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Universal Design for Learning - UDL and Response to Intervention Model - RTI for students with dyslexia
No full textInclusive Education in Georgia – Achievements, Challenges and Perspectives - 2024
Joint Conference of Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University and Batumi Shota Rustaveli State UniversityDyslexia is a massive challenge for students and not only for them. It can significantly determine the academic development of a student and, subsequently, the quality of their life as an individual and a citizen. This, in turn, represents a more global, national problem. It is essential in the education system to implement an educational framework- Universal Design for Learning (UDL) and Response to Intervention (RTI) program in school. A student with dyslexia should receive targeted, individual support in the classroom, small groups, and individually.
Dyslexia is a large-scale problem in developed countries. We can assume that we have the same situation in our country. According to the 'Dyslexia-Reading-Well, 'approximately 15% of the world's population is dyslexic. According to the British Dyslexia Association (BDA), dyslexia is a learning difficulty that primarily affects the skills involved in accurate and fluent word reading, spelling, and language-related skills. Dyslexia's characteristic features are difficulties with phonological awareness, memory, and processing speed. However, it also affects these skills. Dyslexia is actually about information processing. Dyslexic people may have difficulty processing and remembering information they see and hear, which can affect learning and acquiring literacy skills.
The study aims to research an effective educational environment and learning process for students with dyslexia to solve their learning difficulties. The processing of secondary information around this issue allowed me to familiarize myself with the experiences of international organizations and studies on educational frameworks. I did a literature review and analysis as part of the desk research. As the main results of the research, it should be said that integrating the Universal Design for Learning (UDL) and the Response to Intervention (RTI) model is the most effective way to create an inclusive and responsive learning environment for students with dyslexia...Universal Design for Learning (UDL) and Response to Intervention (RTI) are two educational systems that can support students with dyslexia and others. By integrating UDL and RTI, teachers can create more inclusive and flexible learning environments for students with diverse needs, including students with dyslexia. This integration promotes accessibility, personalization, targeted interventions, engagement, collaboration, and data-driven decision-making, ultimately leading to better academic outcomes and increasing a student's chances of success. Also, both UDL and RTI promote collaboration among educators, specialists, and parents in supporting dyslexic students. This collective effort ensures a comprehensive and holistic approach to addressing reading difficulties. (Meyer, A., Rose, D. H., & Gordon, D. (2014).
Response to Intervention (RTI) is an educational system that can be used to support not only students with dyslexia but also others. All three levels of the response to intervention process - high-quality instruction and support for all students, additional interventions and support in small groups or individual and intensive interventions, and individual, specialized instruction, training, and comprehensive assessment for dyslexia or other disabilities - improve student learning outcomes.
On the other hand, the three main principles of Universal Design (UDL) - diverse means of information delivery, expression, and engagement provide conditions for students with dyslexia to demonstrate their abilities without the limitations caused by their reading and writing difficulties. (G. Rappolt-Schlichtmann. 2018.).
For students with dyslexia, it is precious to integrate the three principles of universal design into all three levels of the response-to-intervention model. Several studies have explored this issue, confirming that the joint implementation of both models holds excellent potential for seamless support for students with dyslexia. (J.D.Basham. 2010), (N.Strangman 2006).
It's important to acknowledge that introducing the Universal Design for Learning (UDL) and Response to Intervention (RTI) models into the education system may be challenging. These include the need for a deep understanding of the models, a commitment to creating an inclusive learning environment, and ongoing support for teachers. Implementing UDL and RTI often requires technological tools, training materials, and specialized personnel, posing challenges.
