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Some economic aspects of risk detection in the agricultural sector
Get PDF1. საქართველოს სოფლის მეურნეობისა და სოფლის განვითარების სტრატეგია 2017-2027
2. საქართველოს სტატისტიკის ეროვნული სამსახური – geostat.ge
3. საქართველოს გარემოს დაცვისა და სოფლის მეურნეობის სამინისტრო -https://mepa.gov.ge/
4. შრომის ეკონომიკა, (2022) თბილისის სახელმწიფო უნივერსიტეტის გამომცემლობა, თბილისი
5. რ.ვაშაკიძე, ა.გოგოლი, „საქართველოს სოფლის მეურნეობა სახელმწიფოს სოციალური
პოლიტიკის ნაწილია“, (10/2019)
https://forbes.ge/news/7270/soflis-meurneoba-saxelmwifos-socialuri-politikis-nawilia
6. ე.ზვიადაძე, საჯარო პოლიტიკის ნარკვევი „საქართველოში სასოფლო-სამეურნეო
ექსტენციის სისტემის შექმნა“
7. ნ.დამენია აგრარული რისკები და დაზღვევა, (2015) საერთაშორისო რეფერირებადი
სამეცნიერო ჟურნალი – აგრარულ–ეკონომიკური მეცნიერება და ტექნოლოგიები ¹1;
თბილისი http://www.gaas.dsl.ge/pdf/o_kesh/O_Kesh_Referat_2015-1.pdf
8. N.DAMENIA A ROLE OF AGRICULTURAL SECTOR IN GEORGIAN ECONOMY, (2017) Ivane Javakhishvili
Tbilisi State University Kyiv National Economic University named after Vadym Hetman, International
collective monograph „FORESIGHT MANAGEMENT: FORMATION AND TRANSFORMATION ADAPTIVE
BUSINESS ORGANIZATIONS“, Tbilisi-Kherson.For Georgia, as a country with a developing economy, the development of the agricultural sector is
strategically important. Which, in turn, is associated with various types of risks.
Analysis of decision-making under conditions of risk and uncertainty provides an opportunity to better
understand the economic environment and make optimal choices. An in-depth analysis of the issue makes it
possible to make the best decision from the available alternatives.
Risk is related to expected losses, and in order to minimize it, the entrepreneur/farmer must be able to
predict expected risks, determine the consequences of a greater magnitude and adjust the risk. In the
conditions of changing economic environment, the threat of risk in agricultural business is increasing even
more. Detection of expected risks, analysis and development of effective management mechanisms is an
important challenge of the agricultural sector
A Few Words on Dimitri Kipiani's "New Georgian Grammar"
Get PDFSeveral practical textbooks of the Georgian language were created
in the 19th century. Among them "Grammar of the New Georgian Language"
by a famous figure, Dimitri Kipiani, published in 1882 is distinguished.
The book differs from all the previous publications in its style
and methodology: dialogue-based discussion and interaction with students
("father's one" to "children") is so much fun and it uses a question-
and-answer method to explain complex grammatical issues.
D. Kipiani's main principles are "being national" and “morality”; he
uses these principles to explain grammatical terms or concepts. . .
In the textbook, especially in the verb part, there are many interesting
observations, findings which have not lost their topicality even
today
Роль грузинской эмиграции в спасении евреев во время Второй мировой войны (1939-1945 гг.)
Get PDFhttps://geohistory.humanities.tsu.ge/ge/procedings/83-shromebi/177-shromebi-18.htm
Distance learning opportunities for academic writing course at MBA program (case of Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University)
Get PDFინტეგრაციული პროცესის სირთულეები გერმანიაში XX ს-ის 90-იან წლებში და ინოვაციური პოლიტიკა ახალ მიწებზე. DIFFICULTIES OF THE INTEGRATION PROCESS IN GERMANY IN THE 90S OF THE XX CENTURY AND INNOVATIVE POLICIES ON NEW LANDS
Get PDFOn October 3, 1990, the long and controversial journey towards
the unification of the two independent German states came to an
end, and the tough process of actual unification began. This was felt
with all the intensity in the first decade of German unification, especially
by former GDR citizens and included local political, socioeconomic,
and socio-psychological aspects.
