components within a compound; 2) a meaningless item occurring between a stem and a suffix.
Based on the analyses of data from various linguistics traditions, the following were established: 1) the earliest occurrence of the term interfix dates back to a book by S. Haldeman published in 1865; 2) the Russian linguistics tradition favors a declarative narrative that the term was introduced by A. M. Sukhotin in 1938; 3) in Romance linguistics, it has been acknowledged H. Lausberg’s and Y. Malkiel’s contribution to the circulation and establishment of the term.
As long as notional and terminological aspects are logically interconnected, the paper also discusses the notions of infix and tmesis; the problem lies in the confusion of notions. The application of clear-cut classification features can greatly facilitate the avoidance of confusion about various kinds of affixes. Such classification features are provided by T. Gurgenidze who identifies four possible types of affixes among which we find IV. Not diving the root and not divided by the root. It is where interfix belongs to: it “is an affix which connects stems within a compound form” (Gurgenidze 2015: 43). This classification does not allow the confusion of infix and interfix. It is based on I. Mel'čuk’s definition according to which it is only an interradical entity: “a confix [sc. a confix which neither divides the root nor is itself divided] which precedes a root and follows another root” (Mel'čuk 1982: 86).
Based on the discussion of abundant sources, the aforementioned classification, and typological data, I argue that an interfix is a compound marker
მტკვარ-არაქსისა და ადრეყორღანული კულტურების ქრონოლოგიურ- კულტურული ურთიერთმიმართების კვლევისათვის. FOR THE RESEARCH OF CHRONOLOGICAL AND CULTURAL INTERACTION OF KURA-ARAXES AND EARLY KURGANS CULUTURES
No full textShida Kartli – a distinguishable region with an intensive concentration
of the Kura-Araxian settlement sites, represents the certain
amount of complexes, which gives much clearness to the problem of
interconnection of the Kura-Araxes and the so-called Early Kurgans
cultures. The last one from the chronological point of view directly
succeeding to the Early Bronze Age above mentioned cultural unit.
In presented paper analyzing those essential data of multilayer
settlement and burial sites, which makes possible to begin the purposeful study of the issue of new cultural unit’s, i.e. Early Kurgans
phenomenon’s appearance in the bosom of the famous and powerful
Kura-Araxes Culture.
Above mentioned problem up to the present time attracts the
attention of many scholars though some of them were expressing
enough skeptical attitude to admit the coexistence of the Kura-Araxes
and Early Kurgan’s cultures at the beginning phase of the last
one. They considered them only as chronologically followed to each
other cultural unites. Since last few years the field archaeological
and theoretical activities of scholars reveal the clear tendency that
gradually more and more of them were ready to reconsider their position.
They admit that Early Kurgans Culture at the initial stage of it
might be not succeed to the Kura-Araxes but coexisted with it. Supposing
that before the final solution of this problematic issue, it is
necessary to continue the intensive study of this still discussing and
essential issue.
Nevertheless, of all above mentioned, on the background of
the factual information, we assume that current archaeological data
(Khashuri Natsargora, Kavtiskhevi Tsikhiagora and Berikldeebi settlements
as well as the Namgala III #1 kurgan) contains more evidences
to discuss more convincingly in favor the coexistence of the
above considered cultures at the certain short time interval. Supposing
that this process of the coexistence had place at the middle of
the III millennium, presumably ca.2600-2500 BCE
On Certain Occasional Verb-forms with Nominal Stems and u- ‒ -o Circumfix in “The Knight in Panther’s Skin”
No full textIn the poem “The Knight in Panther’s Skin”, Shota Rustaveli created
numerous occasional forms, revealing the expressive capacity of
the Georgian language. Out of such occasional forms in the poem,
special mention should be made of occasional verb-forms with
nominal stems and circumfix u-‒-o: učumoda, udidoda, umxneoda.
