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ON THE QUESTION OF ATTRIBUTION AND DATING OF THE THREE SILVER BOWLS PRESERVED IN THE SAMTSKHEJAVAKHETI HISTORICAL MUSEUM
Get PDFhttps://geohistory.humanities.tsu.ge/ge/procedings/83-shromebi/178-shromebi-19.htmlPresent paper deals with the question of attribution and dating of the three
silver bowls – one special sample group of toreutics – preserved in the
Samtskhe-Javakheti Historical Museum. In the exposition of the museum
artefacts are displayed with the following information: “Silver bowls.
Discovered in the ruins of Vani Caves, destroyed during the earthquake in 1283.
One of the artefacts is gilded. The Coat of Arms of the Bagrationi Royal
Dynasty – “the Coat of Arms of king Solomon” – is depicted on one bowl,
which indicates that bowls were a donation from the royal house to the church.
XII century”.
We argue that the dating of these artefacts is not correct and that they
belong to a completely different period, namely – to the Late Antiquity. It is
also possible that the cups belong to the special group of objects – so-called
Ibero-Sasanian artefacts. If our preliminary hypothesis is correct, a more
thorough study of the bowls is needed. In order to be sure in their identification,
it is crucial to carefully and thoroughly research all artefacts from the Late
Antiquity in Georgia. As we know, the cultural ties of the Georgian states with
the outside world in this period became particularly intense. During this period,
the influence of the cultures of the Ancient Rome and Sassanian Iran on
Georgia has been immense: as a result, the overall cultural picture in Georgia is
extremely complex and diverse. Despite the fact that numerous artefacts of the Late Antiquity discovered
on the territory of Georgia have been the subject of scientific research for a long
time, based on the analysis of the artistic features of glyptic, jewelry or
toreutics, it is still possible to clarify certain problems or to evaluate them in a
new way. As a rule, their research is carried out in connection with a certain
archaeological complex (as it is in the case of the bowls in the Samtskhe-
Javakheti Historical Museum). Sometimes this might not lead us to a thorough
result. In certain cases, artistic analysis of a sample and studying its stylistic
features might give us more detailed information. In our opinion we are dealing
with such situation in the case of the three bowls of the Samtskhe-Javakheti
Historical Museum.კვლევა განხორციელდა შოთა რუსთაველის საქართველოს ეროვნული სამეცნიერო ფონდის ფინანსური მხარდაჭერით/ This research has been supported by Shota Rustaveli National Science Foundation of Georgia (SRNSFG
Some notes on the Tigran Honents’ inscription about constructing St. Gregory the Illuminator Church in Ani
Get PDFეძღვნება აკადემიკოს ზაზა ალექსიძის ხსოვნას (1935 – 2023)/
Dedicated to Memory of Academician Zaza Aleksidze (1935 – 2023)The evidence of activity of Georgians in the historical city of Ani has been known for
a long time and has become the subject of research of many Georgian and foreign scientists,
which ended with the important three-volume edition "Ani and Georgia" published
in 2020.
This edition encompasses both the narrative sources and the historiography of the
issue, making further research on different issues related to Ani much easier. In this threevolume
work created by a group of authors under the editorship of Z. Skhirtladze, a very
interesting study is given of the entire region and in particular of the city of Ani from
different points of view, and significant conclusions are presented. The study was focused
on the monastery built in the name of St.Gregory the Illuminator in Ani, the construction
of which was carried out with "a lot of labor and cost" by Tigran Honents.
The high-quality photos presented in the publication and the outline made on the spot
allowed us to think more confidently about the construction inscription of this church and
once again discuss its text, Georgian translation, and content.
The Armenian text of this ktetorial inscription has been published numerous times. In
our paper, we use the editions of I. Orbelli and V. Kekelia. We specify a couple of readings
of the inscription based on outlines and photos made by these authors.
As for the Georgian translation of the inscription, the complete version of the text
belongs to V. Kekelia. We considered it necessary to specify or correct it in some places.
Therefore, we offer our version of the translation, which does not differ substantially and
significantly from the previous one, but in our opinion, it will follow the original more
closely and will be more accurate in translating toponyms, and some phrases.
