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For the Clarification of the Term “Diaspora”
Get PDFIn the period of modern globalization, due to the increased
number of people willing to leave their homeland and settle in a
foreign country, it becomes topical to separate the categories
and the types of migrants according to the aim, the period, and
other reasons for the resettlement.
The goal of the presented research is to qualify and clarify
the exact definition of one of the most popular terms – Diaspora
– related to the migration vocabulary. The qualification of the
mentioned term was the main reason for the workshop organized
by the department for relations with the diaspora at the Ministry
of foreign affairs of Georgia.
The term Diaspora (“διασπορά") is a word of Greek origin
and has the meaning of “sown” (< "to sow over, or to scatter"). In
Moses's Torah (Deuteronomy, 28, 25: ἔσῃ ἐν διασπορᾷ ἐν πάσαις ταῖς βασιλείαις τῆς γῆς) the word diaspora is used with the meaning
of to sow over, to scatter and it is proved by the Georgian
translations of the Holly Bible too.
The mentioned term initially referred to a forced dislocated
ethnic group, but nowadays its meaning seems more widened;
particularly, in the language of the documents of official affairs or
other type sources the representatives of the diaspora are considered
the group of autochthonous Georgians, born and settled in
historical Georgia – currently located in the Georgian territories in
the official boundary of the Republic of Turkey, as well as the
descendants of the Georgian muhajirs (resettled in central Turkey
in the period of Russo-Turkey war from the 70-ies of the 19th c.)
and the Georgians, dislocated by force by Shah Abbas 400 years
ago in Iran.
In order to clarify the term and to discuss the appropriate
qualification the types of ex-pats living outside of Georgia, already
mentioned in the scholarly literature (Tariel Putkaradze,
2016, should be taken into consideration:
(1) Autochthonous Georgians – The indigenous Georgians
living in Hereti, Tao-Klarjeti and Lazeti;
(2) Historical Diaspora – the descendants of the Georgians
dislocated by force centuries ago from Georgia to Iran
(3) Historical migrants – the descendants of the Georgian
muhajirs dislocated by force 138-190 years ago in the Ottoman’s
empire
(4)New migrants – the Georgians resettled from Georgia in
the last 30 years
On the threat of zombification of the retroeconomy
Get PDF1. Ahearne, A.G., & Shinada, N. (2005). Zombie firms and economic stagnation in Japan. International
Economics and Economic Policy, 2(4), 363–381. DOI: 10.1007/s10368-005-0041-1
2. Anderson, R.E. (2004). Get out of the way: How government can help business in poor countries.
Washington: CATO Institute
3. Baldwin, R., & di Mauro, B. W., eds. (2020). Mitigating the COVID economic crisis: Act fast and do whatever it
takes. London: CEPR Press. Retrieved from https://cepr.org/publications/books-and-reports/mitigatingcovid-
economic-crisis-act-fast-and-do-whatever-it-takes
4. Boon, G.-J. (2020). Amending insolvency legislation in response to the COVID-19 crisis. Harvard Law School
Bankruptcy Roundtable, May 12. Retrieved from
https://blogs.harvard.edu/bankruptcyroundtable/2020/05/12/amending-insolvency-legislation-inresponse-
to-the-covid-19-crisis/
5. Desjardins, L., & Emerson, R. (2011). Zombie economics: A guide to personal finance. New York: AVERY
6. Harman, C. (2009). Zombie capitalism. Global crisis and the relevance of Marx. Chicago: Haymarket Books
7. Hatheway, L. (2020). A COVID-19 emergency response plan. Project Syndicate, February 27. Retrieved from
https://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/covid-19-economy-response-plan-by-larry-hatheway-
2020-02
8. Hoshi, T. (2006). Economics of the living dead. The Japanese Economic Review, 57(1), 30-49.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-5876.2006.00354.x
9. Hoshi, T., & Kashyap, A. (2005). Solutions to Japan’s banking problems: What might work and what definitely
will fail. In Reviving Japan’s economy: Problems and prescriptions, edited by T. Ito, H. Patrick & D.E.