Scholarly literature focuses on the qualification of “učumoda”,
interpreting this word differently and offering diverse principles of
segmentation; namely:
1. Bipersonal intransitive verb, where u- is the marker of the
objective version, and -od the suffix denoting a continuous tense (an
imperfect screeve). 2. The initial form is učumo; the entire verb is
monopersonal, past continuous tense (imperfect screeve) form, and -
d- is the suffix denoting the continuous tense (the imperfect screeve);
učumoda type of formation is also represented in the poem by other
forms like udidoda, umxneoda: the nominal stems u d i d o and u m x n
e o are added by circumfix u- ‒ -o yielding the continuous tense (the
imperfect screeve) forms of the verbs. učumoda could be Compound
predicate too: where učumod- is the nominal element, whereas -a is
the short form of the link verb „is“: -a ←aris “is” (cf: udidod-a, umxneod-
a).
The authors of the given paper share the opinion that the verbforms
under analysis are derived from nominal stems with the
circumfix u- ‒ -o. However, the function of the suffix -d is viewed
differently: this suffix is considered as an element which forms
verbs from nominal stems. Verbs formed from nominal parts of
speech with the suffix -d are quite frequent in the poem; there are
about 80 nominal stems of this kind, out of which the most frequent
are adjectives. The verbs formed from nominal stems by means of
the suffix -d are quite informative, therefore, the poet uses them for
the purpose of adding expression to the content. Analysis of verses
containing the above-mentioned verb forms has proved that derivation
by means of suffix -d is a component of artistic parallelism as
well as a rhyming unit. It should be noted that the verbal lexeme with
suffix -d is given in the negative form. Negation is achieved by: a
nominal stem denoting absenceora nominal stem denoting absence and a negative particle “not”. A verb expressed in such way comes the
second in the line, after its preceding positive form. The relation
between the two is that of
1. C o n t r a s t:
adidebda ‒ učumoda / “glorified” ‒ “*učumoobda” / “without
noise”:
(the stem čum- is given in its old meaning, denoting “noise”).
“ze amovǯe, mepisagan ḳaci dia movidoda,
axarebdes: “ amoǯdao”, dedopali gamorboda;
mepe morbis tav-šišveli, ar icoda, ras ikmoda,
igi γmertsa adidebda, sxva velai učumoda”.
(Rustaveli, 2002, p. 106, # 361).
“I set up . . . Many men were come from the king, they carried back
the good news: ‘He sits up!’ The queen ran in, the king came running
bareheaded, he knew not what he did, he glorified God (while) all
others were silent” (Wardrop, 1966, p. 90, # 343)1
Rhyming units: movidoda “would come” / gamorboda “ran in”
/ras ikmoda “what was he doing” / učumoda “without noise, silently”.
2. S y n o n y m y:
a) vizaxdi ‒ ar udidoda / “I shouted”‒“[xma] ismoda ar(a)
*udidod”= “[voice]was heard far and wide”.
“navita gave, zγvisagan šṭo rame gamovidoda.
ar amovhḳrepdi gamopta, vtkvi, čemta rad davhrido, da-?
dameӡabunnes, simravle me mati ar gamvidoda,
vnadirobdi da vizaxdi, xma čemi ar udidod-a”.
(Rustaveli, 2002, p. 178, # 609).
“I went by ship; from the sea came forth a creek. I gathered not
those divided from me; I said to myself: “Why should I take precautions
against mine own folk?” They seemed timid to me; their multitude
appeared not. I hunted and hallooed; I withheld not my voice”
(Wardrop, 1966, p. 141, # 586).
Rhyming units: gamovidoda “would come out” / rad davhrido,
da- “whay avoid it” da- [preverb from the same verb, used to reinforce meaning] / ar gamvidoda “I did not warry” / ar udidoda “not small,
big”.
b) gahmagreboda ‒ ar umxneoda / “stood firm” ‒“did not lose
courage”.
„vardi neboda, γvreboda, alvisa šṭo irxeoda,
broli da lali gatlili lažvardad gardikceoda;
gahmagreboda siḳvdilsa, amistvis ar umxneod-a,
iṭvis, tu: „bneli ras miḳvirs, ratgan davagde mzeo, da-!“
(Rustaveli, 2002, p. 281, # 963).
“The rose is faded, it drips, the branch of the aloe-tree quivers,
the cut crystal and ruby are changed into lapis-lazuli. He strengthened
himself against death; against him it vaunted not itself. He said: “Why
should I wonder at darkness since thou, O sun, hast abandoned
me!”(Wardrop, 1966, p.214, # 934).