Based on a new, clarified understanding of the text, on a more detailed study of the
section where the curse of three Ecumenical Councils is mentioned, as well as on an
analysis of additional epigraphic material, we presented additional arguments to support
the position of Georgian scientists who believe that the Tigran Honents’ church in Ani
was Georgian-Chalcedonite from the moment it was constructed
მე-2 საერთაშორისო კონფერენცია და სეზონური სკოლა „მეცნიერება, განათლება, ინოვაციები და ქიმიური ტექნოლოგიები - იდეიდან დანერგვამდე. 2023"
No full textNew Georgian Translations of Leonid Aronzon's Poetry
No full textLeonid Aronzon, as noted by literary critics, was a unique
phenomenon in the Russian literature of the 60s and 70s. He consciously
kept his distance from any literary associations or groups.
In the 80s, and later in the post-Soviet era, his poems and
several noteworthy critics of his work were published. Yet, not
much is known about Leonid Aronzon's life and poetic legacy.
Biographical dates are rarely reflected in Leonid Aronzon's
poems. However, a large place is occupied by landscapes that
change according to the time of day, month and year. The poet
presents the familiar landscapes as “being somewhere else”, looking
for a new world with hope and creating “exact diaries of his
soul”. Newly discovered worlds come to life and resonate in Aronzon's
thoughts and poems.
It can be said that the works of Leonid Aronzon were, in fact,
unknown to Georgian readers. Translations of his poetry and prose
were published a few years ago. Tengiz (Aleko) Kvatchadze
translated Aronzon's stories, while Rusudan Chanturishvili and
Lulu Dadiani translated some poems. Translations by Rusudan
Chanturishvili were published in the journals “Pirveli Skhivi”,
“Tsiskari~ and Lulu Dadiani’s translations were published in the
journal "Afra".
Our report analyzes three poems by Leonid Aronzon («О,
как осення осень»…, «Есть светлый полдень и раздолье
льда…», «Зеркала») translated from Russian by Chanturishvili.
Based on the analysis of the selected poems before translating,
as well as the comparison of the originals and translations, it is
shown how the translator was able to express Leonid Aronzon's
poetic world in the Georgian language
ABOUT THE GEORGIAN TITULATURE OF GIORGI V THE BRILLIANT
No full texthttps://geohistory.humanities.tsu.ge/ge/procedings/83-shromebi/178-shromebi-19.htmlWe have very little information about Giorgi the Brilliant, and what we have, they do not record the full Georgian title of the king.
In the document of Giorgi V that has reached us, unfortunately, the full title of the king is not written. Only the last phrase of the title is recorded.
If we take into account the titles of the kings of the united Georgia, it is clear that the beginning of the titles would be – “By the will of God, the king of the Abkhazians, Kartvelians, Ranians, Kakhetian and Armenians, Sharvansha and Shahansha.”
Another point to be considered is that from the end of the 14th century another formulation appears in the title of the Bagrations – the owner of Likht-Imer and Likht-Amer and the unifier of both kingdoms. For the first time such a title is confirmed in the 1393 charter of Giorgi VII. Then similar formula can be found already in the charters of 1413, 1419, 1420 and 1441 of Alexander I.
The question arises, when should the formula – owner of Likht-Imer and Likht-Amer appear? Only after the unity of the divided kingdom was restored, and it happened during the reign of Giorgi the Brilliant.
Theoretically, the title – “owner of Likht-Imer and Likht-Amer” could be accepted for the first time by: Giorgi V the Brilliant, David IX, Bagrat V or even Giorgi VII.
Why was it necessary to introduce this title? The traditional titulature no longer reflected reality (for several centuries there were no more Abkhazian, Kartvelian, Ranian and Kakhetian kingdoms) and to some extent reflected “frozen reality”. They needed a title that reflected the reality of that era and would be understandable to everyone. “Owener Licht-Imer and Licht-Amer” was a formula, which reflected this situation.
In our opinion, the full Georgian title of Giorgi the Brilliant could have been – the king of Abkhazians, Kartvelians, Ranians, Kakhetians and Armenians, Sharvansha and Shahansha, the unifier of Likht-Imer and Likht-Amer, the ruler of all the East and West
For the settlement of the multi-named Svan language population
No full textA number of opinions have been expressed about the issue
of resettlement of the Svan-speaking population of the Georgian
ethnic stream. In ancient times, the Svans were settled in a
much larger area than later, which is shown by both historical
sources and the toponymy analysis of Western Georgia, which
reveals Svan names in both the mountainous and plain parts of
Kolkheti (G. Melikishvili).
