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The role and importance of sales and sales promotion in the development of customer relations
No full text1. Adewale, A. G., Adeniran, A. J., & Oluyinka, S. A. (2019). THE EFFECT OF PERSONAL
SELLING AND MARKETING ON FIRM SALES GROWTH (A STUDY OF PZ AND
DANGOTE NIGERIA PLC). IJRDO - Journal of Business Management, 5(1), 19-35. https://doi.org/10.53555/bm.v5i1.2628
2. Agnihotri, R. & Krush, M. T. (2015) Salesperson empathy, ethical behaviors, and sales performance: the moderating role of trust in one's manager. Journal of Personal Selling & Sales Management, 35(2), 164-174. https://doi.org/10.1080/08853134.2015.1010541
3. Bicen, P., & Madhavaram, S. (2013). Research on Smart Shopper Feelings: An Extension. The Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice. Retrieved from https:// www.researchgate.net/publication/260161356
4. Blattberg, R. & Briesch, R. (2012). Sales Promotions. In Özalp Özer, and Robert Phillips (eds), The Oxford Handbook of Pricing Management (online edn, Oxford Academic, 21 Nov. 2012), https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199543175.013.0024
5. Castleberry, S. & John, T. (2010). Selling: Building Partnerships, 8th Edition. 9780073530017, McGraw-Hill/Irwin.
6. Chaharsoughi, Sh. A., & Yasory, T. H. (2012). Effect of sales promotion on consumer
behavior based on culture. African Journal of Business Management, 6(1), 98-102
7. Chandon, P., Wansink, B., & Laurent, G. (2000). A Benefit Congruency Framework of
Sales Promotion Effectiveness. Journal of Marketing. 64(4), 65-81. https://doi.org/10.1509/jmkg.64.4.65.18071
8. Firmansyah, F., Margono S., Fatchur, R., & Khusniyah, N. (2019). The Concept and
Steps of Personal Selling. Proceedings of the 2018 International Conference on Islamic Economics and Business (ICONIES 2018). Advances in Economics, Business and Management Research, 101, 225-232. Retrieved from https://www.atlantis-press.com/proceedings/iconies-18/125920539
9. Futrell, Ch. M. (2011). Fundamentals of Selling Customers for Life Through Service, Twelfth Edition, Published by McGraw-Hill/Irwin, Texas A & M University, ISBN 978-0-07-352999-8
10. Gedenk, K., Neslin, S. A., Ailawadi, K. L. (2006). Sales Promotion. In: Krafft, M.,
Mantrala, M.K. (eds) Retailing in the 21st Century. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.
https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-28433-8_22
11. Ingram, Th. N., Avila, R. A., Schwepker, Ch. H., Williams, M. R., & Shannahan, K. L. J.
(2015). SELL. Second Edition. Nelson Education, 210-215
12. Kochlamazashvili, L., & Kandashvili, T. (2011). Sales management, lecture course.
Electronic version, Tbilisi.
13. Kotler P., & Armstrong G. (2015). Principles of Marketing, 14th Edition, (translate into
Georgian), Tbilisi, 119-138, 526-555. ISBN 978-9941-23-352-4
14. Kotler P., & Keller K. L., (2015). Marketing Management, 14th Edition, Prentice Hall.
Authorized translation into Georgian, Scientific Editor Todua N. Tbilisi University
Publishing, 728-742. ISBN 978-0-13-210292-6
15. Mghebrishvili B., Urotadze E. (2016). Functions of Retailing. Proceedings of International Academic Conferences. 23rd International Academic Conference, Venice, 2016/5. International Institute of Social and Economic Sciences, 356-360. https://doi.org/10.20472/IAC.2016.023.070
16. Mghebrishvili, B., & Seturi M. (2015). Trade Personnel and Shop Trade Challenges in Contemporary Conditions. The 7 the International Research Conference, “Management Challenges in the 21st Century, Bratislava, Slovakia
17. Olariu, I. (2016). PERSONAL SELLING IN MARKETING. Studies And Scientific Researches. Economics Edition, 95-101. http://dx.doi.org/10.29358/sceco.v0i0.348
18. Seturi, M., & Urotadze, E. (2017). About Marketing Process Model and Relationship
Marketing. MODEL-BASED GOVERNANCE FOR SMART ORGANIZATIONAL FUTURE. BSLab-SYDIC International Workshop-Roma, 2017, At: Sapienza University of Rome, Italy. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.22283.28964
19. Seturi, M. (2019). Factors Determining the Tourists' Satisfaction: Georgian Case. EASTER CONFERENCE - The 14th International Academic Conference (The 14th IAC 2019) At: Prague. Czech Republic, 95-104. ISBN 978-80-88085-23-2
20. Silagadze, A., Mghebrishvili, B., & Keshelashvili, G. (2021). MANAGERIAL AND
MARKETING THINKING IN LATE FEUDAL GEORGIA. Ecoforum Journal, 10(3).
