Dspace, Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University
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Georgian Supra in Anthropological Encyclopaedias
No full textსტატიაში მოცემულია ინგლისურენოვან ანთროპოლოგიურ ენციკლოპედიებში, კერძოდ ანთროპოლოგიის ღია ენციკლოპედიასა (2016) და არაფორმალურობის გლობალურ ენციკლოპედიაში (2018) ქართული სუფრის დახასიათებათა ანალიზი.
ანთროპოლოგიური ღია ენციკლოპედიის (Open Encyclopedia of Anthropology) სტატიაში „ნადიმობა“ ქლო ნაჰუმ-კლოდელი ქართულ სუფრას ახასიათებს როგორც ავტორიტარულ და გენდერულად მადისკრიმინირებელ ტრადიციას. აქ გვიანი საბჭოთა პერიოდის სუფრა აღიწერება, როგორც მხოლოდ მამაკაცების ნადიმი, რომლის დროს ქალები ამზადებენ საკვებს, ფეხზე მდგომნი ემსახურებიან, მაგრამ არასოდეს არ ხდება პირიქით, კაცები რომ ქალებს ემსახურებოდნენ.
არაფორმალური პრაქტიკების გლობალური ენციკლოპედიის (The Global Encyclopedia of In- formality) სპეციალურ ქვეთავში “ Sadgerdgzelo” ფლორიან მიულფრიდი განიხილავს ქართულ სუფრას, როგორც მრავალსადღეგრძელოიან ცერემონიას და ახასიათებს როგორც მე-19 საუკუნის პროდუქტს, რუსული კულტურიდან ნასესხებ ტრადიციას. სტატიის მიხედვით ქართული სუფრა განსაკუთრებულ პოპულარობას იძენს გვიანი სოციალიზმის პერიოდის საქართველოში. მიულფრიდი სადღეგრძელოს თანამედროვე საქართველოში უკვე მავნე ჩვეულებებთან ასოცირებულად მიიჩნევს. ქართული სუფრის ასეთი დახასიათება, ერთის მხრივ ეწინააღმდეგება სუფრის ტრადიციის შესახებ ისტორიულ წყაროებში არსებულ ცნობებს დაწყებული მე-17 საუკუნიდან. მეორეს მხრივ წინააღმდეგობაში მოდის ეროვნულ იდენტობასთან, რადგან ქართული სუფრა 2017 წლიდან დასახელებულია როგორც ეროვნული სულიერი მემკვიდრეობის არამატერიალური ძეგლი, რომელიც მრავალსაუკუნოვან ტრადიციად განიხილება. ის ქართველი ხალხის მიერ მიიჩნევა სოციალური ურთიერთობების კულტურულ სივრცედ, რომლის გარეშეც შეუძლებელი გახდებოდა ქართველი ერის ნაციონალური იდენტობის შენარჩუნება.
ორივე პუბლიკაციაში მოყვანილი მასალები ქართული სუფრის შესახებ ეყრდნობა ფლორიან მიულფრიდის და პოლ მანნინგის პუბლიკაციებს ქართული სუფრის შესახებ. ეს ავტორები თავის ნაშრომებში ახდენენ იმ კვლევათა იგნორირებას, რომელთა მიხედვით დასტურდება ქართული სუფრის მრავალსაუკუნოვანი ისტორია (გოცირიძე 2001, 2007; ფრუიძე, 2007; Гоциридзе , Кипиани , 2011, Kipiani 2015). ამ კვლევათა მიხედვით სუფრის მთავარ შინაარსს რელიგიური ელემენტები ქმნიდნენ და მასში მამაკაცების თანაბრად მონაწილეობდნენ მანდილოსნებიც, ამასთან იერარქიის სხვადასხვა დონის წარმომადგენლებს შორის არსებული სოციალური დისტანცია საქართველოში ბევრად მცირე იყო, ვიდრე იმდროინდელ სპარსეთში, რუსეთსა და ევროპაში. ყოველივე ეს ავთენტურ ხასიათს ანიჭებდა სუფრას საქართველოში მეზობელ ქვეყნებთან შედარებით სტატიაში ასევე განხილულია, თუ რომელი სოციოლოგიური ფაქტორები განაპირობებს ქართული სუფრის თავისებურებათა ჩამოყალიბების ცალმხრივ ხედვას ანთროპოლოგიურ ენციკლოპედიებში.