Weinstein. Cambridge: The MIT Press, 147-195
10. Janus, H. (2016). Avoiding the insolvency of Georgia’s insolvency law. Policy paper series [PP/01/2016].
Berlin/Tbilisi: German Economic Team Georgia. Retrieved from https://isetpi.
ge/storage/media/other/2021-09-27/ec87c7c0-1f7f-11ec-bff6-692335998639.pdf
11. Kane, E.J. (2000). Capital movements, banking insolvency, and silent runs in the Asian financial crisis.
Pacific-Basin Finance Journal, 8(2), 153-175. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0927-538X(00)00009-3
12. Krugman, P. (2020). Arguing with zombies: Economics, politics, and the fight for a better future. New York:
W.W Norton & Company
13. Malakotipour, M., Perotti, E., & de Weijs, R. (2020). Unfair and unstable: EU bankruptcy reform requires more
scrutiny. VOX EU, February 24. Retrieved from https://cepr.org/voxeu/columns/unfair-and-unstable-eubankruptcy-
reform-requires-more-scrutiny
14. McCormack, G., Keay A., Brown S., & Dahlgreen J. (2016). Study on a new approach to business failure and
insolvency. Comparative legal analysis of the member states’ relevant provisions and practices.
Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. Retrieved from
https://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/3eb2f832-47f3-11e6-9c64-
01aa75ed71a1/language-en
15. Onaran, Y. (2012). Zombie banks: How broken banks and debtor nations are crippling the global economy.
Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons
16. Papava, V., (2002). Necroeconomics – the theory of post-Communist transformation of an economy.
International Journal of Social Economics, 29(9-10), 796-805. DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1108/03068290210444421
17. Papava, V. (2005). Necroeconomics: The political economy of post-Communist capitalism. New York:
iUniverse
18. Papava, V., (2010). The problem of zombification of the postcommunist necroeconomy. Problems of
Economic Transition, 53(4), 35-51. DOI: 10.2753/PET1061-1991530403
19. Papava, V. (2017). Retroeconomics – Moving from dying to brisk economy. Journal of Reviews on Global
Economics, (6), 455-462. DOI: https://doi.org/10.6000/1929-7092.2017.06.46 . Retrieved from
https://www.lifescienceglobal.com/independent-journals/journal-of-reviews-on-globaleconomics/
volume-6/85-abstract/jrge/2929-abstract-retroeconomics-moving-from-dying-to-briskeconomy
20. Papava, V. (2020a). Coronomic crisis: When the economy is a hostage to medicine. Eurasia Review, March 29.
Retrieved from https://www.eurasiareview.com/29032020-coronomic-crisis-when-the-economy-is-ahostage-
to-medicine-oped/
21. Papava, V. (2020b). Features of the economic crisis under the COVID-19 pandemic and the threat of the
zombie-ing of the economy.” Bulletin of the Georgian National Academy of Sciences 14(3), 128-134
22. Papava, V. (2020c). On the atypical economic crisis under the COVID-19 pandemic. Economics and Business,
XII(4), 9-16
23. Quiggin, J. 2010. Zombie economics: How dead ideas still walk among us. Princeton: Princeton University
Press
24. Roach, S.S. (2020). When China sneezes. Project Syndicate, February 24. Retrieved fromhttps://www.projectsyndicate.
org/commentary/china-coronavirus-shock-prospects-for-global-recession-by-stephen-s-roach-
2020-02
25. Roubini N. (2022). The Unavoidable Crash. Project Syndicate, December 2. Retrieved from
https://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/stagflationary-economic-financial-and-debt-crisis-bynouriel-
roubini-2022-12
26. Smith, D.C. (2003). Loans to Japanese borrowers. Japanese International Economies, 17(3), 283-304.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0889-1583(03)00043-1
27. Stiglitz, J.E. (2001). Bankruptcy laws: Basic economic principles. In Resolution of financial distress: An
international perspective on the design of bankruptcy laws, edited by S. Claessens, S. Djankov, & A. Mody,
1-23. Washington: The World Bank
28. Stiglitz, J.E., & Rashid, H. (2020). Which economic stimulus works? Project Syndicate, June 8. Retrieved from
https://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/stimulus-policies-must-benefit-real-economy-notfinancial-
speculation-by-joseph-e-stiglitz-and-hamid-rashid-2020-
06?utm_source=Project%20Syndicate%20Newsletter&utm_campaign=c41ee7287asunday_
newsletter_14_06_2020&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_73bad5b7d8-c41ee7287a-