The urgency of the issue is determined by the crucial role of Germany
in the modern world geographically, militarily and strategically,
as well as by a strong economy, which is considered a backbone
of a united European economy.
The economic, political, socio-cultural, and psychological gaps
between the two German states in the unification process was much
deeper than it initially appeared.
The low rate of economic development and competitiveness of
the former GDR demanded a large amount of money from the central
federation and parts of East Germany, resulting in a production stagnation
and an increase in unemployment in the east.
The socio-psychological incompatibility of East and West Germans
became a serious problem, especially between the middle
and older generations, resulting in tensions between them not only
during the first decades of unification, but even afterward.
Changes in the social priority system, demographic challenges,
and new regulations have wreaked havoc on a substantial portion
of East Germany’s population. Socio-economic reforms outpaced
psychological readiness with new problems arising, resulting in
the country being divided into two parts: the “Ossi” (East Germans)
and the “Wessi” (West Germans). People in the West and the East
had quite distinct lifestyles, rules of conduct, and social and cultural
spheres. In East Germany, the concept of “ostalgie” (sorrow about
the past; as a rule, only good memories were remembered)
arose from the disintegration of established economic, sociopolitical,
social, and cultural systems. Investment policy played a crucial role in the transformation
of the new lands economy. Subsidies from the federal government
strengthened their new capabilities. New programs were developed
as a part of the innovation policy framework, and collaboration
between businesses and scientific institutions deepened. Extreme
measures were taken in the eastern lands to ease the labor market
issues, and a large number of workers were forced to retire. Every
sphere was affected by the new policy. A large network was established
to develop skills, retrain staff and learn new professions.
These issues have been significantly eliminated in modern Germany,
and the generation born after the unification has been effectively
integrated into German society
FOR THE STUDY OF THE RELATIONSHIP ISSUES BETWEEN THE ROMAN AND HAN EMPIRES
Get PDFTwo empires - Eastern Han Empire and Roman Empire of the West represented the two hegemonic empires of the Eurasian continent by the end of Hellenistic period and the first centuries of late antiquity. The paper analyzes the Sinocentrism idea established back in Qin dynasty of Han empire in China, according to which China was a World’s cultural centre, and at the given background, relying upon the historical sources (Pliny the Elder, Lucius Aneus Florius...) artefacts and scientific literature, study and analyses of the existing political, trade-economic or cultural contacts, between the Roman and Han Empires, which were carried out through the transcontinental trade routes (Silk Road, which took its beginning in the period of Han Dynasty).
By the I century A.D. the link is established between Europe and China, which is proved by the discovery of Roman coins and objects on the territory of Han Empire. In Han Empire the glassware, objects of luxury – gold embroidered carpets gold-plated and asbestos pieces produced in Roman Empire – Alexandria and Syria were highly valued in the period of Han Empire. While in Rome Chinese silk was highly popular. It is noteworthy that despite the ethnocentric ideology of the Han dynasty, the Chinese reverently referred to Rome and called "Daqin" the Great Qin, while the Romans called China "Seres" (Latin Seres ) - "the Land of Silk" or "Silk"
Investment capacity of the country economy (on the example of Georgia)
Get PDF1. A Dictionary of Economics (1997) John Black. Oxford New York. Oxford University Press. P.251;
2. Папава Владимир. (1993) Государство, рынок и экономика. Препринт. Академия Наук Грузии. Институт экономики
им. П. Гугушвили. – 36 С.;
3. J. M.Keynes „The GENERAL THEORY of Employment Interest and Money“. New York Harcourt, Brace and Company,
1936; в русском переводе с.116-120;
4. Акерлофф Дж., Шиллер Р. (2010) Spiritus Animals. М., C.177;
5. Экономическая энциклопедия. Политическая экономия (1975) М., том 2. С.118-119; та же энциклопедия (1980) М.,