Rhyming units: irxeoda “was quivering” / gardikceoda “was becoming”
/ ar umxneoda “not weak, vigorous” / mzeo,da- “O sun, da-
[preverb from the previous verb davagde “I left her”, used to reinforce
thought].
As for the tense (the screeve), verbs with nominal stems, added
by suffix -d usually express the Simple Past Tense (the Aorist), but the
lexemes under analysis pertain to the Past Continuous / Imperfect.
Besides the acoustic impression created by the verballyformed suffix -
od (o- stem noun + suffix -d), there are two major nuances: 1.These
forms do not have a verbal prefix (a preverb); 2. The forms themselves
have a continuous meaning; hence, they are easily combined with the
preceding verbal lexemes denoting the Past Continuous Tense
(Imperfect Screeve)
Some issues of marketing activity in the tourism and hospitality
No full text1. Government of Georgia. Basic data and directions of the country for the years 2022-2025, Tbilisi 2021, p.101
2. The National Bank of Georgia (NBG). 16 NOVEMBER, 2021. INCOME FROM FOREIGN TRAVEL IN OCTOBER 2021. https://nbg.gov.ge/en/media/news/expenditures-of-foreign-visitors-to-georgia-for-themonth-of-october
3. Ministry of finance of Georgia (2022). Minister of Finance Lasha Khutsishvili: In 2022, the forecast rate of real economic growth has increased to 8.5%. https://www.mof.ge/News/10216
4. Icek Ajzen (2008). Consumer attitudes and behavior. University of Massachusetts Amherst. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/264000611
5. Kotler, P., & Keller, K. (2015). Marketing management. 14th edition. Translation from English, Edited by Todua N., TSU Publishing House, Tbilisi, pp. 471
6. Todua, N. (2019). Using Social Media Marketing For Attracting Foreign Tourists To Georgian Destinations. Globalization And Business, #7, June 2019, pp. 39-48. (In Georgian). https://doi.org/10.35945/gb.2019.07.005/
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/348373678_USING_SOCIAL_MEDIA_MARKETING_FOR_ATT RACTING_FOREIGN_TOURISTS_TO_GEORGIAN_DESTINATIONS
7. The World Bank (2020). Impacts of Climate Change on Georgia's Coastal Zone, November 2020, Vulnerability
Assessment and Adaptation Options, p.13
https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/34886
8. Seturi, Maia., Urotadze, Ekaterine. (2020). Some Opinions About Sustainable Development and Tourism (Case of Georgia). In Proceedings of conference: Strategic Imperatives of Modern Management. At: Kyiv National Economic University named after Vadym Hetman. April 2020; pp.286-289
https://dspace.tsu.ge/xmlui/bitstream/handle/123456789/637/Some%20opinions%20about%20sustainable%20development%20and%20tourism%20%28case%20of%20Georgia%29.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
9. Seturi, Maia. (2019). Factors Determining the Tourists’ Satisfaction:Georgian Case. Proceedings of The 14th IAC 2019, 2019 - books.google.com .The 14th Multidisciplinary Academic Conference (14th IAC) in Prague; pp.95-104
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/332846927_Factors_Determining_the_Tourists'_Satisfaction Georgian_Case
https://books.google.ge/books?hl=en&lr=&id=vu2SDwAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA95&dq=info:sn_0ukqr4jkJ:scholar.google.com&ots=h-5QJTXgJS&sig=GrRt3d0Ka5CPDeUANYAA4OyXCMM&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false
10. Victor T.C. Middleton, Alan Fyall, Mike Morgan. Marketing in Travel and Tourism. Elsevier, ButterworthHeinemann, Oxford, UK, Fourth Edition, 2009, pp.9-11
11. Philip Kotler, John T. Bowen, James C. Makens, Seyhmus Baloglu. Marketing for Hospitality and Tourism. 7th Edition, Pearson Publisher, 2016, pp. 262-269
12. Global Codex of Ethics for Tourism. United Nations World Tourism Organization. Approved by resolution A/RES/406(XIII), World Tourism Organization at the 13th session of the General Assembly (Santiago, Chile, 1 October 1999). The document was adapted into Georgian by Metreveli, M.