The article provides an analysis of the characteristics of the Georgian Feast in English-language anthropological encyclopeadias, namely the Open Encyclopedia of Anthropology (2016) and the Global Encyclopedia of Informality (2018). In the article by the Open Encyclopedia of Anthropology Chloe Nahum-Claudel characterizes the Georgian Supra as an authoritarian and gender-discriminating tradition. Here, the Supra of the late Soviet period is described as a men-only feast served by standing women, and never the other way around. In a special sub-chapter “Sadgerdgzelo” Florian Muelfried (in the The Global Encyclopedia of Informality) considers the Georgian traditional Feast as a structured multi-toast ceremony and characterizes it as a product of the 19th century, a tradition borrowed from Russian culture. According to the article, the Georgian Supra gained special popularity in the period of late socialism in Georgia. Muelfried considers toasting already associated with harmful customs in modern Georgia. Such a characterization of the Georgian table, on the one hand, contradicts the description of Georgian Supra in historical sources beginning from 17th century, on the other hand, it contradicts the national identity, because since 2017, the Georgian table has been designated as an intangible national heritage, which is also considered a centuries-old tradition by the Georgian people. It is considered a cultural space of social relations, without which it would be impossible to preserve the national identity of the Georgian nation. In their works, these authors ignore the studies that confirm the centuries-old history of the Georgian table (Gotsiridze 2001, 2007; Fruidze, 2007; Gotsiridze Г, Кипиани Г. 2011, Kipiani, 2015).
According to these studies, the main content of the table was made up of religious elements, and women participated equally with men, and the social distance between representatives of different levels of the hierarchy was much smaller in Georgia than in Persia, Russia and Europe at that time. All this gave an authentic character to the Feast in Georgia compared to the neighbouring countries. The article also discusses which sociological factors determine the one-sided view of the formation of the peculiarities of the Georgian table in anthropological encyclopaedias
Development prospects of post-pandemic global economy and business
No full text1. თ. შენგელია, (2021). მცირე ბიზნესის განვითარების პერსპექტივები კოვიდპანდემით გამოწვეული
გაურკვევლობისა პირობებში. გლობალიზაცია და ბიზნესი, № 6
2. თ. შენგელია, (2021). სამხრეთ კავკასიის ქვეყნების ეკონომიკური განვითარება COVID-19 პანდემიის
პირობებში. კრებულში: კოვიდ 19 პანდემია და ეკონომიკა. თსუ
3. თ. შენგელია, (2021). ბიზნესის განვითარების პერსპექტივები კოვიდპანდემიით გამოწვეული კრი-
ზისის პირობებში. კრებულში: XXI საუკუნის ეკონომიკური, სოციალური, ეკოლოგიური ტექნოლოგი-
ური გამოწვევები. პ. გუგუშვილის სახ. თსუ-ს ეკონომიკის ინსტიტუტი
4. თ. შენგელია, (2020). გლობალური ეკონომიკის რეცესია და საქართველოს პოსტვირუსული განვი-
თარება. კონომიკა და ბიზნესი, № 2, ტომი 12
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Small Business. Moambe.Bulletin of the Georgian Academy of Sciences. V.16, n.4. ISSN - 0132 – 1447
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UNCTAD. 9 March. Р. 4.In the context of economic globalization it is important to analyze the COVID-19 pandemic there
is assumption, that the pandemic may increase nationalism, isolationism and promote a retreat from
economic globalization. As a counterweight to this, the pandemic is accompanied by international cooperation,
as well as efforts to rebuild the economies of countries that were destroyed in the period
after the Second World War.
At the same time, COVID-19 has become a global governance crisis, which will change the perception
and role of the crisis. The analysis reveals the uniqueness of the current pandemic, which has
a negative impact not only on global supply and demand, but also on the financial system, which,
due to the debt burden of many countries, is characterized by extremely high risks. The review of studies
also showed that the high rate of spread of the coronavirus pandemic, both in the medical and
economic contexts, is the result of globalization, and the responses of states to the pandemic are
fragmented and protectionist. The practical significance of our research results lies in the possibility
of expanding further research on the economy of the coronavirus. In developing the conceptual framework
of an adapted, proactive economic policy aimed at minimizing the negative economic effects
of the pandemic
Business statistics in the pre-pandemic and pandemic periods: Georgia and the European Union
No full text1. ნინო აბესაძე, სიმონ გელაშვილი, მარინე მინდორაშვილი, ლია ძებისაური – დასაქმების სტატის-
ტიკა საქართველოს ბიზნეს სექტორში პანდემიური შოკების ფონზე, ეკონომიკისა და ბიზნესის ფა-
კულტეტის 100 წლის იუბილესადმი მიძღვნილი VII საერთაშორისო სამეცნიერო კონფერენცია
„გლობალიზაციის გამოწვევები ეკონომიკასა და ბიზნესში“, გვ.17-28.
2. მარინე მინდორაშვილი, ლია ძებისაური – სექტორული ანგარიშების როლი ევროპულ სტატისტი-
კურ სისტემასთან საქართველოს თანდათანობით დაახლოებაში, იქვე, გვ.309-314
3. სიმონ გელაშვილი, თეონა ხაბეიშვილი – ბიზნესის სფეროში შრომის ანაზღურების მაჩვენებელთა
სექტორული სტატისტიკური ანალიზი, იქვე, გვ.97-106
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Georgian industry. ბსუ, საერთაშორისო სამეცნიერო კონფერენცია „ეკონომიკისა და ბიზნესის
გლობალური გამოწვევები და მდგრადი განვითარება”, 21-22 ოქტომბერი, 2022.
