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THE PURPOSE OF PUNITIVE DAMAGES
No full textსტატიის მიზანია გააანალიზოს საქართველოს მორალური ზიანის ანაზღაურების სამართლებრივი მიზანი და ფუნქცია. გამიჯნოს მისი კომპენსატორული ბუნება სადამსჯელო და პრევენციულისაგან. ნაშრომი შედარებითსამარლებრივ ჭრილში აანალიზებს სადამსჯელო ზიანის არსს და მის კავშირს მორალურ ზიანთან.
The purpose of the article is to analyze the legal purpose and function of compensation for moral damages in Georgia. To distinguish its compensatory nature from punitive and preventive.
The paper analyzes the nature of punitive damages and its connection with moral damages in a comparative legal perspective
Fashion on Georgian Money
No full texthttps://geohistory.humanities.tsu.ge/ge/procedings/83-shromebi/178-shromebi-19.htm
Plot of the 18th Sura of the Quran and an Early Hagiographical Work in the Islamic Miniature
No full textეძღვნება აკადემიკოს ზაზა ალექსიძის ხსოვნას (1935 – 2023)/
Dedicated to Memory of Academician Zaza Aleksidze (1935 – 2023)Hagiographic writings about the Seven Saints of Ephesus (the 5th century) were very
popular in the Christian world. This text was originally written in Greek or Syriac. It was
translated from Greek into Georgian, Armenian, Coptic, Ethiopian, Arabic, and also into
Latin, and later into European languages.
As for Islam, the main plot of the 18th sura of the Qur'an is exactly the same as that
of the hagiographic monument, but significantly shortened and conveyed much more
concisely. It is well known that among the Arabs the motif of the Seven Saints of Ephesus
was well known from Syriac circles, which was duly reflected in the writings of the
commentators of the Qur'an. True, there is no cult of saints in Islam, but Muslims treat some of them with special
reverence, primarily St. George and the Seven Youths of Ephesus. In the temples built in
the name of these saints, not only Christians, but also Muslims pray. In addition, the place
of the miraculous dormition and resurrection of the Seven Youths, located in historical
Ephesus (now Turkey), is visited by representatives of both religions.
The plot of the mentioned hagiographic work is connected with the bodily resurrection
of the dead. Christians even called the Youths of Ephesus "the Seven Lazaruses." The
18th sura of the Qur'an is also verbally embellished mainly with eschatological and highly
eloquent motifs. It is no coincidence that Louis Massignon calls this sura of the Qur’an the
“Apocalypse of Islam”. All this well explains why the cult of the Seven Ephesians was so
popular in the Islamic world.
As it is known, Islam forbids not only the worship of icons, but also the painting of
people and living beings in general. This is considered a great sin, because only God can
“create”, “depict” any living being, who also spiritualizes them, and artists and sculptors
cannot do this. The worship of icons is equated with idolatry. In the Middle Ages, a great
dispute arose between Christians and Muslims on this issue. The treatise of Theodore Abu
Qurra, who refutes the iconoclasts, deserves special attention. Basically, the author refers
not to the iconoclastic population of Byzantium, but to the Muslim citizens of the
Caliphate, who were supported by the Jews in the destruction of the public symbols of
Christianity.
Despite such a negative attitude towards the depiction of a person, it cannot be said
that this prohibition was absolute in the Islamic world, which is well evidenced by the
Persian miniatures. In this work, we will focus on miniatures depicting the Seven Youths
of Ephesus, the artistic pieces which are of Iranian origin.
Unlike the pagan population of the Arabian Peninsula, the inhabitants of Iran had the
oldest and greatest traditions of fine art, both directly Persian and based on the work of the
peoples who inhabited the vast territories that were part of the huge empires of the
Achaemenians and later the Sassanians. It is also worth noting that Shiite Islam has spread
in Iran, in which, of course, there is no cult similar to the veneration of Christian martyrs
in the literal sense, but it is not alien to a special understanding of the martyrdom of a true
believer, based on the tragic death of Ali and Hussein. In Safavid Iran, the Shiite branch of
Islam was recognized as the official religion. In the same period, we see a new, powerful
stream of development of fine arts, which is reflected in the miniature painting of this era.
