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On the Imperative Verb Forms in Prince Bagrat’s Cookery Book
No full textეძღვნება პროფესორ ფარნაოზ ერთელიშვილის დაბადებიდან მე-100 წლისთავს/ Dedicated to the 100th Birthday of Prof. Parnaoz ErtelishviliPrince Bagrat’s cookery book was published in the Georgian language in St. Petersburg
in 1818. This book, which is a collection of cooking recipes, embraces instructive texts. Since,
in the majority of cases, the directions of cooking express the action to be performed, the
text under analysis abounds in affirmative imperative forms of action verbs addressed to the
second person singular.
Taking into account the period in which the collection was published, it is not surprising
that the book contains diverse examples of language norms. This diversity is also notable in
the formation of the second person imperative. The text contains parallel forms peculiar of
both Old and New Georgian: unmarked and marked forms of the Simple Past, i.e. the forms
where the marker ი /i/ does not function (დააჭერ /daacher/– დააჭერი /daacheri/ (cut)).
Out of these forms, the unmarked forms are more dominant; forms with endings -ევ /-ev/
and -ე /-e/ (ჩააგდევ /chaagdev/ / ჩააგდე /chaagde/ (drop)); past forms with suffix -ივ /-iv/
(derived from the present tense suffix -ევ /-ev/ – ევ /ev/ > ივ /iv/); forms with both preserved
and lost ვ- /v/ (არჩევ /archev/ – დაარჩივე /daarchive/ / დაარჩიე /daarchie/ (sort out)).
Verbs with base-marker -ობ /-ob/, which have preserved the stem consonant ვ /v/ in the
New Georgian, are found in the text under analysis without the consonant ვ /v/ (აცხობ /
atskhob/ – გამოაცხე /gamoatskhe/ (bake), აწყობ /atskob/ – ჩააწყე /chaatske/ (put), cf.
New Georgian: აცხობ /atskhob/ – გამოაცხვე /gamoatskhve/ (bake), აწყობ /atskob/ – ჩა-
აწყვე /cahaatskve) (put). The subject and object person markers are used non-systematically
and excessively.
Almost all the recipes in Prince Bagrat’s collection are of the same structure and
usually start with the verb „მოიღე“ /moighe/ (take), which is always given in the singular
form like other instructive verbs. In Barbare Jorjadze’s cookery book, the texts of recipes start
in diverse ways, but the verb „მოღება“ /mogheba/ (take) is also frequent there. However,
in Jorjadze’s book, this verb is given in the plural form „მოიღეთ“ /moighet/ (take), and
is sometimes replaced by the verb „აიღეთ“ /aighet/ (take). Other imperative verbs in
Barbare Jorjadze’s book are also given in the plural form. The verb „მოღება“ /mogheba/
had numerous meanings in Old Georgian (bring, get, take, deprive of, take off/skim). In
contemporary Georgian, this verb is found only in set expressions: „ბოლოს მოღება“ /bolos
mogheba/ (to put an end to something) and „მოწყალების მოღება“ /motskalebis mogheba/
(give alms). In the culinary discourse of the 19th century, the verb მოღება /mogheba/ means
“to take”. Prince Bagrat’s collection of recipes was published 56 years later than Barbare
Jorjadze’s book. It is undoubtedly interesting to compare these books not only with reference
to the imperative forms but also in numerous other aspects, since they represent two important
sources of the linguocultural data of the 19th century
Economic policy to promote occupational safety in Georgia
No full text1. ოვსიანიკოვა ნ., არაბიძე ი., შრომის უსაფრთხოების პოლიტიკის ფორმირება ლატვიაში, ჟ.
„ეკონომიკა და ბიზნესი“, ტომი XI, N1 2019.
2. ოვსიანიკოვა ნ., არაბიძე ი., ძირითადი თეორიები სამუშაო ადგილზე უბედური შემთხვევების
გამომწვევ მიზეზებზე, ჟ. „ხელისუფლება და საზოგადოება“ თბილისი, საქართველო, 3(51)2019
3. საქართველოს კანონი შრომის უსაფრთხოების შესახებ. თბილისი, 2018
4. საქართველოს ოკუპირებული ტერიტორიებიდან დევნილთა, შრომის, ჯანმრთელობისა და
სოციალური დაცვის სამინისტროს შრომის პირობების ინსპექტირების დეპარტამენტის 2019 წლის
საქმიანობის ანგარიში, 2020.