21. Schindler, R. (1998). Consequences of Perceiving Oneself as Responsible for
Obtaining a Discount: Evidence for Smart-Shopper Feelings.Journal of Consumer
Psychology, 7(4), 371-392. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327663jcp0704_04
22. Seturi, M., & Todua, T. (2019). The Role of Branding for Success in the Georgian Tea Market. International Journal of Economics and Management Engineering, 13(8), 1127-1130. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Maia-Seturi/publication/336318938_The_Role_of_Branding_for_Success_in_the_Georgian_Tea_Market/links/5d9c51dd299bf1c363ff308d/The-Role-ofBranding-for-Success-in-the-Georgian-Tea-Market.pdf
23. Seturi, M. (2020). ABOUT CUSTOMERS ATTITUDE TOWARDS SERVICE IN RETAIL
STORES. Conference: Economy & Business, 19-th International Conference. 20-23 August. At: Burgas, Bulgaria, 14(1), 175-182. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/345180692_ABOUT_CUSTOMERS_ATTITUDE_TOWARDS_SERVICE_IN_RETAIL_STORES
24. Todua, N., & Vashakidze, B. (2018). Consumers attitudes towards personal selling on
the Georgian market. Economics and Business, 11(1), 114-130.
25. Todua, Nugzar and Vashakidze, Beka (2020). THE USE OF SOCIAL MEDIA MARKETING
IN PERSONAL SELLING. Globalization and Business, 10, 121-129 https://doi.org/10.35945/gb.2020.10.015
26. Todua N., & Mghebrishvili B. (2017). Retail Trade (Lecture Course). Tbilisi, 3-17. Retrieved from https://www.tsu.ge/data/file_db/economist_faculty/todua_27528.pdfThe importance of sales and its promotion is constantly increasing. Technological progress contributes to the constant development of marketing activities of companies and the introduction of innovations. It is necessary to attract customers and establish a long-term relationship with them. Along with changes in consumer tastes and new preferences, it is necessary for companies to correctly select sales promotion tools and use them effectively. Sales promotion tools can influence consumer buying behavior and loyalty. Companies today focus on existing and new customers. Smart leaders try to focus their business not only on short-term success, but also on long-term results. Relationship marketing influences customer loyalty. Organizations are pooling their efforts to achieve this goal in terms of products, pricing, distribution, incentives and services. In relationship marketing, special attention is paid to loyal buyers. The task of finding and retaining a client becomes increasingly individual. In the face of competition, it is important to know and constantly study your client. Not only to discover its
advantages, to guess the hidden desires, but also to understand the reasons why the company is losing its customers. Study of these issues is important in modern conditions. The author discusses the opinions, definitions and views of various researchers regarding the mentioned problem, and then draws conclusions and offers some recommendations
ლიბერალიზმის დისკურსის პარადიგმულობა პოლიტიკურ ფილოსოფიაში. THE PARADIGM OF THE DISCOURSE OF ILLIBERALISM IN POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY
No full textDemocracy as a theoretical concept has been in the spotlight
for centuries. In recent years, anti-elitist (so-called populist) public
movements have become increasingly popular. A clear example of
this is illiberalism as a paradigm of liberal democracy.