93567601&mc_cid=c41ee7287a&mc_eid=e9fb6cbcc0&barrier=accesspaylog
29. Tilley, A. (2005). European Restructuring: Clarifying Trans-Atlantic Misconceptions. The Journal of Private
Equity, 8(2), 99-103
30. Wallace, I., & Pilkington, C. (2019). Restructuring across Europe – A new era? White & Case, January 25.
Retrieved from https://www.whitecase.com/insight-alert/restructuring-across-europe-new-era
31. Zingales, L. (2021). Attack of the COVID zombies. Project Syndicate, July 2. Retrieved from
https://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/separating-healthy-firms-from-corporate-zombies-byluigi-
zingales-2021-07?utm_source=Project%20Syndicate%20Newsletter&utm_campaign=df914751a4-
sunday_newsletter_07_04_2021&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_73bad5b7d8-df914751a4-
93567601&mc_cid=df914751a4&mc_eid=e9fb6cbcc0&barrier=accesspaylogThe article discusses the mechanism of zombification of the economy in the context of the
COVID-19 pandemic. In at least some part of any economy in any country, relatively outdated
technologies are being used. This part of the economy, i.e. retroeconomy, due to zombification, can
most easily transformed into a necroeconomy, based on absolutely outdated technologies. In order
to avoid the danger of zombifying a retroeconomy, it is necessary to change the basic principle in
bankruptcy law, as a result of which the liquidation of insolvent firms through bankruptcy becomes a
priority
ჯანმრთელობის დაზიანების შემთხვევებში მორალური ზიანის ოდენობის განსაზღვრა
Get PDFhttps://jlaw.tsu.ge/index.php/JLaw/article/view/7700The article discusses the specifics of compensation for moral damages and the method of calculation in case of the health damage. The article presents definitions and decisions from the practice of the common courts, where the gaps and inconsistent approach caused by the vague record of the law are clearly visible. Moreover, it presents the results of comparative legal research. In particular, the legislation and practice of the following countries have been studied: Austria; USA; Belgium; Bulgaria; United Kingdom; Germany; Spain; Slovakia; Hungary; Croatia; Greece; Estonia; Lietuva; Latvia; Portugal; Finland.
სტატიაში განხილულია მორალური ზიანის ანაზღაურების სპეციფიკა და გამოთვლის წესი ჯანმრთელობის დაზიანების შემთხვევაში. აქვე, მოყვანილია საერთო სასამართლოების პრაქტიკიდან განმარტებები და გადაწყვეტილებები, სადაც მკაფიოდ ჩანს ის ხარვეზები და არათანმიმდევრული მიდგომა, რასაც კანონის ბუნდოვანი ჩანაწერი განაპირობებს. ასევე, სტატიაში მოცემულია შედარებითსამართლებრივი კვლევის შედეგები. კერძოდ, შესწავლილია შემდეგი ქვეყნების კანონმდებლობა და პრაქტიკა, ავსტრია, აშშ, ბელგია, ბულგარეთი; გაერთიანებული სამეფო, გერმანია, ესპანეთი, სლოვაკეთი, უნგრეთი, ხორვატია, საბერძნეთი, ესტონეთი, ლიეტუვა, ლატვია, პორტუგალია, ფინეთი
The Structural Peculiarity of the Armenian Synaxarion and Sources of its Replenishment
Get PDFეძღვნება აკადემიკოს ზაზა ალექსიძის ხსოვნას (1935 – 2023)/
Dedicated to Memory of Academician Zaza Aleksidze (1935 – 2023)Among the Christian peoples, Armenian ecclesiastical literature is one of the oldest
and richest. The Armenian Church has gone through a rather complex and diverse path
of development. After the Council of Chalcedon, the world was engulfed in dogmatic
controversy. This dispute intensified in Transcaucasia, especially in the 6th century,
which resulted in the self-determination of churches. Liturgical changes naturally
accompanied the change of dogmatic foundations. While at the end of the 9th century
and by the 10th century in the Orthodox world, the Jerusalem liturgical practice was
gradually replaced by the Constantinople liturgical service, the Armenian liturgical
practice remained faithful to the early Jerusalem liturgical service. However, it developed
it and created its own Armenian liturgical collections. After the Armenian Church
took an independent path of development, it seems that it was not influenced by the processes
taking place in the Byzantine Church. It is rather difficult to see a clear relationship
between the liturgical collections of the relatively late period but despite the
changes and schisms, the Christian world has always maintained its unity and still
maintains it today. It seems that the Armenian Church was still observing the processes
taking place in the Greek Church, and these changes were reflected in some way in the
Armenian liturgical collections.