5. Alcock, A. History of the International Labour Organization (London, 1971)
6. http://www.ilo.org" www.ilo.org International Labour Organization/შრომის საერთაშორისო
ორგანიზაცია)
7. https://www.moh.gov.ge/ka/news/ ბოლო ნახვა 20.01.2023/
8. https://matsne.gov.ge/ka/document/view/5512758?publication=0&fbclid=IwAR2Y1Fb3T5EDd1yTpMbn4UW2-
NmkENxVhTNuBPiIRtIItSdcHgK4epUZ4wMThe paper discusses the current situation in the field of occupational safety in Georgia. It is
mentioned that one of the main challenges is to provide safe working conditions at the workplaces.
In many cases, occupational safety affects people's lives. That is why both employees and employers
should pay a lot of attention to this direction. Even though employees in companies and offices are
responsible for accidents, the company still plays a crucial role in creating a safe working environment.
The Labor Inspectorate plays an important role in ensuring compliance with legislation on labor
rights and other issues related to labor activity, due to the importance of its commonly recognized
functions and the nature of the tasks entrusted to it.
The aim of the study is to evaluate the state occupational safety policy in Georgia and to search
for ways of its effective implementation.
Based on the identified challenges in the area of occupational safety and experiences abroad,
recommendations for the implementation of economic policy measures to promote occupational safety
were developed
Global causes of poverty and challenges for small open economies
No full text1. გერგედავა, მ. (2020). გლობალური უთანასწორობა ეკონომიკურ ჭრილში. https://sustainability.ge -
დან.
2. კაკულია, მ., კაპანაძე, ნ., ქურხული, ლ. (2017) ქრონიკული სიღარიბე და შემოსავლების უთანაბრობა
საქართველოში. ეკონომიკურ-სტატისტიკური გამოკვლევა. საქართველოს სტრატეგიისა და
საერთაშორისო ურთიერთობების კვლევის ფონდი. თბილისი.
3. საქართველოს სტატისტიკის ეროვნული სამსახური. მოძიებულია https://geostat.ge-დან.
4. Carmo, R.M., (2021). Social inequalities: theories, concepts and problematics. SN Social Science1:116.
Retrieved from: https://repositorio.iscte-iul.pt/bitstream/10071/22797/1/article_81783.pdf
5. Concern Worldwide, (2022). Retrieved from: https://www.concern.net/news/causes-of-poverty
6. Dean, J & Prydz, E. (2017). Societal poverty: a relative and relevant measure . Policy Research working paper;
no. WPS 8073, Washington, D.C. : World Bank Group.
7. Poverty Data Explorer of World Bank data. Retrieved from https://ourworldindata.org/
8. Roser, M. Global Economic Inequality. Retrieved from https://ourworldindata.org/global-economicinequality
9. Smith, H., Pettgrew, T., & Huo, I. (2020). Relative Deprivation Theory: Advances and Applications. In book:
Social Comparison, Judgment, and Behavior.
10. Social Programs That Work. Retrieved from https://evidencebasedprograms.org/
11. World Bank. (2022). Poverty. Retrieved from https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/povertySocial problems are diverse, but among them, poverty is perceived as particularly acute both
locally and globally. The causes and manifestations of poverty in a particular time and space are somewhat
different from each other. The work focuses on the global causes of poverty, which mainly
lead to economic inequality in the modern world. Because extreme poverty, unfortunately, is incurable
throughout the world. According to 2022 data, one in ten people live in extreme poverty because:
income is unevenly distributed and there are significant social barriers; Conflict and violence
most affect economically disadvantaged people; Hunger, malnutrition and stunting prevent normal
conditions in adulthood; The health system is failing, especially for mothers and children; there is no
clean water, sanitation and hygiene facilities; Climate change is an additional pressure; Educational
opportunities are limited; Poor infrastructure and basic services cannot (or will not) be received; Less
support from the state; It is difficult to find a job and a livelihood, and finally, there are no savings
(reserves) in this layer. The manifestation of these global causes is especially acute in economically
less developed countries that cannot provide internal resources to overcome the severity of the causes
of poverty, which requires targeted, systematic, systemic actions
Development trends of wine tourism in Kakheti region
No full text1. აბესაძე, ნ. აბესაძე,ო. ქინქლაძე რ, ჩიტალაზ ქ. (2021). ტურიზმის სტატისტიკა: მეთოდოლოგია და
პრაქტიკა. თბილისი.
2. ბაკურაძე, ნ. ვაწაძე,ი. (n.d.). ღვინის ტურიზმი, სალექციო კურსი. 2020.
3. დოხტურიშვილი, ნ. (2022). ღვინის ტურისტული პაკეტის მომხმარებელთა და ღვინის კომპანიების,
მარნების გამოკვლევა.