“I personally prefer a liberal dictatorship than a democratic government
devoid of liberalism,” Hayek said during a visit to Chile by
Pinochet.
Illiberalism was introduced by Gabor Halmai as a critical reaction
to liberalism (Gabor Halmai, 2020).
Representatives of the liberal theory criticize the values of political
liberalism: – Human rights, justice, equality and the principles
of the rule of law. The object of their criticism is liberal theories and
liberal societies. Stephen Holmes notes: non-liberals and anti-liberals are reluctant
to study liberal theories and liberal societies separately from
each others because they believe that liberal societies are the ideal
embodiment of liberal ideas. Accordingly the failure of liberal societies
is automatically caused by the inadequacy of liberal principles.
(S. Holmes, 1993).
Liberalism opposes liberal democracy because, as generally accepted,
there is no democracy without liberalism, and at the same
time, it is impossible for liberal rights to exist without democracy. In
this sense, “illiberal or anti-liberal democracy” does not exist. Those
who consider democracy as a liberal formation also argue that illiberalism
fundamentally contradicts with institutional aspects of basic
democracy associated with constitutionalism.
In his famous work (1989), Fukuyama predicted the “Unequivocal
Victory of Political Liberalism” and the “Universalization of Western
Liberal Democracy as the Ultimate Form of Human Government”
(Fukuyama, 1999), but later the processes developed in a completely
different way.
An interesting statement was made by Orban that “He wants to
turn Hungary into a state that “will take the negative blow that will
follow the recognition that Hungary is not a liberal country by nature”.
He expressed his support to illibelar democracy and noticed
that he also considers Christian democracy to be liberal: “There is
an alternative to liberal democracy, it is called Christian democracy
... let us state with certainty that Christian democracy is not liberal.
Liberal democracy is liberal, while Christian democracy, by its very
nature, is not liberal. It can be said that it is illiberal”. (Viktor Orban
2018).
As it seems there is an ongoing process of fermentation in the
political field. The core values of civilization are in danger. The essential
conditions of human nobility and freedom have already
disappeared in many regions of the world. Even the most precious
achievement of Western man, freedom of thinking and expression is in danger. The expansion of arbitrary power gradually undermines
the position of individuals and voluntary groups. Conceptual gaps
can be diagnosed and corrected if we make the results of the partial
collapse of classical liberalism an intense topic of discussion for
people with distinctive thinking like the Mont Pellerin society
THE USE OF LOANWORDS IN FOREIGN LANGUAGE TEACHING
No full textThe use of loanwords as a resource during foreign language
teaching is widely discussed and mostly considered as a useful source
in language teaching (Daulton 1998, Inagawa 2014, Kaori 2016, Kent
2016).
An important role in the individual relationships between L1 and
target language is played by historical or current language contacts, the
traces of which are found in the layer of borrowings.
The use of loanwords in the process of teaching the Persian
language to Georgian students is based on a fruitful soil, as the Georgian
language has had most longstanding contacts with the languages of
the Iranian group, namely Persian (Andronikashvili 1966; 1996). The
process of penetration of New Persian words into Georgian lasted for
nearly 10 centuries and embraced all parts of speech, nominative or communicative units, above all, nouns. Some of the Persian loans are
no longer used, while others still actively function in Georgian.
Preliminary knowledge of loanwords that have penetrated from the
target language into L1 should not hamper the acquisition of the target
language. On the contrary, they should support the process of language
acquisition. With this aim, teachers should work out a differential
approach while selecting the borrowings for teaching purposes,
especially on the initial level of foreign language teaching.
The criteria of selection of loan-words were based on the following
principles: 1)utmost phonetic similarity between the etymon and the
loan, 2) the sameness of the etymon and the loan regarding their
morphological category, 3) semantic analogy between the etymon
and the loan, 4) stylistic neutrality of the etymon and the loan, 5) high
frequency of use of the etymon and the loan. The focus on such vivid
and simple loans facilitates the teaching process and the student who
was totally unaware of the Persian language felt less alienated in the
process of learning a new language
ხალხური დღესასწაულის ტრანსფორმაცია ეთნიკური იდენტობის მარკერად (მარიობა თურქეთში). THE TRANSFORMATION OF FOLK FESTIVAL INTO ETHNIC IDENTITY MARKER (MARIOBA IN TURKEY)
No full textThe folk holiday “Marioba”, which originates from the church
holiday of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary, is still carried out in
Georgian settlements in Turkey.