Persian miniatures of the 16th century are truly masterpieces. Among them are manuscripts
containing fiction, but miniatures with religious motifs even depicting the Prophet
Muhammad himself are quite common (for example, Miʽraj, his wonderful heavenly
journey from Mecca to Jerusalem and meeting with the prophets of the Old Testament).
It was during this period that several miniatures of the Seven Youths of Ephesus
were created in Iran.
Muslim artists, apparently, were well acquainted not only with the 18th sura of the
Qur’an, but also with the content of the hagiographic monument, since they especially
depict the Byzantine emperor Theodosius the Minor with his retinue, although they do not
neglect the red dog of the non-Christian, pure Islamic tradition either. In addition, the
motif of waiting in a closed space (a symbol of the revelation of truth in a cave) stands
out. Beautiful, brightly colored miniatures depict young Christians sleeping in a cave,
accompanied by a guard dog. They are in the state of embrio, and the very shape of the
cave reminds us of the mother's womb. The Ephesian Saints, like Abraham, Jonah, and
Job, are subject to a process of symbolic death and rebirth that points to the coming resurrection. The cave is not only a symbol of the mother's womb, but also of the grave
(recall the icon of the Nativity, where icon painters express the cradle, actually the manger
of a newborn, swaddled infant in such a way that it reminds us of a coffin, which is also an
indication of the coming resurrection, the victory over death).
In Persian miniatures, we mainly find Old Testament and Christian motifs that have
penetrated into the Sufi tradition. The thinking of Muslim mystics gave these stories a
special flavor, which was also reflected in painting and which, among other examples, is
perfectly confirmed by Persian miniatures depicting the Seven Ephesian Saints. The
article will also focus on Sufi traditions and their special connection with Eastern
Christendom
ქართველური ეთნოსების იდენტობის საკითხები ბერძენი მწერლების რეპრეზენტაციებში (მემნონი, აპიანოსი, კასიუს დიო, პლუტარქოსი, სტრაბონი)
No full textThe project was supported by Shota Rustaveli National Science Foundation of Georgia (SRNSFG
Reflection of post-pandemic changes in financial statements
No full text1. Marina Maisuradze, Mariam Vardiashvili. (2022). Some Issues of Preparation and Submission of Financial
Statements in the Conditions of COVID - 19. Economics and Business. doi:https://doi.org/10.56079/20221/4
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for-rent-concessions-updated-june-2022.
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updates/iasb/2022/iasb-update-october-2022/.
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updates/iasb/2022/iasb-update-september-2022/.
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10. Sabauri L., Kvatashidze N. (2022). Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Preparation of Financial Statements.
International Scientific Conference Dedicated to the Establishment of the University 100th Anniversary of the
Faculty of Economics and Business; (pp. 275-282). Tbilisi: Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University; ISBN 978-
9941-491-70-2.The article discusses the changes made by the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB)
in the post-pandemic period to the International Financial Reporting Standards and the new challenges
of the Board. It also analyzes the impact of the changes on the information in the financial statements.