4. (n.d.). Retrieved from საქართველოს სტატისტიკის ეროვნული სამსახური
5. საქართველოს სტატისტიკის ეროვნული სამსახური. (n.d.).
6. საქართველოს სტატისტიკის ეროვნული სამსახური. (n.d.).
7. ხარბედია, მ. (2018). „ღვინის მეგზური“, პრაქტიკული სახელმძღვანელო.
8. საქართველოს კანონი ტურიზმისა და კურორტების შესახებ. საქართველოს პარლამენტის უწყებები
13-14 (45-46/13), 12/04/1997
9. ქართული ღვინის ასოციაცია http://gwa.ge/
10. ღვინის ეროვნული სააგენტო https://wine.gov.ge/
11. Abesadze, N. R. (2021). Impact Of Digital Technologies On The Development Of Wine Tourism In Georgia. .
(pp. 16-23). Brno: Brno University of Technology.
12. Kharaishvili,E., Wine Market and Competitive Models of Diversification of the Viticulture-Winemaking Industry in
Georgia . Monograph. 2017
13. https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/ancient-georgian-traditional-qvevri-wine-making-method-00870. (n.d.)Wine tourism is quite popular in Georgia, but the picture is differentiated according to individual
regions. But traditionally the Kakheti region is the unconditional leader in this segment of the market. The paper highlights the challenges facing wine tourism, identifies the problems, and
accordingly sets out the ways to solve them. Based on the analysis of the results of the conducted
research with statistical methods, the main trends of the development of wine tourism in the Kakheti
region have been identified, the sought-after and attractive locations have been determined, the geographic
structure of visitors has been studied, the cost structure has been analyzed, etc.
Conclusions and recommendations based on a selective survey of wine tourism consumers and
owners of wine companies and wineries will ultimately ensure the promotion of wine tourism both in
the country and abroad, resulting in increased tourist flows.
As research has shown, wine tourism in Kakheti is attractive to both international and domestic
visitors; 54% (169) of wine companies and wineries operating on the tourist market in the country are
located in Kakheti; International visitors to Kakheti mainly come from Russia, Germany, Poland and
Baltic countries; The interest of international tourists is mostly limited to visiting museum complexes,
tasting Georgian wine and visiting wineries; The average length of stay of international tourists in the
country is increasing. However, as our research has shown, when visiting Kakheti with wine tourism,
one-day tours predominate, and therefore the average length of stay in Kakheti is small; International
visitors spend more when visiting Kakheti than Georgian residents during domestic tourism; The
average amount of expenses incurred by domestic visitors is 100 GEL, while international visitors -
160 GEL; Telavi, Sagarejo, Gurjaani and Kvareli municipalities are the most sought after locations; The
most visited and attractive for both international and local visitors are Telavi wine cellar, Khareba
Winery of Kvareli, Kindzmarauli Winery of Kvareli, Tsinandli Manor, Inatre of Gurjaani, etc. Sh. According
to the respondents, one of the main indicators of increasing the promotion of wine tourism in
Kakheti is increasing the awareness of the population; It is important to calculate full-fledged, detailed
statistical indicators corresponding to the growth of tourist flows. Because the main indicators of
wine tourism statistics can be considered as the main catalyst for the rise of wine tourism in Kakheti
Where was Eustathius of Mtskheta Baptized: The Opinion of Ivane Javakhishvilis and Adolf von Harnack Regarding the Baptism of Eustathius of Mtskheta
Get PDFThere are a number of key issues in "Martyr of Eustathius of
Mtskheta" by an unknown author, about which there are differences
of opinion in the scientific space. Among them is the question
of when and where Eustathius of Mtskheta was baptized.
The text shows that Eustathius is being baptized twice: once in
Persia, once in Mtskheta. This contradiction became the source
of different views of scientists. According to Ivane Javakhishvili
and Adolf von Harnack, Eustathius of Mtskheta became a Christian
in Gandzak, Persia, so that he would have been recognized
not as a child of the Persian Church, but of the Church of Kartli,
this edition of the text was changed and baptism in Kartli was
added. According to Korneli Kekelidze, the double baptism mentioned
in the work is not contradictory. Eustathius of Mtskheta
converted to Christianity by faith, and formally became a Christian
in Mtskheta.
The double baptism of the proselyte hero called to "Martyr
of Eustathius of Mtskheta" is important both from the point of
view of the study of the work and the religious polemics in the
work. As is known, the first exegetical teachings in Georgian literature
are presented in "Martyr of Eustathius of Mtskheta".