Although the holiday has been transformed and has lost its religious
content, as a Georgian folk day, it is one of the most important
facts in the traditional culture of Georgians in Turkey. For Georgians
in Turkey “Marioba” is one of the most visible signs of ethnic identity. “Marioba” was preserved both by the autochthonous Georgians
of Tao-Klarjeti (modern Artvin and Arzrum regions) and by the descendants
of Georgians who migrated to the central regions of the
Black Sea within the Ottoman Empire in the last two decades of the
19th century and establshed the compact settlements there (Marmara
Sea and Black Sea region).
“Marioba” is celebrated in summer. In some villages it is referred
by the parallel name “Shuamtoba”.
The term and holiday “Marioba” is preserved throughout
Imerkhevi, Zemo Machakheli, Devskeli and Baginistskali gorges,
Shuakhevi, Kheba and Maradidi, Katapkhia gorge, Murghuli gorge,
Orji, Tkhiladze, Kartla communities, Georgian villages of Parkhlistskali
gorge and others.
In the 60s of the XX century, a group of Georgians from Imerkhevi
moved to Samsun region, but they could not get used to it and started
looking for a new place. They choose one of the agricultural areas
of Karajabei district of Bursa region. After that, they initiated
propaganda in the villages of Imerkhevi, gathered families wishing
to relocate and bought a part of the agricultural lands with joint
funds. A Georgian village was built in the 70s. The village is called
Boghazkoy. The village, in fact, is bigger than the village. Nowadays
130 households live there and among them 90 housholds are Georgians,
450 persons are permanent residents, and the population increases
sharply in summer. Along with Georgians, there are living
people from the Trabzon region who identitify themselves as “Rumi”
(Pontians), there are about five Turkish families as well.
Until the beginning of the twenty-first century, the main branch
of rural agriculture was the cattle breeding and farming. Here in the
70’s has been estblished the agricultural base for growing Zvaraki
(“Kurban”), which was donated to “Bayram”, which made famous the
whole region. The development of cattle-breeding was facilitated by
the traditional experience of the Imerkhians in this field and presence
of the extensive pastures on the site. At the same time, the Imerkhevians introduced knowledge of traditional Georgian agriculture,
fruit growing and horticulture. The village flourished and was
considered as one of the wealthiest settlement in the Bursa region.
This allowed Georgians to give higher education to their children.
The second generation of almost every family is educated in high
schools.
Since the beginning of the XXI century, the internal migration
process has intensified, a large part of the youth has moved to the
cites. The school was also closed. Now the permanent residents of
Boghazkoy are mainly the retired people, and only in summer is the
village again filled by the youth and children.
The older generation of Georgians obviously know Georgian. A
large part of the middle-aged population also speaks their native
language. The knowledge of the native language is relatively low
among the youth. Nevertheless, everyone is proud of their ethnicity
– Georgian. The writer Ashref Ilmaz (Makharadze) is from this village.
There is functioning the Georgian Community – Boghazkoy Georgian
Association (Head: Dogan Ilmaz-Makharadze). They founded a
Georgian folk ensemble. Under the leadership of this association,
Marioba holday has been widely celebrated in recent years. The
holyday has a form of a kind of festival. All Georgian families are
involved in the preparation of the day.
The format of the holiday is he following:
The city dwellers are coinciding their vocational time-period
with the date of the holiday and come to the village with their families.
The population carefully organizes the open-air rural square,
sets the stage, prepares traditional Imerkhevian food (especially
the variety of kadas), women wear Imerkhevian clothes. The honoured
guests are the representatives of the Embassy and Consulate
of Georgia, local government, other Georgian associations, as well as
those who are coming from Georgia to participate, etc.