Namely, the changes in the following standards are discussed: IAS 1; 16, 37; 39; IFRS 3; 7; 9; 16
Macroeconomic aspects of labor market regulation
No full text1. კაკულია, ნ. (2019). „საქართველოს ინსტიტუციური გარემოს შეფასება WGI ინდიკატორების
მიხევით და მისი გავლენა ეკონომიკურ ზრდაზე“. ჟურნალი „ეკონომისტი“, #2. გვ. 77-79
2. კაკულია, ნ., ჩიქობავა მ. (2017). „ეკონომიკური კრიზისის თეორიების შედარებითი ანალიზი“,
აკადემიკოს ა. გუნიას დაბადებიდან 50-ე წლისთავისადმი მიძღვნილი საერთაშორიოს
სამეცნიერო კონფერენციის მასალათა კრებული, გვ.177-187
3. ლობჟანიძე, მ. (2022). „COVID-19 პანდემიის გავლენა სასწავლო მიგრაციაზე და მისი სოციალურ-
ეკონომიკური შედეგები“., ეკონომიკისა და ბიზნესის ფაკულტეტის 100 წლის იუბილესადმი
მიძღვნილი VII საერთაშორისო სამეცნიერო კონფერენცია „გლობალიზაციის გამოწვევები
ეკონომიკასა და ბიზნესში“
4. პაპავა, ვ. (2020). “კორონომიკა და თვისებრივად ახალი ეკონომიკური კრიზისი”, რეფერირებადი
და რეცენზირებადი, საერთაშორისო სამეცნიერო-პრაქტიკული ჟურნალი „ეკონომიკა და
ბიზნესი“, ტომი XII, N2, გვ. 13-17
5. შრომის ბაზრის მართვის საინფორმაციო სისტემა - „უნარებზე საწარმოთა მოთხოვნის კვლევა“,
2020
6. ტუხაშვილი, მ. (2021). „ჰერეთის მოსახლეობა: დინამიკა და ეთნოსტრუქტურა“, ჟ. მიგრაცია, #10
7. ტყემალაძე ი. (2021). „დასაქმების სახელმწიფო პოლიტიკა კოვიდ-19-ის პანდემიით გამოწვეული
კრიზისის პირობებში საქართველოში“, ჟურნალი გლობალიზაცია და ბიზნესი, #12, გვ. 155-161.,
https://www.eugb.ge/index.php
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მნიშვნელოვანი ფაქტორი საქართველოში“, ჟურნალი „ეკონომისტი“, #2, გვ. 82-97
9. Chassamboullia, A., Fontaineb, I., Gomesc, P. (2020). „How important are worker gross flows between
public and private sector?“ p. 1-10
10. European Commission. “Eurostat regional yearbook”. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European
Union (2021): 66-81.
11. European Council. “European Neighbourhood Policy Annual report – Georgia”. (2011):8-15.In conclusion, it can be said that the growing scale of informal employment remains a problem.
Inadequate provision of “decent work” conditions caused by informality, low incomes, and a high
degree of precariat. We are dealing with inefficient employment. In the structure of employment, the
share of those employed in low-production industries is still high. There is no rationalization of these
industries, and measures aimed at increasing their productivity are not being implemented. Innovation
projects are rare. The solution to the problem of employment is hampered by the low rate of creation
of new jobs, which, in turn, is a consequence of the lag in the development of the manufacturing
sectors of the economy.
At the same time, as a result of digitalization and innovativeness of the economy, fundamentally
new opportunities are opening up, new types of activities are being created, the employment
sector is developing and forms of employment are being transformed. In this regard, there is scientific
and applied interest in increasing the degree of adaptation to the changed socio-economic conditions
of employment. As we can see, since 2018, the country's policy measures in the labor market
have been fully focused on creating the necessary conditions for ensuring effective employment; at
this stage, there are no really tangible results. However, there is a clear improvement in labor force
indicators
Modern globalization, human capital and economic growth in Georgia- macro aspect
No full textბედიანაშვილი გ., ბიჭია ქ., ნაცვლიშვილი ე., 2021. სამეწარმეო აქტიურობის განვითარება, შრომის ბაზარი და უმაღლესი განათლების თანამედროვე გამოწვევები. გლობალიზაცია და ბიზნესი. 12, გვ. 21-31.
გიორხელიძე დ. 2018. ადამიანური კაპიტალის მდგომარეობა და ეკონომიკური ზრდის პრობლემები საქართველოში. გრი¬გოლ რობაქიძის სახელობის უნივერსიტეტი: აკადემიური მაცნე. გვ. 220-226.