13. Kordzaia, I.(2016). Features of functioning of social and economic mechanisms of the international tourist market in Georgia. Doctoral dissertation. Batumi. https://www.bsu.edu.ge/text_files/ge_file_6017_1.pdf, pp. 21-28The article discusses some of the issues of marketing in the tourism and hospitality business in the post-coronavirus period. The author's discussion refers to: the need to promote the importance of targeted marketing, special attention to changes in environmental factors, active participation of the state in training qualified employees. The author of this article believes that in the post-covid period, the Georgian tourism and hospitality business operates under conditions of increased demand for their services. It is an important issue to improve the awareness of the local population about the positive impact of tourism development in raising their employment and living standards. This will help the country to deal with social problems and will be beneficial not only for the people involved in the mentioned business, but also for the whole society, which suffered material and moral damage during the coronavirus pandemic. Thus, the present article discusses this problematic issue and provides the author's recommendations
Ivane Javakhishvili on the Classification and Style of Narration of Old Georgian Writing
No full textIvane Javakhishvili's research on the style of narration of monuments of ancient Georgian literature which is the introduction to his fundamental work - "Old Georgian Historical Writing" - was of great importance for the study of conceptual issues of Georgian theological and secular literature in general. He was the first to pay attention and formulate his views on the narrative and narrative terminology used in the historical and religious writing traditions, which discussed the issues of classification of the works of ancient Georgian literature in parallel. These are the question of the division of writing into two directions - ecclesiastical and civil, the method of orthodoxy used in theological and historical writings which involves the description of the eye, the creation of a pre-designed plan of works and the question of narrative style. The abundance of terminology was conditioned by the content and genre diversity of the monuments of ancient Georgian literature. Ivane Javakhishvili made his terminological observations on historical works, however, most of them can be considered from a philological-literary point of view.
That is why the report discusses quite a number of different terms, in particular, in terms of genre: narrative, presentation, agency, recollection, description, history, chronograph, pronunciation; Author: eyewitness, narrator, orator, chronicler; According to the style of narration: the rule of narration, the relic of narration, the border of the word, the path of the word, the race of words, the first word and the above story; Sequence of narration: further afterwards, inconsistently and confusingly, litany word, a story described by rhetorical art and proper rhetoric; Structurally: Manuscript book chest and will. Most of the conclusions drawn on these issues are universally recognized and established in the scientific space, some - are supplemented, deepened and presented with new interpretations. The report discusses the different views on each issue raised on the basis of historical-philological research at the present stage.
Our paper presents the merits of Ivane Javakhishvili in the context of the thinking space of the medieval era on the understanding of the existence, classification, genre, narrative style, author and essence of the names of ancient Georgian literature based on data from modern philological-literary science
The modern state of organic agricultural products market development: – German experience and Georgian reality (ორგანული სასოფლო-სამეურნეო პროდუქციის ბაზრის განვითარების თანამედროვე მდგომარეობა: – გერმანული გამოცდილება და ქართული რეალობა)
No full text1. FAO, WHO. (2007). Codex Alimentarius: organically produced food. Third edition. Rome,
http://www.fao.org/3/a1385e/a1385e00.pdf
2. Jashi, C., Todua, N. (2013). Behavior Changing through of Social marketing (Georgian Case). Proceedings
of third World Social Marketing Conference. Toronto (Canada). pp. 95-97
https://www.academia.edu/20705131/Behavior_Changing_through_of_Social_marketing_Georgian_Case_
3. Jashi, C., (2017). Changing Health Behavior of Youth through Social Marketing (Georgian Case).
Ecoforum Journal. Vol. 6, https://www.academia.edu/64206270/Changing_Health_Behavior_of_-
Youth_Through_Social_Marketing_Georgian_Case_
4. Kharaishvili E., Erkomaishvili G., Chavleishvili M., (2019). Trends of Agri-Food Production and Export
Stimulating Economic Policy in Georgia. International Journal of Economics and Management
Engineering. Vol: 13, No: 1.
