Dspace, Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University
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“Version” in Georgian and for the possessive relations of actants in polyvalent Iberian- Caucasian nano-syntax
No full textThe Georgian verb conjugation system shows the relationship
between the Subject and the Object (or Objects) from the
point of view of belonging, so a verb can show Behaviors or Versions.
The category of Version in Georgian is secondary and should
be related to the change of the type of the Georgian verb
conjugation. In the scientific literature, an issue of the qualification
of the semantic varieties of the important categories of the
Georgian verb ("Version" and "Voice"), the problems of the expression
system of the person of the verb and related "Inversion",
and others are still on the agenda. We consider that the category
of Voice is a semantic category (I share D. Melikishvili's
opinion). Similar to the classification of Indo-European languages,
the category of the Voice in the Georgian verb, I think, the
wrong classification revealed a discrepancy between the semantic
definition and the formal classification of the "categories" of
"Voice" and "Version" and "overshadowed", making the nanosyntactic
functions of the vowel prefixes of the verb unclear.
The report contains an attempt to explain reinterpretations
of Version prefixes in Georgian and other Iberian-Caucasian languages,
based on morphosyntactic criteria. The category of Version
in Georgian as the secondary situation of the actant's belonging
relation in the polyvalent (in particular, personal conjugation)
Iberian-Caucasian nano-syntax; An attempt is made to
explain the hierarchy of nano-syntactic diasystems of these languages
and the nano-syntax of the Georgian language in the
context of "Version"
The challenges of the post-pandemic period and the development trends of the world economy against the background of the accompanying global recession
No full text1. www.WB.org
2. www.IMF.org
3. www. geostat.ge
4. https://nbg.gov.geThe scientific work presents both the challenges of the post-pandemic period, as well as the
problems and difficulties of the accompanying global recession. It shows the economic damage
caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, which represents the biggest economic shock the world economy
and global business has experienced in decades. In the post-pandemic stage of 2021-2022, the world economy faced new severe challenges, as the economic stagnation and depression caused by the
COVID-19 pandemic was added to the start of hostilities in Ukraine by the Russian Federation on
February 24, 2022. The world civilized community imposed strict sanctions against Russia in order to
deter aggression. At the same time, the difficulties for the economy of many countries of the world
have worsened and reached a critical point. At the same time, the post-pandemic challenges were
also accompanied by the problems characteristic of the global recession - the increase in prices and
inflation levels, the decrease in investments, the fall in the exchange rate of the national currency,
unemployment, the energy crisis, the increase in the price of real estate, the increase in the
vulnerability of the population and other problems.
Global recession will also significantly affect per capita income reduction, economic growth
and other macroeconomic indicators. The post-pandemic consequences are particularly hard on
those countries that have a weak healthcare system and are mainly dependent on imports of goods
and services, tourism and foreign remittances.
If the post-pandemic challenges and the Russia-Ukraine war continue for a long time, its
defeat will require a long time and the mobilization of billions of funds, which will accordingly
exacerbate the global recession process, while the world financial crisis and depression will doubt
the solvency of countries, and as a result, most countries in the world will be at risk of financial crisis
S. Jalaljants’ “Journey to Great Armenia” and his reports about Georgia
No full textეძღვნება აკადემიკოს ზაზა ალექსიძის ხსოვნას (1935 – 2023)/
Dedicated to Memory of Academician Zaza Aleksidze (1935 – 2023)Sargis Jalaliants (1810-1879), a prominent figure of 19th century Armenia, hailed
from the esteemed Jalaliants lineage. He commenced his religious vocation at Gandzasari
Monastery and later presided over Sanaini Monastery for an extended period. In 1855, S.
Jalaliants attained episcopal consecration. During the tenure of Nerses V Ashtarakeli as
head of the Armenian Diocese of Qartli and Imereti, Sargis served as the Consistory's
chairman.
Following Nerses' passing, Sargis took the helm of the Armenian community in
Qartli and Imereti from 1857 to 1863. Known for his unwavering convictions, he adamantly
opposed progressive ideas, clashing with Nersesian School's rector, P. Shanshian,
and his associates. In 1863, Catholicos Matheos I of Constantinople relieved S. Jalaliants
of his duties, compelling him to return to Sanaini Monastery, where he remained until
1865.