ვერულავა თ., 2019. ჯანმრთელობის კაპიტალი - წარმოების მდგრადი განვითარების ფაქტორი. ეკონომიკა და ბიზნესი. 1, გვ. 45-59.
თოთლაძე ლ., ხუსკივაძე მ., 2019. ადამიანისეული კაპიტალის როლი ინკლუზიური მწვანე ზრდის უზრუნველყოფაში. საერთაშორისო სამეცნიერო კონფერენციის მასალების კრებული: „მწვანე ეკონომიკის ფორმირების აქტუალური პრობლემები“. თსუ პაატა გუგუშვილის ეკონომიკის ინსტიტუტი, თბილისი, გვ. 263-266.
თოთლაძე ლ., ხუსკივაძე მ. 2022. ადამიანისეული კაპიტალის როლი ინოვაციური აქტივობის დეტერმინანტების ფორმირებაში. ეკონომიკა, ბიზნესი და ადმინისტრირება. II, 71-80.
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ცარციძე მ., 2003ა. სამუშაო ძალის ღირებულების განსაზღვრის მეთოდიკა. საქართველოს მეცნიერებათა აკადემიის პ გუგუშვილის სახელობის ეკონომიკის ინსტიტუტის სამეცნიერო შრომების კრებული, ტომი III, საბაზრო ეკონომიკის განვითარების პრობლემები საქართველოში, გამომცემლობა “მეცნიერება”, თბილისი. გვ. 290-303.
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Zubiashvili T.,Veshapidze S. 2019. Labor Emigration and Employment in Georgia. Humanities and Social Sciences Review. 09(01), pp. 127-135.In the modern global environment, the problems related to human capital and economic growth are gaining special importance. First of all, it is necessary to reveal the specificity of the globalization process itself, which determines the features of the functioning and development of the socio-economic systems of the world and individual countries, new requirements and challenges for human capital in the context of economic growth. In addition to the already existing features of globalization, it is necessary to take into account the specifics of small countries. The research showed us that it is acceptable to take into account that small countries are distinguished by different mechanisms of functioning and the development of socio-economic systems. The purpose of this study is to systematically analyze the relationship between human capital and economic growth in small countries, and to develop separate recommendations for Georgia, taking into account health, education, and skills.
The methods of induction, deduction, qualitative, quantitative, comparison, statistical analysis, and benchmarking were used in the research process. The research itself included the processing of existing literature, the search for statistical data (including with the direct help of the National Statistical Service of Georgia), the sorting and quantitative analysis of the data found, as well as the consideration of expert opinions within the research. Source of statistical data: International Monetary Fund (IMF), World Bank (WB), and United Nations (UN), as well as materials of the National Statistical Service of Georgia. Econometric research methods and Artificial Intelligence (AI), in particular, Machine Learning (ML) models were used.
The modern world globalization process encourages humanity to reconsider the role and importance of the entire system of upbringing and education in the development of public potential and the formation of a progressive civilized public mentality corresponding to the 21st century.
In the context of modern confrontational globalization, the concept of human capital is still relevant and of great importance. Human capital refers to people's knowledge, skills, experience, education, and talents that can be used to create tangible and intangible value.
Confrontational globalization is characterized by tense relations between states, competition, and political and economic conflicts. In such a situation, it is important to develop and attract highly qualified human capital to ensure competitiveness and sustainability in the face of global competition.
Human capital becomes the main resource that determines the economic growth and development of the country in the period of confrontational globalization. It is important to invest in education, science, and innovation to develop citizens' skills and knowledge. This will help create a highly qualified workforce that can compete in the global labor market.
In the context of confrontational globalization, the concept of human capital is still relevant and of great importance.
A preliminary empirical analysis based on econometric models shows that individual expenditures on the development of human capital cannot affect economic growth, which may be due to the nature of the long-term effects of expenditures, as well as the inefficiency of their structure.