These transitional processes were best reflected in the Armenian Synaxarion
(Յայսմավուրք), which was based on a collection of the Greek Synaxarion.
A structural comparison of the Armenian Synaxarion and the Synaxarion of Constantinople
revealed significant differences: 1. the Armenian Synaxarion consists of the
commemoration days and lives of the Saints only during the fixed period of the liturgical
year – 12 months, which means that during the whole church year – from Navasardi (from
the middle of August) to August, the commemoration days of saints are presented with
their readings. In the Synaxarion of Constantinople, in addition to the part of months, the
material of the moving calendar – Lent-Feast of Easter period is also confirmed. 2. In
the Synaxarion of Constantinople, with the commemoration days, there is the order and
sequence of conducting services during the day with reference to the relevant material.
Armenian Synaxarion lacks such elements. In the Armenian Synaxarion, the repertoire of
common Christian saints derives mostly from the Synaxarion of Constantinople. The
Armenian Synaxarion repeats the main core of saints' commemorations of the Synaxarion
of Constantinople, and in this case, the commemoration days in both Synaxarions
coincide.
The study showed us that in the Armenian Synaxarion there have been preserved the
commemoration days of such saints who should clearly have been in the Synaxarion of
Constantinople, but today their commemoration days do not appear in the Greek
manuscripts. For example, saints who are not found in the Synaxarion of Constantinople,
but were martyred during the Great Persecution of Christians, saints known to the
Synaxarion of Constantinople but not commemorated together, or saints who are not
found in the Greek Synaxarion, but are co-religionists of other famous saints. There are
also commemorated the saints who are not found in the Greek Synaxarion, but who were
martyred for Christianity in Persia, the Syrian saints, whose salvation is not expected in
the Greek Synaxarion because they are figures of a later period than the Council of
Chalcedon.
We often find translated and original homiletic readings in Armenian Synaxarions.
Adding this type of material is one of the ways to increase the content and size of the
collection. The text of homilies by great fathers dedicated to various saints can also be
found in the Armenian Synaxarion. In order to complete the Armenian Synaxarion, Armenian editors of Synaxarion made abundant use of apothegmical and apocryphal
collections.
Armenian Synaxarion, along with strengthening common Christian ideas, certainly
served its own national church. To make the Synaxarion collection more national,
Armenian editors added Armenian material to it: Armenian saints, Armenian martyrs,
sacred objects, the discovery of the relics of saints, historical figures – kings, commanders,
ecclesiastical figures – Catholicons, bishops, confessors etc. As research has shown,
Armenian editors actively benefited from the original works of Armenian historians when
preparing the materials for the Armenian Synaxarion
Georgian-Byzantine Frontier in the 11th Cenruty: Imier Tao
Get PDFეძღვნება აკადემიკოს ზაზა ალექსიძის ხსოვნას (1935 – 2023)/
Dedicated to Memory of Academician Zaza Aleksidze (1935 – 2023)In 1001 Basil II incorporated a major part of the princedom of David Kouropalates
into the empire. The territorial gains comprised David Kouropalates’ hereditary districts of
Imier/Upper Tao and Basiani, as well as the Upper Countries, i.e. Karin (Erzurum) and
southern lands as far as Lake Van. Imperial possessions were expanded in 1023 following
Basil’s campaigns against King Giorgi I of Georgia in 1021-1022. According to the terms
of the ensuing treaty King Giorgi handed over the fortresses in Tao, Basiani, Shavsheti,
Kola, Artaani and Javakheti. The border between Byzantium and Georgia lay along the
Parkhalistskali (Parhal Chayi) – Mourghuli (Murgul Dere), and Oltistskali (Oltu Chayi) –
Bardusi (Brdiz Chayi) watersheds. Byzantine suzerainty over the Lower Chorokhi and the
Upper Mtkvari lands was nominal, since all central castles, as well as cathedrals and monasteries
of the area remained ander the Georgian Crown till the end of the 11th century.