From 1865 to 1867, he presided over the Karabakh Diocese. During his tenure, he
undertook substantial renovations at Bagdasar Hasan-Jalaliants' ancestral residence in
ShuSha, establishing a school and a printing press. Notably, he oversaw the construction
of a two-story edifice for the theological school honoring St. Ripsime.
Subsequently relocating to Tbilisi, Jalaliants sought release from his leadership
responsibilities, citing his waning strength.
S. Jalaliants, evidently a erudite cleric, embarked on an expedition to Greater Armenia,
amassing a wealth of epigraphic and oral records, continuing the legacy of his forebears.
The fruits of his labor culminated in the publication of "Journey to Great Armenia"
in two parts, printed at the Nersesian Theological Seminary's press in Tbilisi—1842 for
the first part and 1858 for the second, both during the tenure of Armenia's Catholicos,
Matheos (1858-1865).
In the introduction to the latter part, Jalaliants articulated his objective: to encompass
inscriptions and narratives gleaned from the expanse of Greater Armenia, colloquially
known as the "land of Ararat Valley." Noteworthy is the absence of Shida Kartli and Kakheti
in Sargis' account, with emphasis instead on Kvemo Kartli and Tbilisi, the Georgian
capital. Admittedly, some epigraphic data may harbor inaccuracies, yet they serve as intriguing
subjects of inquiry, both as primary sources and from a linguistic-structural perspective.
Here, we present an excerpt from his travelogue concerning Tbilisi
Logical Bases of Georgian Polypersonal Verb Structures
No full textI. With an alternation of personal markers of მ m- and ვ v- order Georgian verb distinguishes the logical category of willingness and unwillingness: in fact, the verb forms with a real, materially active subject and the verb forms of spiritual and mental activities or state:
The subject of the real, materially active verb forms is of the ვ v- order; however, the subject of the action committed in the past and restored by the memory as well as of the verb forms of spiritual and mental activities or state belongs to the მ m- order.
II. The third series embraces inactive forms: The subject of the action recollects or denies the fact: მ-ითქვამს m-itkvams “I might have said”, გა-მ-იკეთებია ga-m-ik’etebia “I might have done”, და-მ-იხატავს da-m-ikhat’avs “I might have painted” (but I do not remember doing it); denies the fact: არ მ-ითქვამს ar m-itkvams “I have not said it”, არ გა-მ-იკეთებია ar ga-m-ik’etebia “I have not done it”, არ და-მ-იხატავს ar da-m-ikhatavs “I have not painted it”...
III. The third diathesis completely constitutes a group of an inactive subject, expressing mood and spiritual state. Correspondingly, the subject marker is of the მ m- order: there are verbs expressing feelings and mental perceptions: მ-ეშინია m-eshinia “I am afraid”, მ-რცხვენი-ა m-rtskhvenia “I am ashaimed”, მ-სურს m-surs “I wish”, მ-ინდა m-inda “I want”, მ-გონია m-gonia “I think”, მ-იყვარს m-iq’vars “I love”, მ-ენატრება m-enat’reba “I miss”, მ-ეჩვენება m-echveneba “it seems to me”, მ-აკანლალებს m-ak’ank’alebs “I am trambling”, მ-ახველებს m-akhvelebs “I am coughing”...
IV. Thus, prefixes of ვ v- / მ m- order alternate with definite regularity: namely, ვ v- is a marker of an active subject in the I and II series of the first diathesis. However, in the III diathesis and in the third series of the first diathesis მ m- is the marker of an inactive subject: ვ-ხატავ v-khat’av “I paint” - და-ვ-ხატე da-v-khat’e “I painted” - და-მ-იხატავს da-m-ikhat’avs “I might have painted”, ვ-ა-კეთებ v-ak’eteb “I do” - გა-ვ-აკეთე ga-v-ak’ete “I did” - გა-მ-იკეთებია ga-m-ik’etebia “I might have done”, ვ-ჭამ v-ch’am “I eat” - შე-ვ-ჭამე she-v-ch’ame “I ate” - შე-მ-იჭამია she-m-ich’amia “I might have eaten”. .