том 4. С. 314-316;
6. A Dictionary of Economics (1977) John Black. Oxford New York. Oxford University Press. P.93;
7, How Corruption Affects Emerging Economies. In: Investopedia (19.05.2019) [cit.2020-03-21]; Ibid.;
9. The Institutional Economics of Corruption and Reform: Theory, evidence, and policy. Cambridge University Press (2009)
ISBN 978-0-521-87275-1;
10. The Quarterly Journal of Economics (1995) Volume 110, Issue 3, August, pp. 681-712, https://doi.org/10.2307/2946696;
11. Wei, Shang-Jin (2000) “How taxing is corruption on international investors?”. Review of economics and statistics. 82.1:
pp.1-11;
12. Shevardnadze K., Chechelashvili R., Chocheli V., Khaduri N. (2000) PAPAVA INDEXES OF TAX CORRUPTION. Publisher
“Company Imperial” Ltd. Tbilisi. – pp.31-47;
13. Уильям Ф. Шарп, Гордон Дж. Александер, Джеффри В. Бейли (2016) Инвестиции. М.: Изд-во Инфра -М., С.780-789.The article discusses the factors of the functioning of the economy - land, capital, labor. particular attention is paid to the issues of investment in these factors and their capacity. The idea of measuring the investment intensity of the country's economy is proposed - in qualitative and quantitative terms. In the first case, we are talking about the content of investments in industry, agriculture, construction, financial services, non-manufacturing, etc., in the second case, about the volume of these investments. The hypothesis is put forward that excessive investment in the country's economy can cause the economy to overheat, as well as contribute to the emergence of corruption in society and the economy, which slows down its economic growth. The so-called "production possibilities curve" can conditionally act as a limiter of excessive investments in the economy. The upper point located outside the curve of production capabilities (inaccessibility) can be conditionally considered a point indicating the inexpediency of excessive investment
External debt and financial system stability under the Covid-19 pandemic
Get PDF1. მოხსენება "საქართველოს 2021 წლის სახელმწიფო ბიუჯეტის შესრულების მიმდინარეობის შესახებ“ -
სახელმწიფო აუდიტის სამსახური, 2021 წელი; https://www.sao.ge/ka/მოხსენება-საქართველოს-2021-
წლი2021102004336114ka.html
2. „სახელმწიფო ვალის მართვის შემდგომი რეაგირების ეფექტიანობის აუდიტის ანგარიში“ - სახელმწიფო აუდიტის
სამსახური, 2020 წელი;
https:// www.sao.ge/Uploads/2020/5/სახელმწიფო_ვალის_მართვა.pdf
3. „საქართველოს სახელმწიფო ვალის ზრდის პრობლემა Covid-19 –ის პანდემიით გამოწვეული ეკონომიკური
კრიზისის პირობებში“ - ვ. პაპავა, ვ. ჭარაია - ექსპერტის აზრი გამოცემა N152. 2021;
4. „მთავრობის ვალის მართვის სტრატეგია 2019-2021“ - საქართველოს ფინანსთა სამინისტრო. 2019 წელი,
https://www.mof.ge/images/File/DMS-GEO-2019-2021.pdf
5. World Economic Outlook – International Monetary Found – 2021 Jan.
https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/Issues/2022/01/25/world-economic-outlook-update-january-2022
6. Data for Georgia, Upper Middle Income.” The World Bank, 2020.
https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.KD.ZG?locations=GE
7. Fiscal Monitor. Policies for the Recovery. Washington, DC, International Monetary Fund, 2020, OctoberThe components of public debt are particularly important for ensuring the fiscal sustainability of the state. When managed effectively, the funds raised are a stimulus to the country's economic growth, and while with inefficient management the country may reach a crisis instead of economic growth.
It's a significant foreign debt during a crisis caused by a pandemic, therefore it is therefore important to properly assess and identify the needs that are being financed through public debt. This will enable the country to avoid excessive debt and its service costs. Determining what kind of public debt portfolio is optimal depends on the
economic situation of a particular country
The Road of Korean Christianity on Korean Peninsula
Get PDFThe Korean Republic is quite unique in terms of religion. Despite the high level of ethnic homogeneity, there is not a single dominant religion. Although most Koreans do not profess any religious affiliation, many still engage religious worship. It is Noteworthy that the emergence of Christianity on the Korean Peninsula was initially regarded negatively, although it gained considerable popularity which is still relevant today.