In conclusion, accepting these challenges is crucial for teachers and education policymakers to support students with dyslexia
The Problem of Justice as a Challenge to Modern Philosophy (Historical-Critical Analysis)
No full textThe history of philosophical thought clearly shows that the issue of
justice belongs to the number of so-called eternal problems, which,
along with other similar problems, has given impetus to the movement
of thought in this field (i.e. philosophy) since the time of the origin of
philosophy. Eternal problems in philosophy, in turn, always imply eternal
approaches to them, which, in one form or another and with different
modifications, inevitably appear throughout the whole history of philosophy
in the form of a kind of dichotomous pairs. For the problem of justice,
the dichotomy of formal and historical-genetic approaches is central.
The formation of the mentioned dichotomy was given a certain
impetus by “David Hume’s guillotine” (“Hume’s principle”), which distinguishes
and separates morality and reality (moral order and real order).
However, the philosopher who took the decisive step in this direction
was I. Kant. He distinguished autonomous morality and heteronomous
morality, categorical imperative and hypothetical imperative, and showed
the superiority of the formal approach in the philosophy of morality
and law. He made obvious the fact that any different approach from it
(that is empirical ones) inevitably comes to the relativization of morality
(normative order).
In the nineteenth and twentieth centuries alternative theories of justice,
based on the criticism of the Kantian formalism, appeared in political
philosophy, which all without exception shared empirical (i.e. nonformal)
character. However, even in such a situation, the Kantian line did
not disappear in the studies of the problem of justice. We will focus on the fact that we fully share the Kantian view that a
non-formal approach to the problem of Justice in ethics, and political
and legal philosophy ultimately inevitably leads to relativism. This result
of a non-formal approach implies in itself fundamental contradictions
and thus, it is a theoretical challenge to the study of justice that must be
overcome. Therefore, in our opinion, the philosophical understanding of
justice should be carried out simultaneously of putting forward the formal
principle as the base of the whole construction, i.e. it is necessary to
judge in the field of the qualitative difference of philosophical figure
between value and fact, normative and real. However, at the same time,
the approach mentioned above should be synthetic, that is, it should explain
and establish the cognitive connection between the formal-axiomatic
base and (even the most general) real principles
Towards New National Identity of Georgia
No full texthttps://geohistory.humanities.tsu.ge/ge/procedings/83-shromebi/179-shromebi-20.html
ივანე ჯავახიშვილის სახელობის თბილისის სახელმწიფო უნივერსიტეტის ჰუმანიტარულ მეცნიერებათა ფაკულტეტის საქართველოს ისტორიის ინსტიტუტის შრომები შესულია ERIH PLUS-ში (The European Reference Index for the Humanities and the Social Sciences) / This journal was approved on 23.10.2024 according to ERIH PLUS criteria for inclusio
Exploring the importance of building strong customer relationships
No full text1. Malhotra, N. K.; Agarwal, J. (2020). Customer Relationship Marketing: Theoretical and Managerial Perspectives. Doi:10.1142/y0022. WORLD Scientific Publishing, ISBN 1944659749
2. Gronroos, C. (1990). Relationship approach to marketing in service contexts: The marketing and organizational behavior interface. Journal of Business Research.Volume 20, Issue 1. 3-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/0148-2963(90)90037-E
3. Buttle, F. A. (2008). Customer relationship management: concepts and technologies. DOI: 10.4324/9780080949611; pp.3-22 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/286198853
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5. D'Arconte, C. (2023). Customer Relationship Management (CRM): a conceptualization based on strategy to integrate different perspectives.
6. Khan, A., Zehnder, B., Kossmann, D. (2016). Revenue maximization by viral marketing: A social network host's perspective. 32nd International Conference on Data Engineering (ICDE), Helsinki, Finland, pp. 37-48. Doi:10.1109/ICDE.2016.7498227
7. Todua, N., Jashi, C., Todua, N. (2023). The Impact of Social Media Marketing Activities on Purchase Intentions of Healthcare Consumers. Journal: Economics and Business. 16(4):145-172
8. Todua, N., Robakidze, G. (2023). Georgian Consumers' Perception of Brand Placement in Social Media. Journal: The New Economist. Vol. 18, Issue 3, pp.16-28
9. Todua, N., & Urotadze, E. (2022). The Effect of Social Media Marketing on Consumer Behavior of Tourism Destinations. Strategic Planning and Marketing in the Digital World. Edition: University of National and World Economy (Sofia). Publishing Complex UNWE. Chapter: 13. 123-133.