It should be noted that it is important to develop social infrastructure, including the health system and social security, to ensure human well-being and development in the country. Healthy, educated, and motivated people can work efficiently and contribute more to the economic growth of the country.
Preliminary empirical analysis based on machine learning indicates the relatively weak role of the first level of professional and higher education in the incomes of workers, which indicates the relevance of the qualitative development of the relevant institutions;
The status and prestige of the professional education system, which is considered secondary compared to general and higher education, must be increased. It is less relevant to the population of the country and is considered a separate part of a single education system.
The educational reform, including the radical transformation of the professional education system, should be implemented in the complex of joint development of the secondary, professional, higher education and scientific education system. Due attention should be paid to further development of work-based vocational training methods;
In order to strengthen the impact of human capital on economic growth, it is important to develop the Georgian labor market, its infrastructure, and a unified information system. It is also necessary to develop a mechanism for labor market research, analysis, and forecasting, which is necessary for training professional staff corresponding to its requirements for the correct orientation of the professional and higher education system.
At the stage of confrontational globalization In the context of the growth of uncertainty, in the context of the qualitative development of human capital, it is very relevant to focus on the skills of the future in the training of entrepreneurs and specialists, as well as the development of adaptation skills, taking into account the best practices in the world
Unknown Hymns of Michael of Mar Saba
No full textეძღვნება აკადემიკოს ზაზა ალექსიძის ხსოვნას (1935 – 2023)/
Dedicated to Memory of Academician Zaza Aleksidze (1935 – 2023)At the Armenian Manuscripts Fund of the Georgian National Centre of Manuscripts
is stored a 14th-century collection, number 299, in which Grigor Narekatsiʼs “Commentary
on the Song of Songs” and Mekhitar Skevratsiʼs work “For the Apostles“ are
preserved. As the history of the manuscript tells us D. Gordeev bought the manuscript in
1922 from the Armenian deacon Ter-Avetisyan. In its turn, the Armenian deacon once
redeemed the manuscript, kept in the private library of the Shah of Iran, from the Qajar
prince.
The manuscript enclosed in a blind-stamped, leather-bound wooden cover is
accompanied by two pages of Georgian manuscript parchments as flyleaves at the
beginning and end of the cover. Since the format of the Georgian manuscript page was
twice as big as the Armenian one, it seems that the binder folded it in two and thus strengthened
the cover of the Armenian manuscript. Research has shown that the fragments of
the parchment manuscript used as flyleaves must be part of an unknown Georgian Iadgari
(Collection of hymns) and contain hymnal material for December 4, 5, 6, and 7, and show
a certain peculiarity in the representation of the saints, commemoration calendar and the
material itself. On December 7, a newly discovered fragment of Iadgari mentions the commemoration
of Michael the Martyr, followed by his hymn. Unfortunately, the text is not fully
preserved, out of 9 odes, only three odes are preserved („უგალლობდითსა“Let us sing”,
„განძლიერდესა“ (My heart has become strong) და „უფალო მესმასა“ (Lord I have
heard).
According to the text of the hymn, Michael the Martyr mentioned in our Iadgari is
Michael of Mar Saba, who was martyred in Jerusalem during the reign of Abd al-Malik
(685-705 AD). The text of Michael’s martyrdom has been preserved in two redactions in
Georgian. According to the opinion accepted in the scientific literature, the Vorlage of the
first and old redaction must have been written in Arabic by a certain Basil monk (9th
century), and then it was translated from Arabic into Georgian. From Georgian, the
“Martyrdom” was translated into Greek by Eutymius the Athonite , and this translation is
known as “Abuqurrah”. The second redaction of “Martyrdom of Michael” is preserved in
the Vita of “Theodore of Edessa” the Georgian translation of which is presented only in
one manuscript (NCM A-682).