Koreans were first introduced to Catholicism in the early seventeenth century through books on “Western learning” that had been translated by Catholic missionaries in China and their Chinese collaborators. Koreans could easily read the classical Chinese these books were written in, and while interested in the technology, science, and maths they contained, they rejected their religious message. This began to 105 change in the late eighteenth century with one Korean scholar, Peter Yi Sŭnghun (1756–1801), traveling to Beijing as part of a tribute mission where he received baptism. In the 19th century Koreans abroad, especially those who were in Manchuria came into contact with Protestantism through Scottish missionaries, such as John Ross (1842–1910), and smuggled Korean translations of the Gospels and then the entire New Testament into Korea before the first resident missionary Methodist Horace Allen (1858–1932), arrived in 1884.
Catholics and Protestants face common problems. Korea’s liberal democracy and economic development have led people to become more independent and therefore less willing to fully commit to a religious organization. Moreover, the hypercompetitive nature of Korean society means that people have comparatively little time and are less willing to spend it on religion. Moreover, other worldviews are rising that can compete with religion. Younger non-Protestant Koreans frequently describe Protestant churches as selfish, materialist, and authoritarian, and many feel that Cathedral Church of Virgin Mary of the Immaculate Conception (Myeongdong Cathedral) is a threat to traditional Eastern religion beliefs.
Christianity in Korean Peninsula has overcome a history of persecution, colonial oppression, but Christian vitality in Korea, its ability to change with the times while still remaining itself, means that while transformation is inevitable, Christianity, in both its Catholic and Protestant forms, will likely remain for years to come as a significant part of the Republic of Korea
კავკასიური ომის ისტორიები: პრინც ალბრეხტის და თეოდორ ჰორშელტის ჩანაწერები. CAUCASIAN WAR STORIES: RECORDS OF PRINCE ALBRECHT AND THEODOR HORSCHELT
No full textForeign authors of the 19th century devoted a significant part
of their work to the bloodiest and longest-running Caucasian war
waged by the Russian Empire. Some of the authors of these books
fought on the Russian side, while others sided with the Caucasian
mountaineers. It is noteworthy that the foreigners in both positions
fought selflessly on the side of their choice. The works clearly express
their political views, subjective approach to issues of war or
peaceful coexistence. Foreign authors are often biased in their assessment
of events, analyzing issues in their preferred way of interpretation,
although their works remain as important primary sources
for the researching purposes of the Caucasian war.
The article discusses the works of two Russian supporters who
fought on their side, Prince Albrecht’s (1809-1872), brother of King
Wilhelm I of Prussia, work “In Caucasus. 1862” and the notes of painter
Theodor Horschelt about the Caucasus War, published in Munich
in 1880 – “Theodor Horschelt. His life and his works. Spain, Algeria,
Caucasus” (Horschelt 1880).
Extensive information is contained in the works of Prince Albrecht
of Prussia, where he devotes almost a hundred pages (Albrecht
1865: 339 – 457) to the stories of battles against the Caucasians.
He personally participated in a seven day military expedition (November 4-10, 1862) against the Adyghei. After the successful completion
of the battle by the Russians and the return of the detachment
to the former camp, the highly contented prince expressed his
praise to the Russian army orally and in a written form, concluding
with the following words: “Long live Russia and God, please protect
the king!” (Milyatin 1999: 416). The German prince in his work emphasizes
the friendly attitude of the kings of Russia and Prussia, Alexander
II and Wilhelm I.
As the purpose of Prince Albrecht’s visit is clearly understandable,
as vague as it stays the reason behind the selfless and relentless
fight of the painter Theodor Horschelt against the Caucasian
mountaineers in 1858-1862. The German artist described the ongoing
hostilities and details of battles in the Northern Caucasus in a
chronological order and very specifically (Kandelaki 2019: 68 – 88).
It is noteworthy that from September 10, 1862 onwards, for 21
days, Theodore Horschelt traveled to Baku and Yerevan with Prince
Albrecht of Prussia. Both German authors warmly mention each other
in their works. The Russian emperor awarded numerous awards to
both Germans for outstanding bravery in the Caucasus