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Plural Forms with -თ /-t/ suffix in the Contemporary Literary Georgian Language
Get PDFIt is well known that in modern Georgian the formation of plural with -თ /t/ and -ნ /n/ suffixes is quite restricted. Unlike the widespread formation of the plural number with the suffix –ებ /eb/, plural number formed by means of თ /t/ suffix is rare and, as is noted in scholarly literature, it chiefly bears a stylistic function.
In the grammar books focusing on the contemporary Georgian language, two case forms are represented with the suffix -ნ /n/ and three – with the suffix -თ /t/:
nominative კაც-ნ-ი
ergative კაცთ(ა)
dative კაცთ(ა)
genitive კაცთ(ა)
instrumental –
adverbial –
vocative კაც-ნ-ო
The paper focuses on the plural forms with suffix -თ /t/. It is interesting to consider their frequency in three cases (ergative, dative and genitive). Hence, the paper aims to find out whether these plural forms are actively used in the contemporary Georgian language.
The analysis is based on the data of the National (namely, referential) corpus of the Georgian language. MA students of the Faculty of Humanities of Tbilisi State University – Mariam Goguadze, Nino Vekua, Nino Kirkitadze, Lela Mamuladze and Karina Janjghava took part in the collection of the material.
The analysis of the material has yielded the following outcomes: in the contemporary literary Georgian, plural forms with the suffix -თ /t/ are mostly found in the genitive case forms. They are rare in the dative and even more scarce in the ergative.
In our opinion, such plural forms in the ergative case no longer represent the data of the Georgian language. Hence, they should be viewed as archaic.
All the above mentioned raises the issue of the change in the paradigm: when describing the contemporary Georgian language, forms with the suffix -თ /t/ should be given only in two cases (dative and genitive) and omitted in the ergative case. Thus, the paradigm should be as follows:
nominative კაც-ნ-ი
ergative –
dative კაცთ(ა)
genitive კაცთ(ა)
instrumental –
adverbial –
vocative კაც-ნ-ო
As for the forms used in fiction literature, they should be considered as archaisms performing a specific stylistic function
Global economic dangers and their impact on national economic security
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57. ცქუფურიშვილი ნათია. ნენსკრა ჰესის მშენებლობა უნდა დაჩქარდეს – ღარიბაშვილი. 17.11.2022. – ელექტრონული რესურსი: https://netgazeti.ge/business/640666/The purpose of this work was to identify economic dangers that arise during the devel-opment of the last stage of globalization (hyperglobalization) and necessitate the transition to a new stage of globalization, as well as to determine, to the extent possible, the impact of these dangers on the country's national economic security. Before moving on to solving this problem, the work first studied the general structural problems of the processes of development of glob-alizations of recent periods in order to identify and systematize the structures of world and state influence and business coordination on the processes of development of globalizations.
Therefore, in the first subsection of the first chapter of the work, structural elements (at-tributes, categories, tools, mechanisms, etc.) that ensure the course and development of global-izations are identified (and some of them were introduced by me), systematized and character-ized. Among the many of these attributes are considered: Orders (Rosicrucians, Jesuits); elites; Phoenicians (i.e. Puns, Jews, Israelites, which in the sense of nationality is one and the same); historical projects that change the course of history and the nature of social relations; financial centers of global importance; good puns and pun vampires. Further, in the processes of globali-zation, such categories as spirituality, provoking hysteria, operations to replace the elites, priest bandits (or, what is the same, the hounds of God), “poborniks”, “bidlo” are more important. The attributes of globalization are also the media, secret intelligence networks, secret infor-mation networks. The second subsection of the first chapter discusses the relationship between such concepts as pun-vampires, the hounds of God and the canine elite in the processes of re-placing elites or “enclosure”. The second subsection of the first chapter examines the relation-ship between such concepts as pun-vampires, God hounds and canine elite in the processes of elite replacement or "enclosure". A number of examples of fencing in different globalization periods are considered. Particular attention is paid to the planting of the obscurantist inquisito-rial system in the territory of the Russian Federation. In this regard, the views of Francois Ma-rie Voltaire, who actively fought against religious fanaticism and obscurantism back in the 18th century, are given. One of the ways to prepare for replacement in the process of fencing the elite with pun-vampires is to shoot or otherwise kill members of the current elite and even kill ordinary smart people (including children) who support the existing elite or even simply “think wrong” as they should. This subsection provides examples of such actions from the history of the Soviet Union, both well-known and from personal experience.