About retroeconomics and combined systematic approach
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approaches for better implementation of processes in future
Circular business model innovation- supporting factors and barriers
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55. The World Bank (2022). Inclusive Green Growth. The Pathway to Sustainable Development WashingtonThe macrosystemic socio-economic challenges of the post-pandemic period in the context of modern globalization are presented. The challenges associated with the increasing uncertainty of climate change are discussed. The negative impact of the climate change problem on economic growth is analyzed. In response to digitalization, as one of the post-pandemic challenges, the importance of developing human capital focused on the requirements of the future is noted. in connection with the expectations of increasing uncertainty, one should consider the stress factor, which has a significant negative impact on the decision-making process. Keywords: post-pandemic period, macrosystem socio-economic challenges | ნაშრომში გაანალიზებულია პოსტპანდემიური პერიოდის მაკროსისტემური სოციალურ-ეკონომიკური გამოწვევები თანამედროვე გლობალიზაციის პირობებში. განხილულია კლიმატის ცვლილების გაურკვევლობის ზრდასთან დაკავშირებული გამოწვევები. გაანალიზებულია კლიმატის ცვლილების პრობლემის ნეგატიური ზეგავლენა ეკონომურ ზრდაზე. გამომდინარე მდგრადი განვითარების უზრუნველყოფის მოთხოვნებიდან, გამოყოფილია კლიმატის პოლიტიკისა და ეკონომიკური ზრდის ურთერთმიმართების სწორი განსაზღვრის დიდი მნიშვნელობა. დიგიტალიზაციის, როგორც ერთ-ერთი პოსტპანდემიური გამოწვევის საპასუხოდ, აღნიშნულია მომავლის მოთხოვნებზე ორიენტირებული ადამიანისეული კაპიტალის განვითარების აქტუალობა. ზრდადი გაურკვევლობის მოლოდინებიდან გამომდინარე, გასათვალისწინებელია სტრესის ფაქტორი, რომელიც არსებით უარყოფით გავლენას ახდენს გადაწყვეტილების მიღების პროცესზე. ხაზგასმულია სწავლა-სწავლების პროცესში გაურკვევლობასთან დამოკიდებულების კულტურული ფასეულობების დონეზე გარდაქმნის შესაძლებლობ
Ownership and management relationship issues (research core points)
Get PDF1. Аристотель. Соч., т.4. М., 1984. с.121;
2. რაინერტი ერიკ ს. როგორ გამდიდრდნენ მდიდარი ქვეყნები და რატომ რჩებიან ღარიბი ქვეყნები
ღარიბებად. მთარგმნელები: ტატო ხუნდაძე, ივანე აბრამაშვილი. საზოგადოებრივი კვლევის ცენ-
ტრი. თბილისი. 2019. გვ. 385;
3. Мизес, Людвиг фон. Социализм. Экономический и социологический анализ. - М.: „ Galaxy”. 1994 с.29-32;
4. „რბილი სამართლის“ გავლენა კორპორაციული მართვის ეფექტიანობაზე (ინტერდისციპლინური
კვლევა). თეიმურაზ ბერიძე, ირაკლი ბურდული, გიორგი მახარობლიშვილი, ანა ხარაიშვილი,
დავით სიხარულიძე, ვასილ კიკუტაძე, ნინო ლობჟანიძე. თბილისი. გამომცემლობა „იურისტების
სამყარო“. 2018;
5. Шкредов В. П. Метод исследования собственности в „Капитале“ К.Маркса. – М.: Изд-во Моск. ун-
та.1973. – 262 с.;
6. Беридзе Т.А. Экономические основы суверенитета: новые аспекты взаимодействия экономики и поли-
тики. Тбилиси. Изд-во „Сиахле“. 1995. с.160-187;
7. Vladimer Papava, Vakhtang Charaia. The Coronomic Crisis and Challenges for the Georgian Economy. 2020,
GFSIS, Expert Opinion, No.136. p.15. https://www.academia edu/42679791/The_Coronomic Crisis_and_Some_
Challenges_for_the_Georgian Economy?email_work_card=view-paper
8. მექვაბიშვილი ე. გლობალიზაციის ეპოქის ფინანსური კრიზისები და საქართველოს ეკონომიკა.