Greco-Roman, Byzantine authors (Herodotus, Xenophon,
Apollonius of Rhodes, Strabo, Dionysius, Stephen of Byzantium,
Pliny, Pompey the Fox, Claudius Ptolemy, Hippolytus of Rome,
Procopius of Caesarea and others) provide us with interesting
information about the Georgian-Svani tribes: Makroni-Svani,
Mosiniki. On issues of settlement of Suani-Kolkhs, Heniokhs-
Svani-Sanigs. According to these sources, the people of the Svan
tribe seem to be settled both in North-West Kolkheti and in the
whole South-Eastern Black Sea region. In general, traces of Svan
tribes can be seen from Trebizond to Nikofsia. One thing is clear,
according to the ancient sources, the Svani Kartvelian tribes occupied
a larger area of settlement than they are represented today.
Probably, the name Heniokh should have been a collective,
general character in that period, which meant the union of other
Svan-speaking tribes (Svans, Sanigs, Misimians, Svano-Kolkhs,
Makhelon-Macrons, Mosinikis).
It is enough to take a look at the population of Bari in Western
Georgia and we will see an amazing picture: a large part of
this population is of Svan origin (N. Berdzenishvili). Based on
the glottochronological method, which involves the absolute
dating of the process of splitting the base language into related
languages (lexicon, statistics, etc.), it is assumed that Svanuri was separated from the common Georgian language in BC. At
the end of III-II millennia, or BC. At the beginning of the II millennium.
They think that BC At the end of the 3rd millennium,
the separation of Svanuri from the Georgian language, their arrival
and settlement in the coastal strip of Western Georgia took
place at the same time. Their traces are noticed as deposited by
toponyms with ancient roots, the assumption is based on onomastic
data, in particular, toponymic, i.e. On the data of geographical
names, which are considered to belong to the Svan language
world, starting from N. Maridan I. Javakhishvili, S. Janashia,
A. Chikobava, K. Lomtatidze, S. Kaukhchishvili and others. A.
According to Inaishvili, in the coastal area of South-West Georgia,
i.e. The Svan language onomastics in Achara and Guria is original
and, thus, the information from an older, old Georgian source
that St. Andrew the Apostle River After crossing Chorokhi,
he entered the country of Svaneti, that Western Georgia was called
Svaneti - it becomes more understandable.
Archaeologists also agree with the spread of Svan toponyms
in the Batumi area, because it is believed that Svans lived
in the south in early times (T. Mikeladze, L. Jiblaze and others).
It is worth noting whether the archaeological data agree
with the dating obtained by the glottochronological method and
how they correspond with each other. It seems that the carrier
of the proto-Colkhuri culture spread in the territory of the Kolkheti
plain should have been the Kartevian ethnic stream, the
Svan-speaking population
Feudal System in XI-XIII Centuries
No full textWhat do I mean by feudal elite? The 7-8 feudal clans that
were closest to the king, whose representatives held the highest
positions and had great political influence.
Bagrat III. It is logical to assume that the king's stronghold
would be the feudal elite of western and southern Georgia.
George I, Bagrat IV and George II. The situation must have
been basically the same.
Davit IV Agmashenebeli. New clans appear, that is, there is a
change in the elite, and feudal lords of Eastern Georgia also appear.
Demetrius I. The superiority of the nobles of western and
southern Georgia should have been preserved.
George III. The influence of the feudals of Eastern Georgia is
gradually increasing. However, the overthrow of the Orbels still
strengthens the positions of the feudal lords of western and southern
Georgia.
Queen Tamar. At the beginning, the superiority and influence
of the Westerners is obvious. When the feudal lords of western
and southern Georgia rebelled, this started their ~downfall~
and instead the influence of the feudal lords of eastern Georgia
increased.