The Vita of Theodore of Edessa is considered to have been created in the second half
of the 10th century, according to this text, the action is extended from the 7th to the 9th
century – Theodore is Michaelʼs uncle and teacher, which is why the version of Michaelʼs
torture is included in the Vita. In addition to Georgian, the Vita is preserved in Greek and
Arabic.
Since the publication of the Georgian text of the martyrdom of Michael until now, a
large amount of scientific literature has been accumulated about the texts containing the
vita of Michael of Mar Saba and Theodore of Edessa and their relationships: one part of
the scientists consider Michael of Mar Saba to be a fictional figure, and his vita – an
allusion to biblical history, while the other part does not doubt the existence of Michael of
Mar Saba. The attitude towards Theodore of Mar Saba is also diverse, some consider him
the alter-ego of Theodore Abu Qurrah. The question of which text should be given priority
in the study of the history of Michael Sabatsmideli is not resolved either.
That the hymn of interest to us is truly dedicated to Michael of Mar Saba, is
confirmed by the extant text of the hymn, in which almost all the main participants of the
“Martyrdom” are mentioned, in addition, the text is based on the very first redaction of the
“Martyrdom of Michael”, because according to the text of the hymn, the teacher of
Michael, like in the old redaction of the “Martyrdom”, is Moses, and not Theodore, as it
appears in the Vita of Theodore of Edessa.
In the Georgian hagiographic tradition, Michael of Mar Saba is commemorated on
March 20 and April 17. In the Iviron and the later Q 843 manuscript, the day of commemoration
of Michael of Mar Saba is defined as March 20 (On March 20, Martyrdom of
Saint Michael, who was in Great Laura of Mar Saba), and in the Oxford Bodleian
manuscript, the day of commemoration is named April 17 (On April 17, Martyrdom of
Saint Michael, who was in Great Laura of Mar Saba). In the text of the Vita of Theodore
of Edessa, Theodore and Michael are mentioned together on July 9 and 19. July 19 is the
day of the commemoration of Theodore and Michael in the Greek redaction of Mar Sabas’
Synaxarion of the 12th-13th centuries (Sin.gr.1096) preserved on Mount Sinai and also in
the Arab Melkite Synaxarion preserved in the same monastery.
December 7, which our Iadgari indicates as the day of commemoration of Michael, is
not confirmed in any other sources known to us. It is not mentioned even in the early
calendar of Ioane Zosime and the Jerusalem lectionary. Synaxarion of the Great Church of
Constantinople is also not familiar with Michael's martyrdom. July 19 is the easiest to explain from the mentioned commemorations because in the
Vita of Theodore of Edessa, July 19 is indicated as the day of Theodoreʼs funeral (we
must assume July 9 as the day of death, which is also indicated in the calendars), and
tradition tells us that the commemoration of Theodore and Michael was celebrated
together.
In the Athos collection, it is also easy to find the key to mark March 20 as the day of
commemoration of Michael: the Jerusalem tradition commemorated on March 19 Holy
Fathers of Mar Saba („წმიდათა მამათა დამწუართა საბაწმიდელთა“ – Saint Fathers
burned in Mar Saba). In my opinion, the commemoration of Michael on this day should be
an echo of the commemoration of the fathers of Sabatsmida, especially if we recall that
according to the text of the martyrdom, Michael was buried in the cemetery of the martyrs
of Mar Saba („სამარხოსა მარტჳლთასა მამათა და მოწამეთა დამწუართასა“ –
At the grave of the Fathers in Mar Saba).
It is more difficult to understand how April 17 appeared as the day of Michaelʼs
commemoration in the manuscript copied by Prokhore Kartveli in Jerusalem because there
is no objective reason for commemorating him on this day.
The commemoration of Michael of Mar Saba and his own hymn are preserved in the
Jer. geo 42 manuscript, which is considered to be the manuscript of the first redaction of
Menaion, in which April 17 is indicated as the day of commemoration, like the Bodleian
collection. The text of the hymn preserved in the first redaction of Menaion is completely
different from the hymn preserved in the newly discovered Iadgari. I think that the
presence of the commemoration and hymn of Michael of Mar Saba in the manuscript of
the first redaction of Menaion should be an indicator of the local, Jerusalem tradition.