The former possessions of David Koroupalates were organized into the theme/katepanate
of Iberia with the center in Oltisi. Very little is known about the organization of
the katepanate. Some of the features of its early history display parallels with developments
elsewhere on the eastern frontier in the early 11th century. The imperial court introduced
Byzantine administrative machinery, laws and the Greek language in the
katepanate of Iberia, and encouraged movement of Georgian and Armenian nobility to the
center of the Empire. In that way the Imperial power made attempts to destroy local
national and social peculiarities, include the region into the sphere of common Imperial
interests, and ensure security of the eastern frontiers. How did changes in political
geography affect the church geography? To what degree did the policy of hellenizaton
affect the identity of local population? These two questions are discussed in the present
paper, and the focus is done on Imier Tao.
By the end of the 10th c. Imier Tao was divided into two church provinces. The
western part of the district, namely the middle Chorokhi valley, Parkhali and Tortomi
were under the bishop of Ishkhani, while the eastern part, i.e. Oltisi and Mamrovani were
under the bishop of Bana. Was the church organization replaced in the katepanate of
Iberia? Naris, the bishop of Iberia (?) whose name is mentioned in a Greek inscription
found at the socle of the St. George hexaconch church of the Oltisi castle might have been
a Greek prelate appointed by the Empire to administrate ecclesiastically the katepanate. It
is known that the Patriarchate of Antioch claimed its rights over Byzntium’s Georgian and
Armenian lands. Therefore, certain scholars identify the bishoprics of Panakser and Kalmalk
mentioned in the Notitia Antiochena as Georgian Panaskerti and Kalmakhi located
in Amier/Lower Tao. But this identification has no historical ground since both Panaskerti
and Kalmakhi were within the boundaries of the Georgian kingdom. In the 1030-40s, as it
is clear from the Parkhali inscription, the province of Imier Tao, or at least its western part, was under the jurisdiction of the Georgian Patriarchate. The presence of the Georgian
Church in Imier Tao is quite natural: local monasteries (Parkhali, Oshki, Khakhuli, Otkhta
Eklesia) remained essential centers of Georgian culture. The epigraphical data (Oshki),
hagiographical texts (the Life of George the Hagiorite), and manuscripts copied in the
monasteries of Imier Tao demonstrate vividly that the original policy of Hellenization
failed, and Georgian remained dominant both in the monastic and lay life of the district.
These features explain the solid positions of the Georgian Church, and the absence of the
Greek sees. Geography should also be taken into consideration: deep and rugged gorges of
Imier Tao prevented the successful policy of hellenisation and establishment of Greek
bishoprics.
Of utmost importance are mural fragments in the south apse of the Oshki church
(1036). The composition represented on the western wall showed either the coronation of
King Bagrat IV of Georgia in 1027, or his marriage in 1032 to Helena, the niece of the
Byzantine Emperor Romanos III Argyros. According to certain scholars, the composition
depicts the arrival of the holy relics (Holy Nail, fragment of the Girdle of Theotokos,
Okona icon, etc.), brought to Georgia by Princess Helen as her dowry, namely, synthesis
and propompe. The image shows crowds set against the backdrop of the major cathedrals
and monasteries of Tao-Klarjeti. Two of these monuments – Otkhta Eklesia and Bana –
survive and are named in inscriptions. The murals might be interpreted in a way that the
Georgian crown got some territories as a dowery of the Byzantine princess. John Skylitzes’
account prove this suggestion. These territories, i.e. western part of Imier Tao might
have been lost in the 1040-50s during the active confrontation with the Byzantines and
their Georgian allies. However, by 1080 the Parkhali district was within the Georgian
borders. As for the eastern part of Imier Tao, that is the Oltisi and Mamrovani districts, it
remained within the Empire till the 1070s. There is no direct evidence that it had been
retaken by the Georgian kingdom.