The situation persists for more than a century. There is a
change when certain individuals enter the elite during the Mongol
period, but it is temporary. During the George V, the feudals
of Eastern Georgia fell under the wrath of the king. How this affected the growth of Western influence is difficult to say. In the
15th century, serious changes took place in the elite. Eastern Georgia
is actually completely changing. In the West, only a few
clans maintain their positions
About the importance and benefits of event marketing
Get PDF1. Caldeira, A. (2019). The influence of event scape on emotions, satisfaction and loyalty: The case of re-enactment events. University of Coimbra. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 82: 112-124
2. Dychkovskyy, S., Ivanov, S. (2020). Festival Tourism as Part of International Tourism and a Factor in the Development of Cultural Tourism. Vilniaus Universitetas, Lituania. Information & Media. vol. 89: 73–82
3. Getz, D. (2008). Event tourism: Definition, evolution, and research. Journal: Tourism Management 29 (3): 403–428
4. Hunter, J.(2023). Event Marketing Examples. Cvent, March 30, 2023. https://www.cvent.com/en/blog/events/event-marketing-examples
5. Ingram, T., Avila, R., Schwepker, Ch., Williams, M., Shannahan, K. (2015). SELL. Textbook. Second Edition. Nelson Education. 62 -68
6. Jashi, Ch. (2020). The New Context of Marketing in Social Media (Conceptual review). Journal: Economic and Business. Tbilisi State University. №1. 152-164
7. Kotler, Ph., & Armstrong, G. (2015). Basics of Marketing. 14th edition. Textbook. translated from English. Bakur Sulakauri Publishing House, Tbilisi. 466 - 486
8. Kotler, Ph., & Keller, K. (2015). Marketing management. Textbook.14th edition. Translation from English. Edited by Todua, N., TSU Publishing House, Tbilisi. 7; 689-697
9. Middleton, V., Fyall, A., Mike Morgan, M. (2009). Marketing in Travel and Tourism. Textbook. Elsevier, Butterworth Heinemann, Oxford, UK, Fourth Edition. 9-11
10. Oklobdžija, S. (2015). THE ROLE OF EVENTS IN TOURISM DEVELOPMENT. Journal: BIZINFO. Vol. 6, N.2. 83- 97
https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/3481/10dc31155c5bf0552fd0ce16ce3564f86382.pdf
11. Quinn, B. (2009). Festivals, events and tourism. Book chapters. Technological University Dublin. 1-49
12. Seturi, M. (2022). THE ROLE AND IMPORTANCE OF SALES AND SALES PROMOTION IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF CUSTOMER RELATIONS. Journal: European Cooperation, 2(54), pp.64–71
https://european-cooperation.eu/index.php/EC/article/view/139
13. Seturi, M. (2013). FOR EVALUATION OF MARKETING EFFICIENCY. SCIENTIFIC PROCEEDINGS OF GURAM TAVARTKILADZE TEACHING UNIVERSITY. Vol. 3. 75-78.
14. Seturi, M. (2019). THE ROLE OF SALES PERSONNEL IN DEVELOPING RELATIONSHIPS WITH CUSTOMERS. Journal: Economy & Business. Publisher: International Scientific Publications, Bulgaria, Vol. 13. 289-294.
15. Seturi, M. & Urotadze, E. (2020). SOME OPINIONS ABOUT SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND TOURISM (CASE OF GEORGIA). Proceedings of the conference: STRATEGIC IMPERATIVES OF MODERN MANAGEMENT. ДВНЗ «Київський національний економічний університет імені Вадима Гетьмана» / SHEE “Kyiv National Economic University named after Vadym Hetman. 286-289
16. Seturi, M. & Urotadze, E. (2018). About the importance of brand as a system. In book: Cybernetics and Systems. Social and Business Decisions. 1st Edition. Chapter: About the importance of brand as a system. Publisher: Routledge. Taylor & Francis Group. London, pp.65-69
17. Skoultsos, S. & Tsartas, P. (2009). Event tourism: Statements and questions about its impacts on rural areas. JOURNAL OF TOURISM. V. 4, N. 4. 293-310
18. Smith, A., Osborn, G., Quinn, B. (2022). Festivals and the City: The Contested Geographies of Urban Events. Technological University Dublin. Published: University of Westminster Press, London. 13-311
19. Tavakkoli, M. (2016). Leveraging of the Olympic Games on Mega-Sporting Events: A Strategic Framework for the Development of Sport. American Journal of Sports Science and Medicine, 4(2). 44-56.
20. Todua, N., Robakidze G., (2023) GEORGIAN CONSUMERS' PERCEPTION OF BRAND PLACEMENT IN SOCIAL MEDIA, THE NEW ECONOMIST, N3 (70) 2023, Vol. 18. Issue 3. 16-28
21. Todua, N. (2018). Impact of Social Media Marketing on Consumer Behavior in the Georgian Tourism Industry. International Academy Journal Web of Scholar, 3 (5(23)). 11-16.