5. Kharaishvili, E., Natsvlishvili, I. (2019). Markets of Georgian Agro-Food Products and Export Stimulating
Economic Policy. Globalization And Business, №8, pp. 44-53
https://www.eugb.ge/uploads/content/N8/Eter-Kharaishvili.pdf
6. Kharaishvili, E., Lazariashvili T., Natsvlishvili, I, (2019). Global experience of Bio product Market and Its
challenges in Georgia in the Context of Sustainable well-Being , Business Systems Laboratory- Book of
Abstracts, 6 th Int. Symposium – Pavia
7. Paresashvili, N., Damenia, N., (2019). The Mechanisms of State Management in Agricultural Sector of
Georgia, Journal Intellectual Economics, Volume 13, Issue 2, Pages 105-116, 2020
https://ojs.mruni.eu/ojs/intellectual-economics/article/view/5294
8. Mghebrishvili, B., Urotadze, E. (2016). Characteristics of Food Products Labeling in Georgia. Journal of
International Economic Research. Vol. 2, No. 1, pp. 129-133.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/319880704_Characteristics_of_Food_Products_Labeling_in_Georgia
9. Natsvaladze M., (2015). Sustainable Agriculture Development Problems in the Context of Providing food
security in Georgia. 16th International Academic Conference, ISBN 978-80-87927-09-0, IISESAt:
Amsterdam.
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ROBLEMS_IN_THE_CONTEXT_OF_PROVIDING_FOOD_SECURITY_IN_GEORGIA
10. Organic Food Market- Global Opportunity Analysis and Industry Forecast (2020-2027) report. (2020).
https://www.meticulousresearch.com/product/organic-food-market-5122
11. Okruashvili N., Paresashvili N. (2018). Production of Organic Products – Important Condition of
Growth of Georgia's Export Potential, Journal of Management Policy and Practice, 19(2), pp. 144-152
http://t.www.na-businesspress.com/JMPP/JMPP19-2/OkruashviliN_19_2.pdf
12. Okruashvili N., Seturi M.,(2016), Current Condition of Agro Food Market in Georgia and inthe World, The
International Scientific Conference: Challenges of Globalization in Economics and Business
Proceedings, Tbilisi, pp.402-409
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14. Todua, N. (2017). Influence of Food Labeling Awereness on healthy behavior of Georgian Consumers.
Ecoforum Journal. Vol. 6, No. 2.
15. Todua N., (2017). The Impact of Globalization on the Attitude of Georgian Consumers to Healthy
16. Willer H., Lernoud J., (2019) The World of OrganicAgriculture. Statistics and Emerging Trends 2019 FiBL,
Frick, and, IFOAM – Organics International, Bonn
https://shop.fibl.org/CHen/mwdownloads/download/link/id/1202/?ref=1
17. Willer H., , (2019) The adventure of collecting data on organic agriculture worldwide,
http://orgprints.org/33355/3/willer-2019-history.pdf
18. Willer H., Lernoud J. (2020) The World of Organic Agriculture. Statistics and Emerging Trends.https
https://www.fibl.org/fileadmin/documents/shop/2020-organic-world-2019.pdf
19. Willer H., Trávníček J., Meier C. and Schlatter B. (2021) The World of Organic Agriculture. Statistics
and Emerging Trends 2021
https://www.fibl.org/fileadmin/documents/shop/1150-organic-world-2021.pdf
20. Willer H., Trávníček J., Meier C. and Schlatter B. (2022) The World of Organic Agriculture. Statistics
and Emerging Trends 2022
https://www.fibl.org/fileadmin/documents/shop/1344-organic-world-2022.pdfThe objective of the present paper is to study the real situation on the organic agricultural products market
development in Georgia. The article discusses the experience of Germany which has the greatest experience
and achievements in the field of organic agricultural production. the consideration of it will contribute to the
creation of an effective mechanism for stimulating the market of organic agricultural products in Georgia
Institutional challenges of local economic development in Georgia and ways of mitigation (ადგილობრივი ეკონომიკური განვითარების დაგეგმვის ინსტიტუციური გამოწვევები საქართველოში და მათი დაძლევის გზები)
No full text1. ასოცირების שესახებ שეთანხმება ერთის მხრივ, ევროკავ שირს და ევროპის ატომური ენერგი-
ის გაერთიანებას და მათ წევრ სახელმწიფოებსა და მეორეს მხრივ, საქართველოს שორის
2. ჯიბუტი, მ. (2020) COVID 19 პანდემიის გავლენა მუნიციპალურ ბიუჯეტებსა და שემოსავლებ-
ზე საქართველო שი. UNDP
3. Christian M. Rogerson, in International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences (Second Edition), 2015
4. S. Conti, P. Giaccaria, in International Encyclopedia of Human Geography, 2009
5. Sylvain Guguere (2007). Local Innovations for Growth in Central and Eastern Europe. Retrieved from