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14. Alania, M. (2021). Relationship marketing and clientelization in the service market, collection of scientific works, 2020-2021, Alte University, pp. 28-37
15. Seturi, M. & Kadaria, D. (2021). Home Delivery Service - Some Issues of Customers Attitude. 20th International Conference: "ECONOMY & BUSINESS". 22-25 August, 2021. At: Burgas, Bulgaria. Journal: Economy & Business. Pub.: International Scientific Publications, vol. 15(1), 233-242.
16. Nasir, S. (2015). Customer Relationship Management Strategies in the Digital Era. Customer Relationship Management Strategies in the Digital Era. 1-322. 10.4018/978-1-4666-8231-3.
17. Baran, R. J. & Galka, R. J. (2017). Customer relationship management: the foundation of contemporary marketing strategy. Second edition published 2017, Routledge. Taylor & Francis, New York, ISBN 9781138919525. DOI: 10.4324/9780080949611
18. Adams, K. (2023). 4 Reasons Why Building Customer Relationships is Especially Important Now. August 17, 2023. https://www.octaneai.com/blog/customer-relationships
19. Futrell, C. M. (2011). Fundamentals of Selling Customers for Life Through Service, Twelfth Edition, Published by McGraw-Hill/Irwin, Texas A & M University, ISBN 978-0-07-352999-8, 278-287
20. Seturi, M. (2022 a). THE ROLE AND IMPORTANCE OF SALES AND SALES PROMOTION IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF CUSTOMER RELATIONS. 63-71. EUROPEAN COOPERATION. Volume 2(54) 2022.
21. Ingram, T. N., Avila, R. A., Schwepker C, H., Williams, M., R. and Shannahan K. L. J. (2015). SELL. Second Edition. Nelson Education, pp. 210-215
22. Sheth, J. & Parvatiyar, A. (1995). The Evolution of Relationship Marketing. International Business Review. 4. 397-418. 10.1016/0969-5931(95)00018-6.
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24. Olariu, I. (2016). PERSONAL SELLING IN MARKETING.Journal:STUDIES AND SCIENTIFIC RESEARCHES. ECONOMICS EDITION. ISSN: 2066-561X, pp.95-101 http://sceco.ub.ro/index.php/SCECO/article/view/348
25. Seturi, M. (2019 a). Factors Determining the Tourists' Satisfaction: Georgian Case. In proceedings - Conference: EASTER CONFERENCE - The 14th International Academic Conference, April 2019. At: Prague. Czech Republic.
26. Seturi, M. (2019 b). DETERMINING ASPECTS OF CUSTOMERS ATTITUDE TOWARDS SALES PERSONNEL. Conference: ALL UKRAINIAN SCIENTIFIC AND PRACTICAL CONFERENCE. MARKETING: CHALLENGES AND SOLUTIONS. At: Odessa, Ukraine, April 2019. 62-64
27. Fernando, J. (2023). Return on Investment (ROI): How to Calculate It and What It Means. Updated December 22, 2023 Investopedia. https://www.investopedia.com/terms/r/returnoninvestment.asp
28. Birken, E. G. & Curry, B. (2022). Return On Investment (ROI), Forbes Media LLC. Updated: Sep 28, 2022 https://www.forbes.com/advisor/investing/roi-return-on-investment/
29. Botchkarev, A. & Andru, P. (2011). A Return on Investment as a Metric for Evaluating Information Systems: Taxonomy and Application. Interdisciplinary Journal of Information 6(6):245-269, DOI:10.28945/153
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31. Morgeson, F., Hult, G., Tomas, M., Sharma, U., Fornell, C. (2023). The American Customer Satisfaction Index (ACSI): A Sample Dataset and Description. Data in Brief. 48. 109123. 10.1016/j.dib.2023.109123.