The holyday begins in the evening. The organizers of the holyday,
representatives of the local government and our diplomatic services greet the population from the stage. A concert is held – they
present Georgian folk dances, sing Georgian songs, respect the deceased
villagers, distribute the traditional Imerkhevian bread, kadas,
matsoni, etc. in containers.
The current format of the day, obviously, has a completely
new form and it diff ers from the “Marioba” held in the mountains
of Imerkhevi (“Ta”). The traditional Georgian folk carnival rituals accompanying
this day are also lost.
Despite the completely new format, Boghazkoy’s “Marioba” appears
to be an important expression of the Georgian identity of the
local Georgians. This is the special essence and purpose of the holiday
Econometric model for estimating the Georgian labour market equilibrium
No full text1. Williamson, S. D. (2014). Macroeconomics. 5th Edition, Pearson Education; – 720 p.
2. Greene, W. (2012) Econometric Analysis. 7th Edition, Prentice Hal.
3. Wooldridge J. (2012). Introductory Econometrics: A Modern Approach. 5th edition, Cengage Learning, –
912 p.
4. Кейн Э. (1977). Экономическая статистика и эконометрия. Введени в количественный экономи-
ческий анализ. Перевод с английского. Москва, Статистика. Выпуск. 1 и 2.
5. ანანიაშვილი ი. (2022). ბაზრის მოდელის შეფასება შეზღუდული ინფორმაციის პირობებში.
//ეკონომიკა და ბიზნესი. ტომი XVIV, ¹4.
6. https://www.geostat.ge/ka/modules/categories/683/dasakmeba-umushevroba
7. Магнус Я.Р., Катышев П.К., Пересецкий А.А. (2005). Эконометрика. Начальный курс: Москва,
Издательский дом «Дело» , 504 с
8. Варшавский А.Е., Кочеткова Е.В. (2018). Моделирование показателей спроса и предложения
инженерно-технических специалистов // Экономический анализ: теория и практика. – 2018. – Т. 17,
№ 5. – С. 886 – 905.
9. Ananiashvili I. (2018). Dependence of Aggregate Supply on the Main Factors Prices of Production.
Bulleten of the Georgian National Academy of sciences. Vol. 12, no. 1.This article proposes a method to estimate the labor market model consisting of regression equations. It
takes into account the specifics of the market mechanism and makes it possible to fully or partially identify the
functions of labor supply and demand, even when the only data available is on the real wages and the number
of employees. Unlike the traditional approach, the proposed method is based on the assumption that not every
pair of real wages and the number of employees included in the data sample corresponds to the market equilibrium.
The estimation of equations of this model involves a two-step process. First, using the sample of data on
real wages and the number of employees, the employment line (curve) is estimated, and the point of its maximum,
which corresponds to the point of market equilibrium, is defined. Then, given the location of the equilibrium
point, subsamples that define the demand for labor and the labor supply are identified from the total
sample, and their respective equations are constructed.
The article demonstrates how to apply this method, using the Georgian labor market as an example
The Grammatical Function of the Georgian Vowel Prefixes and Issue of the Correlation of the Semantical Nuances
No full textეძღვნება თსუ-ს ემერიტუს პროფესორ ლელი ბარამიძის დაბადებიდან 90-ე წლისთავს/ Dedicated to the 90th Birthday of Emeritus Professor of TSU Leli BaramidzeThe goal of the research of the grammar is to study morphology and syntax, the
structures and constructions of the language, that means that the research of the
grammatical forms should be based on the analysis of the form itself, the grammatical
function should be shaped on the basis of the representative data and only after that we
can consider the semantics of the particular forms. The specific character of the Georgian
verb is its polypersonal nature, Unlikely to Indo-European languages, the mechanism of
the Georgian verb was created by the Georgian analytic and synthetic mind. The
polypersonal verb mandatorily contains vowel prefixes and the organized order of the
grammatical signs; the markers of the polypersonality take the place in the verb
microstructure after the personal markers. These markers are the vowel prefixes: a-, e, i-
,u- from which the vowel prefix a- demonstrates the correlation with all the objects
included in the verb construction (m/g-a-laṗarakebs) first diathesis, while the same
function in the second Diathesis is based on the vowel prefix e- (m/g/-e-laṗarakeba).