https://read.oecd-ilibrary.org/urban-rural-and-regional-development/local-innovations-for-growth-incentral-
and-eastern-europe/local-innovations-for-growth-in-central-and-easterneurope_
9789264038523-3-en#page1
6. Birkhölzer, K, (2006) Local Economic Development and its potential: Technologie-Netzwerk Berlin e.V
7. Robertson, J, (2005) The new economics of sustainable development a briefing for policy makers: Kogan
page publishing
8. CG31(2016)11final Local and regional democracy in Croatia: CoE. Retrieved from
https://rm.coe.int/CoERMPublicCommonSearchServices/DisplayDCTMContent?documentId=090000168
0718dbe
9. Rodriguez-Pose, A (2001) Local economic development in the war-torn areas of Croatia, Supporting the
transition towards a participatory and decentralized market economy: The Landon School of Economics.
10. CG36(2019)13final Local democracy in Poland, Coe retrieved from https://rm.coe.int/local-and-regionaldemocracy-
in-poland-monitoring-committee-rapporteur/1680939003
11. Sienkiewicz, M.W. (2014) Citation: Local economic development policy in Poland: Determinants and
outcomes. Journal Zbornik radova Ekonomskog fakulteta Rijeka. University of Rijeka. vol. 32( 2). 405-427
12. Zrobek, S. et all (2016). Some Aspects of Local Real Estate Taxes as an Instrument of Land Use
Management. Real Estate Management and Valuation. 24. 10.1515/remav-2016-0024.
13. The Government of Lithuania (2017). Lithuanian regional policy white paper – for harmonious and
sustainable development 2017–2030
14. CPL35(2018) Local democracy in Lithuania, Coe. retrieved from
https://vrm.lrv.lt/uploads/vrm/documents/files/LT_versija/Naujienos/Local%20democracy%20in%20Lith
uania%20(2018).pdfIn the resent word balanced territorial development is on the top of the political agenda, that is based on
the model of the local economic development (LED). This Method is used in the European Union within its
development programs as one of the instruments for reduction of territorial disparities, the Georgia – EU
Association agreement stipulate specific commitments taken by the government of Georgia in the field of
regional development. The concept of LED is based on citizen participation and multilevel governance and
projects municipalities an
driving force of local economic development. LED concept was not developed within the academic circles
but from the practitioners who worked at the community level on the development planning. there are three
basic preconditions to any successful LED projects: a) existence of strong and capable local authorities, b)
mobilized local civil society that has strong self-identification with the community and c) capable local business
that can unite for protection of local interests and d) existence of competitive advantages and unique resource
that can be used for local development. Experience of Croatia, Poland and Lithuania show that LED process is a
complex and varies from country to country, it is based on intermunicipal cooperation in Croatia while
municipalities play more active role in LED planning and implementation, Regional Development Councils play
critical role in local development in Lithuania and there are well institutionalized consultations between central
government and local authorities. LED is relatively new concept for Georgia, some LED activities have already
been organized by international organizations however these activities are fragmented and less efficient as
there are no string and financially viable local authorities in Georgia, mechanisms for coordination among the
levels of public administration are simply missing and citizen participation is extremely low especially in remote
settlements. Resent initiatives of the government of Georgia on sharing of the Value Added Tax with
municipalities does not provide financial sustainability to municipalities and Political decision makers face a
dilemma to be concentrated on solving of ongoing issues or work for achievement of long-term development
objectives
The Macro-concept “Relative” in the Georgian Linguoculture
No full textეძღვნება თსუ-ს ემერიტუს პროფესორ ლელი ბარამიძის დაბადებიდან 90-ე წლისთავს/ Dedicated to the 90th Birthday of Emeritus Professor of TSU Leli BaramidzeThe contemporary culturological and linguoculturological approach to a concept,
above all, considers the latter as a component of spiritual values. This proves a change in
the paradigm of humanitarian sciences, as a result of which, the systemic-structural
paradigm dominant in the past century has been replaced by the anthropocentric
paradigm.