In the second chapter of the work, a consistent overview of the main globalizations of various historical eras is carried out, if necessary, with a brief description of the state of the level of economic and humanitarian development in them. The following stages of globaliza-tion can be distinguished: 1. Prehistoric globalization - the penetration of man from Africa and Eurasia into America, Australia and Oceania; 2. The first historical globalization - the spread of the Phoenicians through the organization of trading colonies (Carthage, Southern Spain, some islands in the Mediterranean Sea, possibly to other areas); 3. Globalization under Alexander the Great - the spread of ideas, representatives and technologies of high Hellenic civilization over a vast area from Egypt to India and Central Asia; 4. Formation of the Roman Empire, based on the achievements of the Hellenic culture with their specific development; 5. Phoenician (Punian) revenge after the defeats in the Punic wars with Rome - the development of a mystical falsified history and theory of the Christian religion (reflected in the Bible) and the distribution of Pun-vampires with these attributes to various countries of the Roman Empire, after which the gradual collapse of the Roman Empire began, the processes of creative creation throughout Europe and Asia Minor were replaced by forcing people to constant prayers and planting the “fear of God” - the so-called “dark ages” came; 6. Globalization of the Renaissance and subse-quent centuries - The work describes the motives that caused the beginning of the Renaissance, the role of the Medici banking house in the organization of the Renaissance. It is shown that the greatest success in the development of industry was achieved by those countries where the bourgeoisie began to play a large role in the ruling elite. The problems of the development of industry and the parallel processes of enclosing in England, which in the 16th century was ahead of all other countries in the development of industry, are discussed. This stage of global-ization saw the colonization of the Americas, and in some of the countries that emerged there, mainly the United States, the later stages of this stage saw a boom in industry. 7. The next stage of globalization is associated with world wars for the redivision of the world, revolutions (the largest in the Russian Empire), as well as with national liberation movements. Many coun-tries, including very large ones (India, Pakistan, Indonesia) have freed themselves from coloni-al dependence. All these events, of course, had an economic background. 8. Finally, since the 1990s, after the end of the Cold War, a new period of globalization began, which some schol-ars call hyperglobalization. During this period, the post-socialist countries began the transition to a market economy, which allowed them to establish links with the rest of the world econo-my. International, in particular, trade relations have strengthened. However, after the global financial crisis of 2007-2008, "hyperglobalization began to retreat", in particular, global pro-duction chains and the volume of international capital flows stopped growing. And now there is a question of creating an "improved form of globalization."
With special attention, the work examines the processes that took place during the sev-enth and eighth globalization stages in the space of the Russian Empire, the national elite of which resisted its replacement with particular persistence, and only under Gorbachev and Yelt-sin was it possible to replace it with the Punic elite (if you count the dollar billionaires, V.V. Putin and his ministers, etc. by the elite). All dollar billionaires are Poons, that is, Jews. And not all of them are pun-vampires, some of them, on the contrary, are good puns.
The third chapter identifies the main economic dangers characteristic of the recently ended period of hyperglobalization. First of all, the views of foreign scientists are considered, who identify the reasons due to which hyperglobalization has ended. Then the reasons that led to the completion of hyperglobalization are systematically identified. There are not so many of them: 1. The current model of the economy is outdated, which needs to be revised in order to move to the next stage of globalization; 2. A consumer model of the economy was implement-ed in the context of an aggravating shortage of resources on the principle of "market first"; 3. TNCs are trying to destroy competing industries, i.e., industries that do not belong to them; 4. The international movement of excess money capital according to the rules of hyperglobalization in some cases causes problems for the recipient countries; 5. One of the main dangers of hyperglobalization is the decrease in the percentage of employed people for a number of reasons; 6. Loss of sufficient viability of the traditional model of capitalism; and etc.
The fourth chapter establishes the impact of some of the dangers characteristic of hyperglobalization on the economic development of Georgia: 1. Difficulty and even impossi-bility under the conditions of the rules of hyperglobalization to achieve energy independence of the country; 2. The appearance in Georgia of various global hyper and supermarkets, due to the activities of which the country's external debt increases faster; 3. As a result of the stagflationary processes caused by hyper-globalization, many workers previously employed in Europe were forced to return to Georgia; 4. And of course, the problem of global inflation has not bypassed Georgia either
Shared residences for internally displaced persons from Abkhazia as a social boundary in Tbilisi
Get PDFThe presentation views the shared residences of displaced
people as a social divide, a boundary with the rest of society.