The prefix i- in the both Diathesis is connected with the speaker – the first and the
second person.
Within the monopersonal construction (in this case, it is not the marker borrowed
from the subjective version active forms. In French, this same function is fulfilled by the
reflexive pronouns, in Russian – by the suffix that has developed from the reflexive
pronoun via modification/shortening (sebya (self)>-sya)). In the construction with the
direct object though, the same prefix i- fulfills the function of subjective orientation. The
correlation with the 3rd person is marked by the vowel prefix u- (uḳetebs/uḳetdeba)
ქართული დამწერლობა ჩრდილოეთ კავკასიაში – ლინგვოკულტუროლოგიური საფუძვლები. GEORGIAN SCRIPT IN THE NORTH CAUCASUS LINGUOCULTURAL BASICS
No full textThe report discusses the “monuments of Georgian tangible and
intangible culture in the North Caucasus, in particular: epigraphy, inscriptions,
Georgian ethnotoponymy. An attempt is made to explain
the historical, political, cultural and social reasons for the existence
of Georgian material and spiritual cultural monuments in the North
Caucasus; Not only the monuments of Georgian Christian culture are
confirmed in the North Caucasus, but also other types of cultural
heritage of Georgian culture. Georgia has historically been a cultural,
political and educational center in the Caucasus region. Communication
routes of the Caucasus countries passed through Georgia. Georgia’s geopolitical and geoeconomic function in the Caucasus region
determined the meeting of Georgian culture with the culture of other
Caucasian peoples and defined Georgia’s special role in these relations.
All this was also conditioned by the fact that the state of Georgia
was one of the (if not the only) advanced states in the Caucasus
in a particular historical period.
The report presents Georgian epigraphic monuments and Georgian
texts written in Georgian script, preserved in the North Caucasus,
as well as „Khundzuri“ (Avar language) and other North Caucasian
texts written in Georgian script. About the Georgian inscriptions
preserved in Dagestan we find A. Berge, Lavrov, Arn. Chikobava, T.
Gudava, d. Scientifi c studies by Ataev and other linguists and archaeologists.
We distinguish two main periods of Georgian-North Caucasian
cultural relations: 1. V-X, 2. XI-XV centuries. Especially in the second
period, a new active phase of missionary activity from Georgia begins.
The Georgian Orthodox Church strives to spread Christianity,
followed by the construction of Christian temples in the region. At
the same time, the Georgian alphabet began to spread and the Georgian
language was used in worship. In this regard, it is very important
to spread the texts in Georgian script, both in Asomtavruli and
Nuskhakhutsuri, in mountainous Dagestan and other regions of the
North Caucasus.
Georgian linguistic-cultural monuments in the North Caucasus
are a documentary proof that in the Middle Ages not only the Georgian
language played the role of lingua franca in the North Caucasus,
but also the Georgian script was used as a basis for writing in
the North Caucasian languages. These processes were interrupted
by subsequent Mongol invasions and the expansion of other invaders.
Georgian alphabet system, as noted by P. Uslar is most suitable
for the phonemic system of North Caucasian languages. The report
presents new empirical material on Georgian epigraphy in the North
Caucasus.ნაშრომი შესრულებულია შოთა რუსთაველის ეროვნული სამეცნიერო
ფონდის მიერ დაფინანსებული პროექტის „ქართული სულიერი და
მატერიალური კულტურა ჩრდილოეთ კავკასიაში – მონაცემთა ბაზა
ქართულ, ინგლისურ და რუსულ ენებზე“ ფარგლებშ
Modern digitalization trends of Georgia and Ukraine
No full text[1]Aleshchenko, L., Archvadze, J., Ariefiew, I., Averchev, A., Azmaiparashvili, M., Bedianashvili, G., Beridze, T., Bichia, Q., Bilous, O., Breus, D., Chelidze, M., Chikhladze, N., Chikobava, M., Chomakhidze, D., Demydenko, L., Eliava, L., Fesenko, H., Hranovska, V., Kakulia, N., Karnaushenko, A., Klimovich, L., Konovalov, O., Krykunova, V., Ksonzhyk, I., Liparteliani, N., Miedviedkova, N., Morozov, R., Munjishvili, T., Nakonechna, Yu., Orjonikidze, N., Pichura, V., Potravka, L., Stukan, T., Tabaghua, S., Tutberidze, G., Yavtushenko, A., Zhghenti, T., Zhorzhikashvili, N., Zhosan, H., 2020, Strategies of Socio-Economic Development and Mechanisms of their Implementation in the Conditions of Economic Uncertainty and Globalization Changes: International collective monograph. Tbilisi, Publishing house – Universal: 286 p.