Kinship terms pertain to one of the most ancient lexical layers. They are of utmost
importance for the description of the linguocultural space of the Georgian language,
because they comprise the key lexical fund of the language.
The most ancient literary monument which has reached our times contains
lexemes denoting concrete kinship terms (over ten terms denoting blood relationship
and also relatives acquired as a result of marriage) as well as general terms denoting
kinship – close relations and family members „სახლი“ /saxli/ “house”, „სახლეული“
/saxleuli/ “family” and more general compound term „თესლ-ტომი“ /tesl-ṭomi/
“clan/kin”, the components of which are found independently in the old Georgian texts.
The kinship terms used in “The Martyrdom of the Holy Queen Shushanik” are: „დედა“
/deda/ “mother”, „მამა“ /mama/ “father”, „ שვილი“ / švili/ “child”, „ძე“ /ӡe/ “son”,
„ასული“ /asuli/ “daughter”, „და“ /da/ “sister”, „ძმა“ /ӡma/ “brother”, „ცოლი“ /coli/
“wife”, „ქმარი“ /kmari/ “husband”, „მაზლი“ /mazli/ “husband’s brother”, „ძმის ცო-
ლი“ /ӡmis coli/ “brother’s wife” (a simple term „სძალი“ (> რძალი) /sӡali, >rӡali/ “sister-
in-law” is also given in the text, but in this case it does not mean “brother’s wife”).
These terms reflect the relations owidespread in the given epoch and prove that the
system of kinship and corresponding terms have remained almost the same for sixteen
centuries.
It is difficult for an ordinary speaker of a language to assess the morphologicalsyntactic
capacity of the language. However, the richness of the vocabulary is easy to
notice. Despite this fact, in the contemporary Georgian discourse (mostly in urban
speech), under the influence of foreign languages, the terms „მამიდა“ /mamida/
“father’s sister” and „ბიცოლა“ /bicola/ “uncle’s wife” have become quite rare. These
terms are usually replaced by „დეიდა“ /deida/ “aunt” in the forms of address as well as
in the contexts referring to concrete persons. Frequently, „მამიდა“ /mamida/ “father’s
sister”, „ბიცოლა“ /bicola/ “uncle’s wife” and „დეიდა“ /deida/ “mother’s sister” are
substituted by corresponding anthroponyms. These changes, which seem harmless at a
glance, may lead to significant changes in the social relationships (and, correspondingly,
mental structures) as well as the language itself.
Depreciation of cultural traditions causes a significant change in the system of
values. This, in its turn, is reflected on the language and discourse. If we try to define our
cultural identity, we should have certain knowledge of other cultures as well. Similarly,
we cannot feel the uniqueness of our mother tongue without comparing it with other
languages. Therefore, recent scholarly literature has offered numerous papers reflecting
the outcomes of typological research of kinship terms. The lexeme „ნათესავი“ /natesavi/ “relative” has been selected as a linguocultural
macro-concept due to its frequent use at every stage of development of the Georgian
language because this unit has a stable semantic nucleus in Old and New Georgian.
The word „ნათესავი“ /natesavi/ “relative”, as a macro-concept, embraces all
kinds of relationships; as a hyperonym it includes the entire system of kinship terms,
and, as a concept, it is a member of a large synonymic set.
The above-mentioned term (the very stem of the word) denotes the following
lexicosemantic elements of the conceptual structure of “relation”: origin from a common
source (procreation, division), spatial closeness, possession, emotional attitude
(love, affection)