Despite the fact that the Abkhazia war took place over 30 years
ago, the housing crisis for those who were displaced persists. Some
of them continue to live in shared residences. The hotels operating
in the Soviet era became symbols of the traumas caused
by the loss of native homes. In the post-Soviet period, the spaces
associated with the Soviet luxury, in the form of hotels, were connected
to the theme of conflicts and IDPs. To discuss these issues, I will consider the Hotel “Sakartvelo”,
which is located in the most prestigious and convenient area
of the capital. A certain part of the population displaced from
Abkhazia still lives in the Hotel Sakartvelo. The Hotel “Sakartvelo”
enjoys a kind of “elite” status for the residents of Tbilisi and the
displaced population. Its elitism is determined by several factors,
one of which is that getting here required certain resources and a
circle of acquaintances. Second, it is the previous life experience
of the displaced people from Abkhazia, which distinguishes them
from the intellectual point of view.
IDPs from Abkhazia attempt to avoid attracting attention and
avoid interaction with the media as much as they can in light of
their tragic experiences. They make every effort to keep their hotel
existence as discreet and unnoticeable to the city as possible.
The Hotel Sakartvelo's structure is now considered a historical
monument. The building has a lot of business interest. Numerous
attempts to remove the IDPs from this building ended in vain precisely
because of its “elitism”. The formal owners of the building
oppress the IDPs living there as much as possible, not giving
them the opportunity to make repairs. They did not allow the replacement
of sewage pipes and the introduction of natural gas,
due to the fact that the building has the status of a monument.
Because of this, their daily life is becoming more and more unbearable.
Some of those who have a certain income and livelihood
are moving to a rented apartment, because living in a hotel has
become more expensive and inconvenient. Based on interviews
with its tenants and societal attitudes towards IDPs, I will talk
about the Hotel “Sakartvelo” as a residence for them that has distinct
social, cultural, and economic limitations.
On the example of the Hotel Sakartvelo as an IDP residency, I
will address the peculiarities of social boundaries for the displaced
population and what kind of reality the hotel's location and
status generate
Ilia Chavchavadze: National Figure in the Controversial Public Discourses
Get PDFAlmost all parts of Georgian society view Ilia Chavchavadze
(1837-1907) as a national figure. There is a lot of discussion regarding
his legacy in both intellectual and popular circles. The
groups, for whom Ilia is a cult figure, have completely different
views on such important issues for the state of Georgia like the
forms of nation building, models and directions of community
development, foreign policy and others. Chavchavadze's image
is frequently used to support different discourses on national
identity. For some, Ilia represents traditional, conservative values;
for others, he is the primary representation of Georgia's European
identity. There are also those, for whom he is the architect
of the Georgian nation's secularism, and those, for whom he
is Saint Ilia the Righteous, who has been canonized by the
Orthodox Church.
The paper intends to examine Ilia Chavchavadze as a national
hero, who is simultaneously the unquestionable leader of
the pantheon of Georgian heroes with a widely accepted positive
image and one of the most malleable names in Georgian history.
Political or public movements, and the leaders of those
movements, find "owning“ Ilia Chavchavadze as a hero, positioning
themselves as those who champion his ideas, and speaking
on behalf of Ilia to be particularly alluring. The figure of Ilia Chavchavadze is an "empty signifier," to use Ernesto Laclau's
term, into which everyone inserts his or her desired content. The
research topic is relevant because different perspectives and
conflicting discourses on Ilia Chavchavadze have a big impact
on contradictory political and social processes. Despite the
abundance of materials related to Ilia Chavchavadze already in
existence, hardly any works can be found in which the issue is
investigated from a similar perspective
საიუბილეო კრებული
No full textწიგნი ეძღვნება თანამედროვე ქართული სამართლის ღირსეულ წარმომადგენელს, ღვაწლმოსილ პროფესორ ბესარიონ ზოიძის70 წლის იუბილეს. ამ წიგნში, მისდამიპატივისცემის გამოსახატავად ქართველი და უცხოელი მეცნიერები, მოსწავლეები და მეგობრები უძღვნიან მას მოკრძალებულ საიუბილეოკრებულს, რომელშიც მკითხველი გაეცნობა კერძო და საჯარო სამართლის თანამედროვე ტენდენციების ამსახველ საინტერესო კვლევებს
Study of married women's attitude towards retirement age
Get PDF1] Kharadze, Natalia; Gulua, Ekaterine. (2017). Time Management Peculiarities Based on Gender. I International Scientific and Practical Conference: Forsight-management: best world practice of development and integration of education, science and business (pp. 39-42). Kyiv-Tbilisi: Vyshemyrkyi.