თბილისი. 2018. გვ. 259;
9. Ойкен Вальтер. Москва. Издательская группа „Прогресс“ „Универс“. 1995. - с.355.The property (property relations) had always occupied the minds of people and determined
their actions for centuries. This phenomenon is interdisciplinary and represents the subject of economic
and legal disciplines. From the point of view of law (jurisprudence), property in the first place
means the ownership of an object by a particular subject, which is fixed through a legal document
(act). The construction of “appropriation-possession-disposal-use”, which has more legal weight is
also in use. From the standpoint of economic science, ownership is primarily relationships, a result in
which the material welfare is created which should provide income (profit). A particular aspect of
property is its “diversity”. The logic of the development of property relations dictates that the dominant
can be only one form of property, around which there are built other forms of property (under
capitalism – private property, which is implemented by means of various forms (stock, group, individual),
under socialism – nationwide, which is implemented through the form of state property. An important
aspect of the analysis of property is the correlation of its form with the efficiency of its functioning.
The none of the forms of property don’t automatically lead to the increase in production efficiency
and effectiveness of economy in general.
The Interaction between Economics & Politics is stressed as well. The special role of government
in the economy is emphasized (particularly in the process combating with COVID-19)
THE CULT OF THE DEITY NEMESIS IS OF THE PERIOD OF LATE ANTIQUITY IN KARTLI
Get PDFNemesis was one of the most ancient and revered deities in ancient
Greece. She appears to be the goddess of just revenge. Its duty
was the punishment (death) for a crime, and distribution of kindness
equally among mortals ... In ancient Rome, the deity was a kind of
~empire fortune~ which, on the one hand, avenged the empire and, on
the other hand, distributed gifts subsidized by the empire.
In late antiquity, the cult of Nemesis was recorded on the territory
of Georgia in the Kingdom of Kartli (Iberia) - on the territory of
Greater Mtskheta, Urbnisi and Zhinvali. In particular, the intaglios found
here, which were mainly used by the middle class population. Of
the eight intaglios found here, four are encased in iron, one in bronze,
two in silver, and one in gold. Intaglios are mass-produced specimens
that do not differ from the mass-produced specimens, characteristic of
late antiquity. Seals and insignia date back to I-III centuries. Only one
intaglio incased in a gold ring belongs to the III-IV centuries.
As a result of the research of the intaglios with the image of Nemesis,
it has been established that the ancient pagan pantheon is spread
in the Kingdom of Kartli, it is obvious that Kartli is a part of the ancient
ecumene, which is reflected even in the cut stones. Rings with the
image of the deity Nemesis enter Kartli at the very time when this deity
was popular in the Roman Empire of I-III centuries
TBILISI MARRIAGE
Get PDFThe Paper presents the ethnographic material based on Georgian
traditions, in particular the peculiarities of Tbilisi marriage and mediation
institute. The presented research clearly confirms the very important
elements of marriage in Georgian 19th century life in Tbilisi. The
peculiarities of this tradition distinguished by their specialness and individualism.
However, it should be noted that in addition to Eastern similarities,
European similarities were revealed even if we consider the
historical-ethnographic material at the background of the study of these
traditions. Historian Davit Bakradze describes the abovesaid very
well in his work. The fact that the role of mediator was revealed only in
Tbilisi marriages is well reflected in our ethnographic material, this institution
did not operate in any other region of Georgia. It was only in
Tbilisi and at the same time in most cases of marriage. We should also
say here that love marriage was also justified, which was accepted and
perfected by the Georgian Church. The mediator and the matchmaker had different roles, the mediator
was a decent person who was not interested in taking money and
was close to reality, unlike the matchmaker, and the matchmaker did
not consider any shortcomings in exchange for money. In this case, a
passive load assigned to the couples to be married, due to which the
existing marriage ended with an undesirable result. As for the fact that
the bath played a very big role in the process of checking a woman, I.
Grishashvili confirms it well in his works, And finally, it should be said
that in Georgian existence and Tbilisi marriage every era introduced its
own changes, which were determined by the customs, spiritual needs
and economic level of the population