[2]Averchev, O., Trukhachova, K., Zhosan, H., 2021, Development of a System of Effective Use of Enterprise Resources by Balancing the Effectiveness of Economic Activity in Terms of Resource Features, 11th International Conference on Advanced Computer Information Technologies, ACIT 2021 – Proceedings (15 September 2021): Germany, Publisher, IEEE: 372-375.
[3]Bedianashvili, G., 2018, Knowledge Economy, Entrepreneurial Activity and Culture Factor in Modern Conditions of Globalization: Challenges for Georgia, Globalization and Business, 5: 32-37.
[4]Bedianashvili, G., Maglakelidze, A., 2021, The Digital Economy and Business in the Conditions of Pandemic, Conference Materials: Social Sciences for Regional Development 2020. Daugavpils University, Latvia: Publishing house – SAULE: 26-37.
[5]Bedianashvili, G., 2021, Macroeconomic and Cultural Determinants of the COVID-19 Pandemic Crisis, Bulletin of the Georgian National Academy of Sciences, 15 (2): 191-197.
[6]Bedianashvili, G., Bichia, Q., Natsvlishvili, E., 2021, Development of Entrepreneurial Activity, Labor Market and Modern Challenges of Higher Education, Globalization and Business, 12: 21-31.
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[22]Zhylinska O., Bazhenova O., Zatonatska T., Dluhopolskyi O., Bedianashvili G., Chornodid I., 2020, Innovation Processes and Economic Growth in the Context of European Integration. Scientific Papers of the University of Pardubice, Series D: Faculty of Economics and Administration, 28(3), 1209: 1-12.In today's turbulent and unstable environment, international companies, including Ukraine and Georgia, are forced to move to technologies they did not plan to implement for some time and reconsider their strategic priorities. "Become digital or die" is the reality of the COVID-19 epidemic. Companies that will survive in the long run - those that have the best tools that allow them to be flexible, agile, agile; those who are better than others will be able to respond to changes in the product range, control and monitor their factories, regulate supply chains and will be able to use their workforce really anywhere. Mixed research methods were used to analyse the data. The theoretical and methodological basis of the study were the dialectical method of cognition, a systematic approach to the use of general provisions of economic theory. According to the research results, despite the serious positive transformations in the field of digitalization, there are a number of current and significant unresolved issues in the industry. It is established that the digital economy in Ukraine and Georgia, despite a number of existing problems, is developing dynamically. Organizations in various sectors of the economy are beginning to actively implement digital solutions, taking into account the specifics of their activities. Innovation is the engine of economic development, so attempts are made to find and create the most appropriate forms of organizational associations of innovative enterprises, alliances, within which strong cooperative ties can be established. The need for large-scale cooperation and coordination in the form of networking of participants in the innovation process becomes quite obvious, which provides them with a beneficial effect and corresponding competitive advantages
New International Standards of Terminology
No full textStandardization is essential in any field, including, of course, in science. Especially today, when digital technologies became the most important in the world and the development of any field depends on the introduction of these technologies. This necessarily means considering international standards. The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) was established in the first half of the twentieth century. Obviously, similar organizations existed before and ISO was founded on their basis. But from this moment, the standards acquired a different value and standardization moved to a new level. It should be noted that there is a field committee for each standard in ISO, one of them is Language and Terminology Committee (ISO / TC 37) established in 1947. It is especially important that the activities of this organization do not mean the one-time establishment of standards, it is a continuous, unfinished process and every five years the standards are reviewed and, if necessary, updated or changed.