[2] Kharadze, N., & Gulua, E. (2018). Personal Development Peculiarities on Gender Perspective in Georgia. European Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies, p. 111-123.
[3] Paichadze, N., Kharadze, N., Giorgobani, M., & Nikvashvili, M. (2019). Career Management Trends in Terms of Gender. European Journal of Economics and Business Studies.
[4] Kharadze, N., & Pirtskhalaishvili, D. (2022). CHALLENGES OF ACADEMIC PERSONNEL OF RETIREMENT AGE IN TERMS OF GENDER. Global challenges of economy and business and sustainable development (pp. 36-37). Batumi: Batumi Shota Rustaveli State University.
[5] Nugzar , P., Kharadze, N., Paresashvili, N., & Pirtskhalaishvili, D. (2019). CAREER MANAGEMENT ANALYSIS IN TERMS OF AGE. Globalization & Business.
[6] Women's Institute For A Secure Retirement (WISER). (2019, November). wiserwomen.org. Retrieved from https://wiserwomen.org/fact-sheets/women-retirement-the-facts-and-statistics/wisers-top-5-retirement-challenges-for-women/
[7] Lalive, R., & Staubli, S. (2015). How Does Raising Women’s Full Retirement Age Affect Labor. 39.
[8] Ha, N. T. (2019, June 6). www.ilo.org. Retrieved from https://www.ilo.org/asia/media-centre/articles/WCMS_709347/lang--en/index.htm
[9] Luigi, N. D., Rizza, R., & Santangelo, F. (2021). Women and Pensions in Italy: Gender Imbalances and the Equalization of Retirement Age. Front. Sociol. 6.
[10] Ramishvili, B., Kharadze, N., & Pirtskhalaishvili, D. (2022). ANALYSIS OF SOCIO-ECONOMIC BASES OF DETERMINING FAIR SALARY IN GEORGIA. INNOVATIVE ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT, 57-67.Women in Georgia have traditionally been perceived as the main driving force in raising children and doing household chores. The existence of Georgia under Russian influence contributed significantly to the strengthening of the mentioned stereotypes. The article discusses research related to women's attitudes toward retirement-age challenges. We presume that a woman in her retirement years devotes most of her leisure time to caring for her family. That is why comparing the characteristics of women with various marital statuses seemed interesting to us. The research was conducted in the leading universities of Georgia. 630 respondents were surveyed. In accordance with the purpose of our study, we selected female respondents (453). During the research, we formulated the following hypotheses: H1: Women's marital status plays a significant role in the fear of job loss; H2: Women's fear of losing their job at retirement age is affected by whether they have children. Along with this, the article discusses the factors that influence the attitude of women toward retirement age. The mentioned issues include the purchase of high-quality products, fear of maintaining health, travel, inability to help relatives, and psychological stress due to separation from the work environment. The SPSS statistical software package was used to process the obtained results. As a result, essential recommendations were developed to help female respondents face the retirement age with dignity
Writer, Character and the Alternation of Person Forms of the Verb
Get PDFAccording to the grammar rules, the 1st and 2nd persons are linked to the same conversational space (here), whereas the 3rd person is associated with a different one (there).
As is known, the type of narration space with no writer/narrator present is referred to as the third person narrative. In cases when the writer/ narrator is part of the character space described, two subtypes can be differentiated: (a) the narrator is a character (as it is in K.Gamsakhurdia’s The Smile of Dionysius; (b) the narrator is not a character ( as it is in G. Tabidze’s poem The Grave-Digger). However, there is one more mixed variant: initially, the narrator describes the third person space, then s/he decides to ‘enter’ this space as a character; as a result, the third person character turns into the second person one and the 3rd person narrative transforms into the first person narrative. Later, the narrator ‘leaves’ the narrative space and the situation is reversed. This technique aims at making the narrative sound more convincing (this is the case in K. Gamsakhurdia’s Stolen Moon).