22. Todua N. (2017) Social Media Marketing for Promoting Tourism Industry in Georgia. 22nd International Conference at Zaragoza. 168-171.
23. Todua, N., & Urotadze, E. (2022). The Effect of Social Media Marketing on Consumer Behavior of Tourism Destinations. Strategic Planning and Marketing in the Digital World. Edition: University of National and World Economy (Sofia). Publishing Complex UNWE. Chapter: 13. 123-133. DOI:10.37075/SPM.2022.13
24. Velikova E. (2016). THE INFLUENCE OF THE EVENTS IN TOURISM. Journal of Science and Research. 1 (9). 83-91
25. Bank of Georgia.ge (2019). Gurjaani Wine Festival 2019 was held with the support of the Bank of Georgia
https://bankofgeorgia.ge/ka/about/news/details/5da5bb5bc24520a527c9fadd?fbclid=IwAR16gjwBC8X-vXAXnQzBFD8HnfjjH__c-hTjYvzZtomsTCze0ZWEoGxQd7M
26. Blue Train Marketing. (2022). 27 January, 2022, London
https://www.bluetrain.co.uk/blog/the-benefits-of-event-marketing
27. Eventive.ge. Planning and organizing events. https://eventive.ge/chven-shesaxeb/
28. Five Benefits of Event Marketing (2023). February 3. https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/5-benefits-event-marketing-mplifyevents
29. Rembow.ge. We Create You Celebrate. https://rembow.ge/
30. New Wine Festival 2023: Meet participant Family Wineries.
http://vinoge.com/patara-WiqebiT/sTriT-fud-festivali-TbilisSiIn today's environment, where consumers have a wide range of information available to them, it is important for companies to use more effective and flexible approaches to the market. Modern information technology helps the marketer to be closer to the buyer than in the past and to understand the customer's needs and desires well. In addition, marketers need to have a good understanding of the capabilities and benefits of different marketing communication tools and media channels. In today's competitive environment, it is becoming increasingly important for companies to use incentives that are better suited to today's targeted strategies. Effective marketing communications play an important role in a company's success in the marketplace. It is important in creating an impression of the company and its brands. Events help companies to achieve this goal. The purpose of this paper is to summarise and present the main benefits that companies can achieve through the intelligent use of events. Events are used by many companies to impress other people. And companies can gain their favour by making a great impression on the public. Thus, event marketing influences consumer attitudes towards different brands, consumer behaviour and stimulates purchases. An important question is when and how special events will be implemented. Their proper planning, organisation and execution will bring the company high recognition and economic benefits. Methodology. Secondary data was used in the course of writing this article. Modern scientific works of scientists and researchers were studied, and information was searched for using Internet sources. The paper examines modern forms of event marketing, individual approaches to work in this area and aspects of its development. Research results. Based on various reliable sources of information, a clear picture of the current situation in Georgia in this area was created. It has been found that companies do not use measures with the frequency that would bring them high results. They use only certain approaches. The paper examines the conceptual aspects of event marketing, analyses the definitions and opinions of various scientists and specialists in this area. Practical implications. The article discusses the risks and problems associated with the implementation of events, and presents a number of conclusions and recommendations to improve the efficiency of the use of events
SOME DETAILS REGARDING THE TREATY OF GEORGIEVSK
Get PDFhttps://geohistory.humanities.tsu.ge/ge/procedings/83-shromebi/178-shromebi-19.htmlMuch has been written about the treaty of Georgievsk and numerous aspects concerning to this topic have been properly analyzed. Nevertheless, in our opinion, there are still some issues related to the treaty of Georgievsk that need further research.