The case of Imier Tao shows that Byzantine-Georgian relationships, as well as Byzantine
oikomenism, were multifaceted. And Byzantium’s Caucasian frontiers deserve
further scholarly attention.ნაშრომი შესრულებულია შოთა რუსთაველის ეროვნული სამეცნიერო ფონდის მიერ დაფინანსებული პროექტის ფარგლებშ
Modern priorities of ensuring foreign economic security of Georgia
No full text1. აბესაძე რ. (2020). საქართველოს ინოვაციური პოლიტიკა და სისტემა. თსუ პაატა გუგუშვილის ეკონომიკის ინსტიტუტის სამეცნიერო შრომების კრებული. ტომი XIII. თბილისი, გვ.10–46. ელექრონული რესურსი: https://www.pgie.tsu.ge/contentimage/xxxx/shr.kreb.2020.pdf
2. აბესაძე რ. (2022). საქართველოს ეკონომიკური უსაფრთხოების სტრატეგიის შემუშავების ძირითადი თეორიულ-მეთოდოლოგიური პრობლემები. თსუ პაატა გუგუშვილის ეკონომიკის ინსტიტუტის სამეცნიერო შრომების კრებული. ტომი XV. თბილისი, გვ.9–27. ელექრონული რესურსი: http://pgie.tsu.ge/contentimage/xxxx/2022srkrydit.pdf
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სახელმწიფო უნივერსიტეტის 100 წლისთავისადმი მიძღვნილი საერთაშორისო სამეცნიერო ინტერნეტ-კონფერენცია.
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http:// www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_The_Global_Risks_Report_2021.pdf (ბოლო ნახვა: 28.07.2023).Economic security is one of the most important features of the economy, and ensuring the safe functioning of the country's economy is a necessary condition for its competitive and sustainable development. It is important to systematize conceptual approaches to ensuring external economic security in the context of global risks and threats.
Basic approaches to the concept of economic security of the country and methods of fighting it are defined by different concepts. Among them, the institutional concepts of protection against cameralist, Keynesian and administrative barriers are noteworthy. Foreign competitors (according to F. Liszt), "market failure" (according to J. M. Keynes) and "state failure" (according to H. De Soto) can pose threats to the economic security of each country.
Different strands of foreign trade policy are important, including mercantilism, protectionism, free trade, super-protectionism, private monopoly protectionism, collective protectionism, and neo-protectionism. Depending on the different motives for the introduction of trade barriers, five types of neo-protectionism can be distinguished: "protectionism of lobbyists," "protectionism of industrialists," "protectionism of geostrategists," "protectionism of populists," "benevolent protectionism." The main role in the intensive growth of trade barriers belongs to developed countries, which previously supported free trade and globalization They were catchers.
External economic security is ensuring the development of economic processes in the country, which will create the necessary (acceptable) conditions and resources for economic stability and development of society. The national security of the country is characterized, first of all, by the state of the economy and its competitiveness on the world markets. The more stable and competitive the economy, the higher its level of economic security.
Foreign economic security includes its provision in the main forms of international economic relations, such as: problems of ensuring economic security within the international division of labor; Assessment of the results of direct and portfolio investments in the global economy for the external economic security of the country; ensuring foreign economic security of international trade; Modern monetary and financial system and international economic security.