M. Javakhishvili suggests different variations of the mixed variant in question: (a) in his works the narrator does not turn into a character, however, he comments on a particular situation, showing its intensity; (b) the narrator appears next to certain characters supporting or encouraging them thus turning them into the 2nd person characters.
This alternation in the narrative techniques is interestingly realized in the works of the unjustly forgotten writer Basil Melikishvili (1904-1930). Unlike M. Javakhishvili’s works where the mixed variant mentioned above is episodically evidenced, in B. Melikishvili’s works it is of systematic nature. Melikishvili starts his narrative in the 3rd person, however, throughout the narration the narrative type undergoes different changes.
The acuteness of a particular situation and a character type determine the peculiarities of the narrator’s perspective. The alternation of person forms of the verb gives the reader some additional information on the writer’s attitudes towards his characters
Conceptual Metaphors and Metonymies in “Coraline” by N. Gaiman
Get PDFhttps://doi.org/10.52340/PUTK.2023.2346-8149.03This research embraces conceptual metaphors and metonymies in Neil Gaiman’s book “Coraline”. The theoretical framework of the article is based on the Conceptual Metaphor Theory (CMT) by Lakoff and Johnson (1980), and the Contemporary Theory of Metaphor by Lakoff (1993). The article employs the qualitative method of analysis: the metaphoric and metonymic linguistic expressions from the book have been selected and grouped according to their corresponding cognitive metaphors and conceptual metonymies. Thus, the research aims to identify and analyze these linguistic expressions and their conceptual metaphors and metonymies, identify their significance and relation to the plot, and the function of universal and cultural-specific metaphors
The Main Kinds of Qualifications in the Georgian Explanatory Dictionary and in the Georgian-German Dictionary
No full textეძღვნება პროფესორ ფარნაოზ ერთელიშვილის დაბადებიდან მე-100 წლისთავს/ Dedicated to the 100th Birthday of Prof. Parnaoz ErtelishviliThe main types of qualification traditionally established and used in the Georgian
lexicography are discussed in the given work. They namely are as follows: the period,
place and branch of usage of the lexical units, their emotional coloring and corresponding
stylistic characteristics; also, the qualification of the lexical units and lexicographic means of
presenting them in the Georgian Language Explanatory Dictionary as well as in the Bilingual
Georgian-German Dictionary.
There are several words in the lexis of any language, differing in emotional coloring,
alongside with the neutral lexis. Some lexical units are usable only in the language of poetry,
others in colloquial speech, or only in the official speech e.g., Georgian word loqha ‘cheek’
and tuchebi – ‘lips’ are neutral common words but the words ghatsvi and bageebi (in the
same meaning as above) are used only in poetic style.
The destination of any kind of dictionaries, besides giving the phonetic, grammatical
and semantic characteristics of words, is to deliver full information about their emotionalexpressive
coloring.
According the special literature, the references of the word-entry include four groups of
qualification: time, style, place and branch qualifications (Margalitadze, 2019:30-31). But
it should be noted that such kinds of qualifications cannot be protected from the subjective
approach (Duden, Deutsches Universalwörterbuch), because it is well known that the lexis
which is absolutely normal and neutral for one person can be offensive or unbearable for others
or simply incomprehensible, for example, it can be understood as poetic, archaic, sometimes
even mocking, rude and many other types. This is approved by means of comparison of the
different dictionaries data.
Emotional lexis expresses positive attitudes (courtesy, respect, caress, humor) or
negative ones such as mocking, disrespect, irony, diminution. Different stylistic coloring of
the words are reflected in the first volume of the Explanatory Dictionary of the Georgian
Language (1950) where along with the word explanations, the sphere of their distribution is
pointed out (such as: science, technical sphere, or something else), period of usage (new, old,
Soviet period, neologism) and geographical area of usage (from which dialect) are also used
to underline the character of the words.
The words carrying emotional-stylistic coloring are the words of caressing, diminutive
words, ironic words, euphemisms, polite words, diminutive, diminutive-caressing, coarse
words, or respectful words, there we have also colloquial, bookish and other kinds of
words. This principle is carried out through all of the eight volumes of the abovementioned
Explanatory Dictionary and the same principle is also preserved in the new edition of the
mentioned dictionary.