December 7, the day of commemoration of Michael preserved in our Iadgari, should also
be connected with the local, but Mar Saba tradition.
With this commemoration, the beginning of December in our Iadgari is almost entirely
dedicated to monks of Mar Saba, on December 4 is the commemoration of John of
Damascus, who according to tradition spent the last period of his life at Mar Saba, on
December 5 is the commemoration of Sabas the Sanctified, the founder of the monastery,
and lastly, on December 7 is the commemoration of Michael of Mar Saba.
The hymns preserved in the unknown manuscript of Iadgari and in the redaction of
Menaion are based on the early life of Michael of Mar Saba, both of them depict the main
moments of torture, Sediaʼs enticement, dispute, and torture.
The existence of two different redactions of the Vita of Michael Mar Saba and two
different hymns is a solid argument for the existence of this saint in the Georgian Christian
reality and is a reflection of the liturgical tradition of Mar Saba Monastery
SIGNS OF RELIGION IN THE CRAFT ACTIVITIES OF PREHISTORIC SOCIETY
Get PDFDiscussing certain archeological features of the finds of Sakdrisi--
Dzedzvebi site, it becomes clear how closely related the practice of
gold mining and certain rituals were in the existence of society at the
end of the IV millennium and the beginning of the III millennium BC. It
becomes clear that the materialized rituals are only a small part of the
cult expressions that might have a possible place in the gold mining
customs. Most of them might have been gradually formed from everyday
habits. It is difficult to say which of them was dominant. We can only suppose which practical habit led to the formation of the ritual. It
may have been the complexity of the mining activity and, depending
on it, the desire for a safe work process, the high degree of disaster
and the expectation of profit. In the case of Sakdrisi mines, safe mining
operations should have played the main role. Extracting ore-bearing
veins or using fire was a high-risk activity. As for the results of the
work, its prediction was a more difficult matter and depended entirely
on the favour of the gods. If we consider these suggestions to be acceptable,
then it is no longer surprising to have the galleries filled with
used mining tools after the completion of the work and to leave specially
selected stone tools on the mined areas. In my opinion, based on
the fact that there was no technical necessity to leave the tools in the
working area during the working process, which was clearly shown during
the excavation, the only explanation should be sought in the religious
aspect
Holiday, Memory and Identity in the Georgian Society (General Aspects)
Get PDFThe perception of the past and the formation of memory
significantly depend on the political conjuncture, a specific time
and situation imposes its demands on the past, because it is
known that history is one of the necessary factors for the legitimation
of current public or state demands. It is also important
that "the memory of the past determines the present identity~.
Memory formation is the result of a deliberate process.
Memory has a social nature, it is changeable and dynamic
and provides a means of interpretation and representation in
the process of purposeful formation of cultural identity. It is interesting
how different political systems in Georgia use the holiday
as a place of memory and therefore a source of identity:
April 14, April 9 and May 26.
The holiday is an important ritual. It is a symbolic opportunity
to create and maintain an identity. During the celebration of
the holiday, the emotional bond of the community takes place.
The holiday as a date emphasizes the heritage, stimulates
new ideas, and determines the future actions of the society.
Three dates: April 14, April 9 and May 26, are associated with Georgian
statehood and identity. Nevertheless, April 14 – Mother
Language Day is not a state holiday, and the purpose of April 9
and May 26 is disputed. It is interesting how and what role the
important dates of the recent history of Georgia played, or failed to play: April 14, April 9 and May 26. In general, a national
holiday is an archetype of an institutional holiday, which is constantly
charged with emotion and a solemn mood. The holiday
is a symbolic area of memory that influences the formation of
identity, consolidates the nation/society and plays an important
role in the formation and development of state thinking