The terminology department of Arnold Chikobava Institute of Linguistics is working on Georgian TermBank. This means the use of modern technologies together with terminological activities, therefore, it is necessary to consider international standards in two directions, one related to the principles of terminological activities, and the other - the technical side, so that the Georgian TermBank would be in accordance to the databases of the other countries. One of the supporters of the Georgian TermBank is the European Association for Terminology (EAFT), whose president, Henrik Nilsson, sent a questionnaire to various countries, including Georgia, and one of the questions was if the National TermBank follows relevant international standards. When Georgian TermBank is published through the Internet, it must be in accordance with the requirements of international standards.
In 1999 with the participation of TSU Arnold Chikobava Institute of Linguistics, three standards related to terminological activities were developed and published:
1) ISO 704:87 — Principles and methods of terminology;
2) ISO 1087:90 — Terminology — Vocabulary;
3) ISO 860:96 — Terminology work — Harmonization of concepts and terms.
These standards have been updated for several times since then by ISO, but unfortunately here in Georgia we have not made the same job until today. Updated versions of terminology standards are being translated with the support of Vukol Beridze Association of Terminology of Georgia. It is also planned to translate other standards about terminology. It is also noteworthy that special standards are established for terminology databases. These standards were requested from ISO by the Georgian National Agency for Standards and Metrology, which is a correspondent member in ISO.
We’ll talk about abovementioned standards and highlight their importance in terminology work. Establishing process of standardization is difficult but really essential in Georgian reality. This is a basis for getting a reliable product
ნიკოლოზ ბარათაშვილის ლიტერატურული მემკვიდრის საკითხი. THE ISSUE OF NIKOLOZ BARATASHVILI’S LITERARY SUCCESSOR
No full textFrom the very beginning, a special interest was shown in the
study of Nikoloz Baratashvili’s personality and poetry. Accumulated
vast scientific literature. The issue of Nikoloz Baratashvili’s literary
successor is very important in the problems arising on the way of
studying the works of the genius poet. This issue was fi rst raised by
Akaki Tsereteli. In Georgian poetry since the Renaissance, he considered
Nikoloz Baratashvili to be the only poet who thought about the
future of the country. Ilia Chavchavadze was recognized as the only
successor of Nikoloz Baratashvili. Akaki Tsereteli was inspired by the
demands of the epoch and in accordance with these demands he considered Ilia Chavchavadze as the successor of Nikoloz Baratashvili,
to develop his thoughts.
Ilia Chavchavadze addressed the issue of Nikoloz Baratashvili’s
poetic successor in the 90s of the nineteenth century. Ilia considers
Nikoloz Baratashvili next to Goethe, Byron, Lermontov, next to them,
which clearly indicates that, according to Ilia, Nikoloz Baratashvili
is a genius creator, and geniuses rarely leave heirs. They are either
left without an heir, or rarely leave a successor. In a word, Ilia is not
talking about an ideological successor, but about Nikoloz Baratashvili’s
type, his soulmate. Ilia was also very careful in pointing out that
recently a young man appeared who showed several examples of
wanting to follow in the footsteps of Nikoloz Baratashvili, although
this is still not a suffi cient condition to declare him Baratashvili’s
successor. Ilia did not quite consciously name this young man.
Despite Ilia Chavchavadze’s caution, his reference became the
basis for the remarkable poet and writer Titian Tabidze to say that
Ilia Chavchavadze meant Vazha-Pshavela in the young poet. For
some authors, Titian’s opinion was acceptable. Discussions about
this problem continued into the twentieth century. Interesting opinions,
observations, more or less credible parallels were presented by
Pavle Ingorokva, Simon Chikovani, Akaki Topuria and others. In terms
of characterizing Nikoloz Baratashvili’s true poetic heir, great credit
goes to the outstanding Georgian scholar Grigol Kiknadze. In his fundamental
book “Issues of Speech Style” (1957) it is scientifically substantiated
that Galaktion Tabidze is the true spiritual heir of Nikoloz
Baratashvili. Grigol Kiknadze especially points out the main features
that make these two geniuses related to each other