As we know, the final version of the agreement between the Russian Empire and the Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti was approved by the Russian Emperor in February 1783, and it was presented to Erekle II in the middle of May of the same year. The king of Kartl-Kakheti delayed the process for about a month and a half. The fact was that it was during this period that the information was spread about the liquidation of the Crimean Khanate and its annexation by the Russian Empire. It seems that this fact made the king think a lot and put forward a new suggestion – he demanded to reflect the right of coronation of Georgian monarchs as kings in the agreement. Archival documents prove that in the letter sent at the end of June 1783, Erekle II requested an additional guarantee for safeguarding his kingdom. Pavel Potemkin, the commander-in-chief of the Caucasus Line, had no right to include it in the treaty without the emperor's permission. Hence, this issue was not reflected in the treaty. Due to this fact, Erekle II was clearly dissatisfied and sent his representative Sulkhan Tumanishvili to St. Petersburg immediately after the return of the Georgian delegation to his homeland. This time, Erekle categorically demanded to reflect the issue of coronation in the treaty. Finally, in September 1783, the Russian emperor approved demands of Erekle II. An additional article was written, according to which the Georgian monarchs were allowed to be crowned as king. According to above-mentioned article Erekle II received from the Russian government an even stronger guarantee of the protection of his kingdom based on the legitimate treaty. One of the demands put forward by Erekle II was the issue of Catholicos. As it is known, the independence of the Georgian Church was limited by the treaty of Georgievsk. In response to this, the king focused on the autocephaly of the Georgian Church and asked the Russian side to take this fact into account. In this regard, the activity of the Georgian king brought certain results.
The another disputed issue was related to the territorial claims of the Georgian king. Erekle II claimed both the south-western Georgia conquered by the Ottomans and the neighboring khanates. On the other hand, the Russian Empire planned to take the khanates of the region under its protection and hoped for the help of the Georgian king in this matter. Even before the signing of the treaty, the Georgian side put forward a proposal that the territorial claims of Erekle II should be reflected in his titulature, although the Russian representatives did not meet this request at the time. In such conditions, even the Georgian king refrained from helping the Russians in Azerbaijan, for which Pavel Potemkin expressed his concerns towards the actions of the Georgians. Finally, a certain agreement was reached between the parties – the final version of the treaty included titulature of Erekle the way it was requested by the Georgian side. According to the above-mentioned titulature, Russia recognized Erekle's rights to the khanates of Yerevan, Ganja, Sheki and Shirvan, also Kaki (Sultanate of Elisu and Jar-Balakan) neighbouring Kartli-Kakheti Kingdom. At the same time, the king was announced as the heir of Samtskhe-Saatabago. On the other hand, the Georgian king sent his representatives to the khanates of Karabakh and Khoy and promised to act in favor of the interests of the Russian Empire.
As for the form of address, according to the Treaty of Georgievsk, the Georgian king was referred to by the lower epithet. According to the Georgians, Erekle II was traditionally named as “Highness”, a more elevated epithet, hence they demanded the official establishment of the same epithet for their king. As a result, the Imperial court of Russia agreed to the above-mentioned request of the Georgians
Language regulations of the 1922 Constitution of the Transcaucasian Soviet Federative Republic
Get PDFWithin the framework of the project "Functioning of languages
in the Abkhazian ASSR in the context of Soviet policy (the
30s of XX century)" (code -OTG-I-22-232) funded by the Shota
Rustaveli National Science Foundation in 2022, it is envisaged
the description and analysis of the language regulations of the
constitutions of the Transcaucasian Federation, Soviet Union,
Georgian SSR, Abkhazian ASSR.
The Constitution of the Transcaucasian Federal Republic
was adopted on December 13, 1922. It is known that the mentioned
political union operated until 1936, and accordingly, the countries
united in it were obliged to protect and fulfill various legal
requirements in the Constitution. An important place in the provisions of the key law is occupied by the separate articles
reflecting the use of languages, which describe in detail where
and how languages of the republic, state languages, languages
of national minorities, local/regional main languages, etc. should
be used.
The Constitution of the Transcaucasian Federation regulated
the following fields in terms of language use: 1. State institutions;
2. Departments of railways and highways; 3. Railway and
highway lines; 4. Army divisions and institutions. In order to better
control the linguistic environment of each of them, relevant
decrees and regulations were created, in which separate issues
of language functioning were described in detail. These documents
show that the Russian language was used in communication
between the highest governing bodies, all the main documents
were to be drawn up in this language only, and any economic,
technical and money-related information was to be written
in Russian only. To justify this fact, the legislators pointed
out that there was no suitable scientific-technical terminology
in the languages of the allied republics, so they had to use the
Russian language.
The languages of the Allied Republic (Georgian, Armenian
and Azerbaijani) and the languages of national minorities should
be used after Russian or together with Russian in communication
with local organizations, and not in the union.
The language regulations reflected in the Constitution of
the Transcaucasian Federation are a kind of illustration of the
Soviet language policy, according to which the Russian language
should be the dominant and leading language in all spheres of
the various allied republics and especially in their strategic objects