32. S.-H. Hsu (2008). Developing an index for online customer satisfaction: Adaptation of American Customer Satisfaction Index. Journal: Expert Systems with Applications, Vol. 34, Issue 4, pp. 3033-3042The object of the research is the role of creating customer satisfaction in retaining them and establishing long-term relationships with customers. Establishing market relations is accompanied by many challenges. Among them is increasing the competitiveness of companies to gain more success in the market. Without it, local business development is impossible. In this case, companies are greatly helped by realizing the role and importance of relationship marketing and using its approaches in practical activities. This has become one of the most relevant topics. Marketing is important for organizations to continue operating in business. Earnings are necessary to ensure the processes of production of goods. In the company, it is mainly marketing that is of decisive importance in generating revenues. It is important to know the key determinants that influence customer acquisition and subsequent retention.
The work aimed to find out and determine the importance and role of creating customer satisfaction in retaining them and establishing long-term relationships with customers. Various indicators are used to determine this. There are different views and opinions regarding the named issues. In this study we used secondary data from the websites of various organizations and companies. Taking into account the results of this work, companies will be able to make a critical analysis of their work with customers in the market, identify their weaknesses in this regard, and then take real steps to improve the situation. The paper discusses some approaches to the calculation of customer satisfaction indices, some different views and approaches expressed in this direction.
Based on various reliable information sources, we created a clear picture of the current situation in Georgia in the mentioned direction. It was found that companies use only accumulation of points systems. In this article, the author discusses the conceptual aspects of relationship marketing, the opinions of various scientists and specialists are analyzed in this direction.
The article presents a number of conclusions and recommendations of the author in the direction of increasing the effectiveness of the use of relationship marketing
ST. GEORGEʼS CHURCH OF QUMI
No full texthttps://geohistory.humanities.tsu.ge/ge/procedings/83-shromebi/179-shromebi-20.html
ივანე ჯავახიშვილის სახელობის თბილისის სახელმწიფო უნივერსიტეტის ჰუმანიტარულ მეცნიერებათა ფაკულტეტის საქართველოს ისტორიის ინსტიტუტის შრომები შესულია ERIH PLUS-ში (The European Reference Index for the Humanities and the Social Sciences) / This journal was approved on 23.10.2024 according to ERIH PLUS criteria for inclusionSt. George's Church of Qumi (the same as Qomi or Khomi) in historical
province of Georgia – Samtskhe – is located about 15 km from Akhaltsikhe, in vicinity of the modern village Sviri and historical settlement Tornisi.
Fragments of the building reached us in the form of ruins. Around the church, there are architectural details and stones, adorned with ornaments. The local population refers to this territory by the toponym Qomi/Khoma/Qumi, the entire valley is known by the same name. The church seems to be built in high Middle Ages. Traces of monastic buildings can be clearly observed around the church. The main building of monastery complex is a two-nave church, it consists of the main nave and a smaller nave adjacent to it from the north. In addition, the building has a trapezoidal outbuilding on the northern facade, another one – a small chapel – was attached to the southern facade. The main nave of the church is connected to the small northern nave by a two-arched passage. The main nave is quite wide and tall. The external structure on the western facade is relatively well preserved. Here, the portal of the entrance door is decorated with braided carving, a decorative cross above the door and a ornaments of window frame are still visible.