There is a close relationship between modern technologies, economic security and the growth of sustainable economic development potential in Georgia. The influence of the fourth industrial revolution on the economic and innovative potential of Georgia is decisive. Technological progress helps increase economic opportunity and prosperity. The role of innovative policy in ensuring the economic security of the state is great. Successfully solving the problems of attracting investments in the field of science is an important factor in the growth of natural, industrial, scientific, technical and labor potential of Georgia. The emergence of the Internet, the development of artificial intelligence, blockchain, Internet of Things and 5G technologies has accelerated the digital transformation of the world economy. The rapid development of digital technologies has created a highly coordinated digital economy that transcends geographic boundaries and industry sectors. Digital transformation in the global economy brings both positive results and threats to its development.
Significant economic benefits resulting from the digitization of the economy include increased productivity, job creation, enhanced international trade and innovation. In addition, there are potential risks and negative effects. The workplace is being replaced by technology, data privacy is at risk, market issues and etc.
The official documents received by the Georgian state allow for the regulation and maintenance of the country's security management processes. At the same time, the modern mechanism of ensuring economic security must be constantly transformed along with new risks and threats emerging in the country's economic sector. Correct positioning to overcome external and internal threats to the national economy ensures the economic sovereignty of the country, the unity of its economic space and the conditions for the implementation of strategic national priorities.
Practical importance It is important to identify the existing threats to the external economic security of the Republic of Georgia and to develop directions for improving the security system, which ensures a favorable international position of the national economy. This means not identifying the importance of one type of threat in relation to others, but studying their interrelationship, interdependence and mutual influence.
To build an effective system of external economic security, it is necessary to identify the most dangerous external threats, to rank them in order to determine the directions that require operational regulation or consistent strategic neutralization. When assessing threats, it is necessary to use both the entire complex system of indicators, as well as their threshold values, which reflect the boundaries of safe development of the national economy. This will make it possible to identify Georgia's external economic threats, challenges and risks, develop tools and recommendations for its solution.
The formation of the national security strategy of Georgia can be determined according to a 5-step system scheme, which includes: Determination of the theoretical concepts, methodological sources and basic concepts of the strategy; Assessment of Georgia's involvement in today's world based on the analysis of the current situation: trends and opportunities; National interests and national strategic priorities of Georgia; Ensuring national security; Strategy realization organization and mechanisms
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19. Licht, A; Goldschmidt, C; nd Schwarts, S. (2007) “Culture Rules: The Foundations of the Rule of Law and
other Norms of Governance” Journal of Comparative Economics. 35, 659-688.
20. Mahoney, James. 2000. “Path dependence in historical sociology.” Theory and society 29(4):507–548.
21. Papava, V. On the Shadow Political Economy of the Post-Communist Transformation. An Institutional
Analysis. Problems of Economic Transition, Vol. 40, No. 6, 1997 (co-author N.Khaduri).
22. Kakulia, N., Lazarashvili, T. (2019). Institutional transformation and its challenges in Georgia. Ivane
Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, The collection of The 4th International Scientific-Practical
Conference Materials, 173-178 (In Georgian)
A multisensory approach to teaching and its implementation in the Georgian educational space
No full textწარმოდგენილი კვლევა ეხება სწავლების მულტისენსორული მიდგომის შესწავლას ქართულ საგანმანათლებლო სივრცეში. კერძოდ, კვლევის მიზანია: ა) შეისწავლოს სასკოლო საზოგადოების წარმოდგენები, რწმენები და კოგნიტური სქემები სენსორული სასწავლო გეგმის მიზნობრიობასა და ეფექტიანობასთან დაკავშირებით, ასევე სენსორული სასწავლო გეგმის გამოყენების პრაქტიკა და გამოცდილება; ბ) წარმოაჩინოს მულტისენსორული სწავლებისა და მულტისენსორული სწავლის კონსტრუქტები სასკოლო საზოგადოებაში და აღწეროს მათი გამოყენების არეალი.
კვლევის სამიზნე ჯგუფს წარმოადგენდნენ ორი საჯარო სკოლის ადმინისტრაციის წარმომადგენლები, საგნობრივი მასწავლებლები, აღმზრდელები და სპეციალისტები (სპეციალური მასწავლებელი, ასისტენტი, აღმზრდელი, ფსიქოლოგი, სოციალური თერაპევტი). კვლევის მიზნებიდან გამომდინარე შეირჩა სპეციალიზებული სკოლები, სადაც ირიცხებიან მხოლოდ სპეციალური საგანმანათლებლო საჭიროების მოსწავლეები.