For the history of the Georgian lexicography the translating dictionaries are also of great
importance, namely, Georgian-German dictionary edited in Zurich (1960-1976) (compiled by
Kita Tschenkéli) in which the corresponding qualifications are represented in German as it
was aimed for the German speaking users (see. Tschenkéli, 1960-1974).
The place qualifications include the areas of distribution of dialectic lexis: dialectic, such
as Imeretian, Gurian, Mokhevian, Kartli, Kakheti, Khevsurian and many other peculiarities of
the Georgian language and its numerous dialects. According the time qualifications, the most numerous large archaic layer (about 5.850
words) are met not only in historical materials and other kinds of the old texts but the new
modern lexis is also represented and this data is very interesting.
There are also quite many words from the branch qualifications, for example, the terms
of such branches as botany, zoology, medicine, economy, physics, chemistry and others.
The stylistic qualifications are of special interest in the meaning of stylistic and emotional
– expressive coloring of the lexical units: poetic and sublime, euphemistic, colloquial,
figurative, familiar, disrespectful, humiliating and many others which are derived by means
of Georgian suffixes: -a, -una, -ura, -uka, -ukela, -ana).
In general, it is difficult to find the exact corresponding translation for the words of stylistic
coloring in the bilingual dictionaries. In the case of archaic words, it is even not as necessary,
because to explain the semantics of the archaic words it can be impossible to select the needed old
linguistic correspondences. Right explanation of the semantics is quite enough if it is well done.
Observing carefully the dictionary compiled by K. Tschenkéli, it can be concluded
that the main reliable source for the author of the dictionary was the Explanatory Dictionary
of the Georgian Language and the qualifications which are used in its contents.
We can see in the Georgian-German Dictionary compiled by R. Zekalashvili, edited in
2009 (and the second edition in 2015), that it is mainly focused on Georgian-speaking users
and the stylistic level of emotional coloring of the main words are given in Georgian such as:
elevated (amagh.), colloquial (saub.), also official (of.) and so on. In case the German equivalent
word is of different stylistic coloring, the information is pointes by means of rounded brackets.
Discussion of the above mentioned dictionaries once again confirms that it is of great
importance to denote emotional and stylistic characteristic features in order to underline the of
the lexical units. This helps the users of the dictionaries to use the words correctly
Contemporary challenges of innovative development
No full text1. Балабанова Н.В. Мировой опыт государственного регулирования инновационных процессов. 2012.
https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/mirovoy-opyt-gosudarstvennogoregulirovaniya-innovatsionnyhprotsessov/
viewer
2. Богачев Ю.С., Киселев В.Н. Механизмы стимулирования, под держки и развития инновационной
деятельности. ж. „Экономика и управление“. 3, 2015.
3. Воронецкая Л. Г. Зарубежный опыт стимулирования инновационного предпринимательства.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/335928177 175
4. Жигайло В.В. Зарубежный опыт развития инновационной деятельности.
https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/zarubezhnyy-opyt-razvitiya-innovatsionnoy-deyatelnosti
5. Климова Н.В., Ларина Н.В. Зарубежный опыт стимулирования инновационной деятельности в
промышленном секторе. Журнал- Фундаментальные исследования. – 2014. – № 6 (часть 7) – С. 1442-
1446.
6. Текенов У.А., Дауренбекова А.Н., Текенов А.У. Зарубежный опыт регулирования инновационных
процессов и его адаптация в условиях казахстанской экономики. ж. Вестник КазЭУ. Алматы. 2016.
7. აღმოსავლეთ პარტნიორობის ქვეყნები, 2016.
https://www.oecd.org/eurasia/competitivenessprogramme/eastern-partners/Georgia_GEO%20(2).pdf 7.
საქართველო ინოვაციების გლობალურ ინდექსში. IDFI - ინფორმაციის თავისუფლების
განვითარების ინსტიტუტი. https://idfi.ge/ge/georgia_in_the_global_innovation_indexInnovative development has become a necessary challenge in the conditions of modern globalization.
In developed countries, state support for stimulating innovative activities is very relevant.
The experience of foreign countries allows us to determine the general characteristics of innovative
development, including the role of knowledge and information technology, the existence of a developed
innovative infrastructure, state stimulation and support of innovative activities, creation of a favorable
innovation environment, existence of a network of large corporations and small forms, innovative
entrepreneurship.
The article discusses the experience of developed countries in terms of innovative development
and the forms and methods of state support