Qumi church is a sample of two-nave churches, which is not very common for medieval Georgia (there are some 20 samples preserved until nowadays). In most of the structures, the main and side naves are separated from each other by one pillar and two arches. Many Georgian scientists made the great contribution to the study of this rather rare architectural type, although the Qumi Church is not mentioned in these works, and thus, its analysis and interpretation becomes even more relevant for us. The purpose of our article is to specify the date of construction of the Qumi Church and give it a place in the evolutionary scheme of the architectural type of Georgian twonave
churches. Buildings of this type are quite common in Samtskhe-Javakheti, and
most of them belong to the 10th century. In such churches, the side nave is
sometimes shorter than the main nave, sometimes it is a wide, well-lit,
independent space with artistic significance, and sometimes it has the
appearance of a narrow, dark corridor and seems to be an addition to the main
nave. The side nave usually has an apse, but sometimes it ends with a straight wall from the east. In almost all cases, the both naves have a separate roof: a high roof with pediment for the central one and a low, shed roof for the side one. In more complicated architectural compositions, where a stoa or an outbuilding is added to the church, this lower segment also has a separate roof.
In the case of the Qumi Church, the difference between the heights of the
naves is significant. The semicircle of the apse in the two-nave churches is
almost always inside in the right angle of the plan, and so it is in the case of
the Qumi Church too. Arrangement of side-rooms of the altar in two-nave churches is very difficult due to the peculiarity of the plan. In this type of buildings, only one side-room can be arranged – on the opposite side of the small nave. In our case, there are no side-rooms at all, as in a many other two-nave chruches, built during the 10th century in Georgia.
The peculiarity of the Qumi Church is the fact that, unlike most twonave
churches, where the two arches separating the naves are quite wide and
the openings occupy almost the entire length of the longitudinal wall, here the openings are narrow and low and occupy only the eastern section of the wall, in front of the apse. Some other 10th century two-nave churches (e.g. Gharta, Kilda and Sakvirike in Samtskhe-Javakheri region) give us an example of the isolation of the side nave too, but nowhere are the arches so small compared to the overall dimensions of the building, as in the church of Qumi. Another peculiarity of the Qumi Church is an asymmetrical apse – its northern corner is open: here is located the arch, and a column is posted symmetrically to southern pillar of the apse.
Based on the architectural features, the closest parallels to the Qumi
Church seem to be the two-nave churches of Kilda, Dviri, Sakvirike and
Dankali, which are also geographically located close to it. Most of these twonave churces were built during the 10th century, more likely – in the middle of the century. The church of Qumi should belong to the same era.კვლევა განხორციელდა შოთა რუსთაველის საქართველოს ეროვნული სამეცნიერო ფონდის ფინანსური მხარდაჭერით. This research has been supported by Shota Rustaveli National Science Foundation of Georgi
რეპრესიებს გადარჩენილი „დონ კიხოტი“
Full text linkThe article tells about one incident that happened to the famous scientist Grigol Tsiretel, when he was the director of Tbilisi State University. He saved the edition of Cervantes' Don Quixote from destruction
ქართული ისლამმცოდნეობის საინტერესო შენაძენი (ხათუნა ბაინდურაშვილი. ისლამი თბილისში (VIII-XVIII სს.). თბ. 2023)
Full text linkhttps://geohistory.humanities.tsu.ge/ge/procedings/83-shromebi/179-shromebi-20.html
ივანე ჯავახიშვილის სახელობის თბილისის სახელმწიფო უნივერსიტეტის ჰუმანიტარულ მეცნიერებათა ფაკულტეტის საქართველოს ისტორიის ინსტიტუტის შრომები შესულია ERIH PLUS-ში (The European Reference Index for the Humanities and the Social Sciences) / This journal was approved on 23.10.2024 according to ERIH PLUS criteria for inclusio
History Falsification as a Propaganda Tool
Full text linkThe report discusses the tools of propaganda, among which the falsification
of history is one of the most effective and relevant topics of all
times. Although modern Georgian history textbooks do not contain
examples of falsification of history, especially radical or extremist assessments,
still, to achieve a specific propaganda goal, textbook authors sometimes
manage to reveal their subjective attitude to political events.
They achieve this when, depending on their political orientation, they cover
an event acceptable to them, or ignore it. They also do not dare to
adequately cover sensitive issues. They often turn a blind eye to them or
only cover them one-sidedly and repeat the existing stereotypes.