კვლევა დაიგეგემა და რეალიზდა თვისებრივი კვლევის დიზაინით. მონაცემების მოპოვება განხორციელდა ნახევრად სტრუქტურირებული ინტერვიუების, ფოკუს ჯგუფებისა და მეორად მონაცემთა ანალიზის საშუალებით.
მონაცემთა დამუშავების საფუძველზე გამოიყო სამი საკვანძო მიმართულება:
სენსრული სასწავლო გეგმის არსის გააზრება და დამოკიდებულება მის მიმართ სასკოლო საზოგადოების მხრიდან;
სენსორული სასწავლო გეგმის დანერგვის პროცესი კლასის, მასწავლებლისა და მოსწავლის დონეზე;
სენსორული ოთახის ათვისებისა და გამოყენების არეალი.
კვლევის შედეგები ცხადყოფს, რომ საჭიროა ქართულ საგანმანათლბლო სივრცეში მულტისენსორული მიდგომის სიღრმისეული გააზრება და მისი დანერგვის ეფექტიანი მექანიზმების შემუშავება. კერძოდ, მთავარ გამოწვევად გამოიკვეთა მულტისენსორული მიდგომის მანიფესტური ხასიათი და იდეური და ტერმინოლოგიური აღრევა სხვა კონცეფციებთან.
კვლევის შედეგები, გამოკვეთილი სამუშაო მიმართულებები და სარეკომენდაციო აქტივობები მნიშვნელოვან წვლილს შეიტანს მულტისენსორული სწავლების დანერგვის პროცესის გაუმჯობესებისა და მეთოდოლოგიური მხარდამჭერი ჩარჩოს შექმნის თვალსაზრისით
ARAB COUNTRIES AGAINST NEWLY CREATED STATE OF ISRAEL
No full textThe first Israel-Palestine war started to destroy Israel and ended
with the defeat of the Arab armies. However, neither side could achieve
the final victory. It seems that the issue is not only armed victory,
there are also political, military, economic, moral and other factors
that are necessary for the victory of one side over the other. Still, Arab
nationalism was gaining strength within the Ottoman Empire. Although
the Ottoman Empire collapsed and many Arab countries gained independence
after World War II, the idea of unity based on nationalism
collapsed. A clear proof of this was the Arab-Israeli war, when the participating
Arab countries try to achieve their own goals, as a result of
which the means of coordinated action and, accordingly, success were
lost. Israel managed not only to seize the territory allocated for Palestine,
but also created a serious threat to the neighboring Arab countries.
The failure of the bravely fighting Arabs was caused by the lack of unity
of purpose and the historical situation. King Abdullah of Jordan was
one of the initiators of the war with Israel, however, as soon as his
army conquered part of Palestine, he went behind the scenes to make a deal with Israel and soon withdrew from the war. As it turned out,
the deals between Israel and Abdullah on the partition of Palestine were
going on even before the war. A big role in the military defeat of the
Arabs was played by the fact that the head of the Egyptian state was
King Farouk, who actually did not aspire to create a Palestinian state.
And in Syria, the democratic and patriotic forces were not strong enough
to influence the general situation. Intense conflicts in the Arab
bloc did not create the possibility of a unified coordination of action
and effective leadership. Added to this was the economic backwardness
of the Arab countries. Israel could not even dream that the Arab
countries would remain in this situation for a long time. As is known,
the Soviet Union was one of the first to recognize the creation of independent
Israel. When the 1948 Politburo meeting unanimously approved
the creation of a Jewish state, I. Stalin was silent for a long time in
the cabinet, and then he said: „Peace will never be there again“. Indeed,
Israel was born in the heat of war and is still at war with some of its
neighbors. Surrounded by Arab countries, Israel is forced to always be
ready with its military power
International Scientific Conference “Mariam Lordkipanidze – 100” December 23, 2022
No full texthttps://geohistory.humanities.tsu.ge/ge/procedings/83-shromebi/178-shromebi-19.htm