In the report, we will talk about the views of foreign author
Ivane Javakhishvili and Adolf von Harnack regarding the place of
baptism of the proselyte hero in "Martyr of Eustathius of
Mtskheta"
On the Place of Address in Compound and Complex Sentences (on the example of Georgian proverbs)
Get PDFეძღვნება პროფესორ ფარნაოზ ერთელიშვილის დაბადებიდან მე-100 წლისთავს/ Dedicated to the 100th Birthday of Prof. Parnaoz ErtelishviliAs compared to simple sentences and sentences with multiple parts, the place of address
in compound and complex sentences is a specific linguistic phenomenon and should be
studied separately, because compound and complex sentences combine two or more simple
sentences or sentences with multiple parts. In such cases, we have to answer the following
question: which of the clauses does the address refer to?
In order to answer the above-mentioned question, we should identify the place of address
in compound and complex sentences. In this way, we will find out the following: Which
of the clauses does the address refer to? Is it semantically related to the entire compound or
complex sentence or only to the clause in which it is placed?
As forms of address are used in numerous proverbs, we have selected Georgian proverbs
as the empirical material for analysis.
With regard to the place of address in compound or complex sentences and identification
of its semantic relation with the components of such sentences, we have distinguished the
following cases:
1. The address is placed in a certain part of a compound or complex sentence and at the
same time forms a semantic relationship with other parts. For instance, a compound
sentence:
ცეცხლო, ახლოს ხელი დამწვი, შორს გივლი − გული მტკივაო.
tsetsxlo, axlos xeli damts’vi, shors givli – guli mt’ki’vao.
“Fire, when I am near you, you burn my hand, and when I am far from you, my heart
aches”;
A complex sentence:
სიძევ, რაც გვიან-გვიან მოხვალ, უფრო შეგვიყვარდებიო.
sidzev, rats gvian-gvian moxval, upro shegviq’vardebio.
“Son-in-law, the later you arrive, the more we will love you”;
2. Each of the clauses contains a form of address, for instance, a compound sentence:
ბერო, მადლი წაგიწყდა და, მონაზონო, სალოცავიო.
bero, madli ts’agits’q’da da, monazono, salotsavio.
“Monk, your grace is depraved and, nun, your shrine is depraved too”;
3. The address is given in one clause only and does not form a semantic relationship
with any other clause:
• A compound sentence:
ყველა ჩირი მიჭამია, შენ რაღა ხარ, ლეღვის ჩირო?
q’vela chiri mich’amia, shen raγa xar, leγvis chiro?
“I have tasted all kinds of dried fruit; why can’t I taste you, dried fig?
• In a complex sentence, the address is given in the main clause, forms its
semantic component, and is not related to the subordinate clause:
კარგი ხარ, კარის მამულო, რომ არა გჭამდეს მამალი.
k’argi xar, k’aris mamulo, rom ara gch’amdes mamali.
"You are good, estate, if you don't get eaten by a rooster".
The paper has been implemented within the framework of a project “Information
Structure and the Hypotactic Patterns of Kartvelian Languages”, FR-21-352, financed by
Shota Rustaveli National Science Foundation
The Peculiarities of the Auxiliary Morphs in Arabic Morphology
Get PDFThe specificity of the peculiar auxiliary morph – transfix,
which is a commonplace in Semitic languages is well known in
the scholarly literature. It consists of vocals only and splits the
root morph comprising of common consonants, and contrasts with other gramemes of the category with its number of vocals
and quality.
Transfix - internal vocalism - in Arabic morphology, sometimes
the consonant together with the composition root also acts
as the root morph in a certain number of nouns and verbs and
serves to differentiate the semantic content. Arab grammarians
have happened to detect the polysemy of individual segments
of morphemes as well.
It should be noted that according to the modern linguistic
mindset, despite their large number, segmentation into separate
indicators is an important task.
In general, several principles may contribute to determining
the multifaceted morphological functions of phonemes:
5. A morpheme may be either divided or not divided.
6. It is univocal or polysemous.
7. It is included only in the auxiliary, if also in the root
morph.
8. It is either included or not included as a segment in a
morph.
The said method is well suited to the complex type of Arabic
morphology, given that it was originally developed for the
study of Eastern languages (Thai, Indonesian) per se. Its application
may become the basis for an adequate definition of the
complex type of Arabic morphology
Rennet, Cheese – Two Lexemes-Terms with Similar Motivation
Get PDFParticipation of the units of the lexical fund of the literary langua-ge in the creation of terminological systems is a universal phenomenon. Naturally, a large portion of Georgian everyday vocabulary related to food has formed part of the terms of gastronomy as a specialized field. Migration of words from everyday vocabulary to the terminological system is often accompanied by the change of meaning, extension/ restriction or another kind of development of meaning.