Based on the study of the general theoretical framework of propaganda
tools, the report highlights the tools of propaganda that are used
in history teaching. The mentioned framework is suitable for all historical periods, and evaluations of a specific event or person and is mainly based
on the falsification of history.
Each direction of propaganda: political, economic, social, cultural,
and ideological has its methods, including different types of visual material.
No less important is the written material, its content, and the formulation
of questions and tasks in textbooks. Sometimes every word - assessment,
key question, and other questions can be asked in such a way
as to serve the purpose of propaganda.
The report is based on the classification of propaganda methods developed
by Alfred and Elizabeth Lee (“The Fine Art of Propaganda” 1939).
Out of the seven methods of propaganda studied by the authors, the
paper focuses on those methods that are used both in world history and
in the history of Georgia.
Among them, perhaps the most popular method is name-calling propaganda,
which means giving a person or idea a bad label (usually undeservedly)
by using an easy-to-remember pejorative name. This method
occurs when the author wants to dismiss and condemn a person or idea
without examining what the label means. For example, during the Cold
War in the Soviet Union the West in general, and primarily the United
States and its allies were called imperialists; also, terrorists, extremists,
Nazis, slaves, etc. For example, the terrorist has a negative connotation.
It is used by both the West and the Russian government when describing
any individual or group they oppose. Conversely, when the government
wants to praise or support a group, it uses titles such as freedom fighters
or rebels.
Therefore, the authors of history textbooks should refrain from such
labels and be as neutral as possible. It will not be difficult to find them in
Georgian history textbooks (they may even escape experts if they are not
aware of propaganda methods well or do not want to see them). Only by
teaching a critical and objective attitude (thinking) to the information
that students receive and to the motives of their distributors, it is possible
to recognize false information and, accordingly, propaganda. It is
also desirable to compile a list of labels that historians use for propaganda
in the past or today.
The paper also discusses such a tool of propaganda used in history,
especially in political campaigns, as glittering generalities. A good
example of this method is the slogans of American presidents’ election campaigns and their programs. For example, Biden’s - Build Back Better;
Trump’s - Make America Great Again/MAGA; Obama’s - Change We Can
Believe In; his own Yes We Can; Hillary Clinton's - Forward Together, etc.
Studying history provides a good opportunity to analyze them and draw
conclusions.
If historians use the name-calling propaganda when they want to
make a good idea look bad, they need glittering generalities to make a
bad idea look good. Any good, positive word has a distinct meaning for
different people. For example, we perceive the word democracy according
to our own experience and knowledge, and we believe that others
understand it as we do. But the words “the US wants to spread democracy
in the world” do not have a positive meaning for Afghans and North
Koreans.
The name-calling method encourages us to reject ideas and people
or evidence, while glittering generalities expect us to like ideas and people
without evidence. The propagandists want us to ignore the details.
They hope that these good words will cause a positive emotion.
Based on the study of specific examples, the report emphasizes the
diversity of propaganda tools and the need to use modern methods of
history teaching to identify them, such as the development of critical and
analytical thinking, and multi-perspectivity, which also provides the opportunity
to identify false history
“Lipanali” and “Kunarshi” Tradition in Svaneti
Full text linkOne ancient Georgian ritual cycle still practiced in Svaneti is called
“Lipanal” in Upper Svaneti, and “Kunareshi” in Lower Svaneti. Both are
identical in content, with a slight difference in dates. This ritual is syncretic
and traces the intersection of different historical eras and religions.
The ritual was described by many researchers and travellers of the second
half of the nineteenth century. The most important are the works of
Vera Bardavelidze, who analyses the ritual. The ritual is cyclical, annual
and is performed at the beginning of the year. It is also practiced by the
Svans of the Dali Valley and Svan families living in different parts of Georgia.