The two lexical units analyzed in the article – rennet and cheese – are transferred from one system into another without any change in their function and meaning. Rennet is a more transparent lexeme because the Georgian word for rennet „კვეთი“ /kveti/ is related to the verb „კვეთა“ /kveta/ (dissect). Any speaker of Georgian will notice this semantic connection if he/she has observed the process of cheese-making. Rennet is used to dissect milk or make it sour (cf. კვეთა (dissect) – ჭრა /chra/ (cut) – აჭრა /achra/ (make sour) – destroy the integrity of something). Thus, „კვეთი“ /kveti/ is a substantivized participle: კვეთი მ-კვეთ-ი – ‘something which dissects’, motivated by the technological process of producing cheese from milk. The technological process also forms grounds for the name of the obtained product – ყველი /kveli/ (cheese). It is related to the verb “push through”, which in Old Georgian meant ‘to join, curdle, solidate’.
The stems from which the words კვეთი /kveti/ rennet and ყველი /kveli/ cheese are derived were კუეთ /kuet/ and ყოფ /kop/. In Old Georgian, these stems had labile semantics: both of them embraced opposite meanings ‘to divide’ and ‘to join’. Taking into account the denotational function of the word კვეთი /kveti/ (rennet), we can assume that it combines the semantics of both division and joining, whereas the word ყველი /kveli/ (cheese) denoted ‘to join, to solidate’.
Thus, კვეთი /kveti/ (rennet) and ყველი /kveli/ (cheese) are lexemes-terms of similar motivation: the first performs the function of a subjective participle, whereas the second performs the function of the objective participle. Taking into account the unstable semantics of their initial stems, we can argue that the meaning of both lexemes is ‘to curdle’, and the relation between the two is that of the curdler and the curdled
The necessity of fiscal consolidation and current challenges in Georgia in post pandemic period
No full text1. პაპავა ვ., სილაგაძე ა., (2019). ერთი საკვანძო ეკონომიკური ტერმინის – “Gross Domestic Product”-
ის ქართული სახელწოდების შესახებ. ეკონომიკა და ბიზნესი 2019(1): 180-182.
http://dspace.tsu.ge/xmlui/handle/123456789/344
2. Abdieva, R., Baigonushova, D., & Ganiev, J. (2017). Relationship Between Government Expenditure and
Economic Growth in Transition Countries: Case of Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan. Bilig 83: 241–258.
https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/bilig/issue/42612/519389
3. Bedianashvili, G. (2021). Macroeconomic and Cultural Determinants of the COVID-19 Pandemic Crisis.
Bulletin of the Georgian National Academy of Sciences.15(2),191-197.
4. Gurgul, H., Lach, L., & Mestel, R. (2012). The Relationship Between Budgetary Expenditure and Economic
Growth in Poland. Central European Journal of Operations Research 20(1): 161–182.
https://ideas.repec.org/a/spr/cejnor/v20y2012i1p161-182.html
5. Lingxiao, W. A. N. G., Peculea, A. D., & Xu, H. (2016). The Relationship Between Public Expenditure and
Economic Growth in Romania: Does it Obey Wagner’s or Keynes’s Law? Theoretical & Applied Economics
23(3): 41-52. https://ideas.repec.org/a/agr/journl/vxxiiiy2016i3(608)p41-52.html
6. Loizides, J., & Vamvoukas, G. (2005). Government Expenditure and Economic Growth: Evidence from
Trivariate Causality Testing. Journal of Applied Economics 8(1): 125–152.
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ფასებში. ხელმისაწვდომია ელ-მისამართზე:
https://www.geostat.ge/ka/modules/categories/23/mtliani-shida-produkti-mshp , ბოლოს შესვლის
თარიღი: 26 იანვარი, 2023
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ხელმისაწვდომია ელ-მისამართზე: https://www.mof.ge/4566 , ბოლოს შესვლის თარიღი: 26
იანვარი, 2023After increasing fiscal deficit during Covid-19 pandemic, due to higher social spending and lower
budget revenues, fiscal consolidation is crucial in the post-pandemic period, which means fiscal
policy tightening. The current challenges come from the organic law, that increase of taxes is possible
only after the referendum. So, this instrument does not make fiscal policy flexible and attention
goes to the expenditures. Besides, consolidation through current spending supports economic
growth, while reduction of capital spending might obstruct growth
Technological opportunities: past experiences and current challenges
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