In the recent past, folk rituals of remembrance of the spirits were
performed in all parts of Georgia. It is still partially practiced, but the
cycle is almost lost and the ritual lasts one day. The content of the ritual
is the following: the door between the divine and mundane worlds opens
and the spirits of the deceased visit their families. The families follow a
number of rules, hosting the spirits and at the end of the ritual they depart
solemnly. Every detail of the ritual is well outlined and all family
members are involved in it. Of course, almost all agrarian peoples are familiar
with such kind of rituals which are mainly connected to harvesting.
In the Catholic world, it is celebrated in autumn, namely on 2 November,
and is connected to the church calendar.
The ritual is multi-component, and each of them contains fragments
of archaic elements, as well as remnants of beliefs and ideas from the
ancient era. The greatest part of course is based on the worldview formed
through Christian teachings, and this is especially transparent in the
texts of prayers recited in those days.
The paper discusses the historical dynamics of the ritual, its distribution
area, modern form and parallels with the similar rituals in the
rest of the world
Early Medieval Metalworking Workshops in Svaneti (Ipari)
Full text linkIron metallurgy was sufficiently developed in Svaneti, the archaeological
evidence of which are the metallurgical fields and iron smelting
furnaces, iron slags, iron scraps, ceramic nozzle pipes of furnaces, iron
agricultural and military tools, and other items discovered by 2011-2023
Svaneti archaeological expedition conducted by TSU in Chuberi community
villages: Kvemo (lower) Marghi, Kv. Ipari, Khaishi, Kedani, Luha
and Lakhami. Ancient iron artefacts are often found in Western Georgia.
In this regard, Chorokhi and Chuberi valleys were the first to attract
attention. Numerous remains of furnaces found in the Nenskra Valley,
namely on the northern slope of the village of Lakhami (about 110
hectares) and near the beginning of the Enguri Valley, on the left bank of
the river, in the villages Jvari and Lia, must have been connected with
this iron production center.
The discovered iron furnaces, as well as waste materials from
processing - iron scraps, processed iron, stone-built and plastered
stoves - date back to the 8th-6th centuries BC. The amount of the recorded
material and the scale of the territory allow us to say that the iron
mined in Svaneti, Racha and Chorokhi River basin was supplied not only
to Kolkheti, but also to the states of Asia Minor. At that time, iron mining
and processing was an indicator of the existence of a high civilization.
As a result of excavations in 2023, iron metallurgical workshops of
the early Middle Ages were confirmed in Lower Ipari, which is the first
case in the archaeology of Western Georgia.
One of the archeologically particularly interesting micro-regions in
Svaneti is the Lower Ipari area. This is where the archaeology of Svaneti
began in 1925.
The iron production workshops of the village of Kv. Ipari are located
200-300 meters from the left bank of the Enguri River, at the foot of the
eastern slope of the mountain, on an 80-90% inclination (Fig. 1-2). In 2023, the archaeological research and search carried out by the
TSU Svaneti archaeological expedition in Kv. Ipari obtained a number of
additional evidence proving that this micro-region was one of the powerful
centers of metal production in Georgia.
As a result of archaeological study, clay quarries related to metallurgical
production of iron in the early Middle Ages were revealed (Fig. 4),
(which is the first case in the archaeology of Svaneti), an exceptionally
large number of clay pipes (Fig. 3), slags (Fig. 5), industrial waste (Fig. 7),
the so-called cast metal fragments of mallets (Fig. 6), stone ambroses of
different sizes (Fig. 8), which is also the first case, stainless iron fragments
left in the pipe itself, iron scraps, ceramic dishes.
As a result of the conducted works, we can draw the following conclusions:
The Enguri area is filled with monuments of iron production, according
to the available materials, it is clear that objects related to iron
production in this region began to operate in the 8th-7th centuries BC,
and taking into account the Kura workshops of Kvemo Ipari, this tradition
on a larger scale continues even in the early Middle Ages