5. https://www.geostat.ge/ka/modules/categories/195/biznes-sektori
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19_crisis_on_retail_trade#Covid-19_containment_measures_in_EuropeIn the article the dynamics of turnover, output, intermediate consumption and value added of
business statistics in the pre-pandemic and pandemic periods are based on studies conducted by
Geostat and Eurostat. Based on a comparative analysis, the main differences and similarities of the
methodological approaches and practices of Geostat and Eurostat were identified
About the dangers of academic competition
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Georg. Natl. Acad. Sci, 16(4).
25. Zoidze, G., & Veshapidze, S. (2022). The Modern Economy and Values. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. P. 125.
26. Zoidze, G., & Veshapidze, S. (2022). TRANSFORMATION OF ECONOMIC POLICY PRIORITIES UNDER COVID-
19. Three Seas Economic Journal, 3(2), 35-43.The purpose of this article's research is to protect the conduct of open manner for the competition for academic positions, which must comply with the principles of transparency, equality and fair competition. The subject of the research is ensuring the protection of the rights of the participants in the competitions to holding academic positions. The object of the research is the dangers arising in the process of actual implementation of certain legal norms and their causes. In the research process, the methods of comparative analysis, synthesis, and analogy are used, which will allow us to reveal the challenges of academic competitions, real dangers and fair ways to overcome them. In order for the academic staff to carry out their activities safely and effectively, it is necessary to protect the freedom of labor. It is important to avoid or prevent discrimination, manipulation, favoritism, nepotism, corruption and other dangers when conducting academic competitions. Keywords: Freedom of labor, non-compliance with international legal norms, discrimination, threats of manipulation, favoritism, nepotism, corruption. | სტატიის კვლევის მიზანს შეადგენს აკადემიური თანამდებობის დასაკავებელი კონკურსის ღია წესით ჩატარების დაცვა, რომელიც უნდა შეესაბამებოდეს გამჭვირვალობის, თანასწორობისა და სამართლიანი კონკურენციის პრინციპებს. კვლევის საგანია აკადემიური თანამდებობების დასაკავებელ კონკურსებში მონაწილეთა უფლებების დაცვის უზრუნველყოფა. კვლევის ობიექტია გარკვეული საკანონმდებლო ნორმების რეალური განხორციელების პროცესში წარმოშობილი საფრთხეები და მისი გამომწვევი მიზეზები. კვლევის პროცესში გამოყენებულია შედარებითი ანალიზის, სინთეზის, ანალოგიის მეთოდები, რაც საშუალებას მოგვცემს გამოვავლინოთ აკადემიური კონკურსების გამოწვევები, რეალური საფრთხეები და მისი დაძლევის სამართლიანი გზები. იმისთვის რომ აკადემიურმა პერსონალმა თავისი საქმიანობა დაცულად და ეფექტიანად განახორციელოს, აუცილებელია შრომის თავისუფლების დაცვა. მნიშვნელოვანია, რომ აკადემიური კონკურსების ჩატარებისას თავი დავაღწიოთ დისკრიმინაციის, მანიპულირების, ფავორიტიზმის, ნეპოტიზმის, კორუფციის და სხვა საფრთხეებს, ან მოვახდინოთ მათი პრევენცია
DOCUMENTS ON THE ACTIVITIES OF THE FOREIGN COMPANIES IN GEORGIA IN THE 20s OF THE 20TH CENTURY
No full texthttps://geohistory.humanities.tsu.ge/ge/procedings/83-shromebi/178-shromebi-19.htmlIn the 20s of the 20th century, the Soviet Union began to implement the New Economic Policy, which was approved at the 10th Party Congress on March 14, 1921. The New Economic Policy replaced the previously existing policy of War Communism, which was necessary in the face of the civil war in the country and the foreign intervention and which brought Soviet Russia to economic collapse. Georgia did not pursue the policy of War Communism. The break that took place in Russia as a result of the policy of War Communism, did not occurred in Georgia.
The New Economic Policy in Georgia gave a powerful impetus to the development of the economy. The national economy and the economy as a whole began to recover. Market relations were allowed. But this was only a temporary policy, the purpose of which was to create favorable conditions for the development of socialism. The main goal of the New Economic Policy was to eliminate tension in society and strengthen the social base for the Soviet power. It was also necessary to avoid a further collapse of the economy, overcome the crisis and restore the economy.
Besides under the New Economic Policy the government began to implement a new foreign policy and tried to overcome the international isolation of the country. The Bolsheviks were forced to allow free trade and to legalize the private production. This policy was only a temporary tactical retreat on the part of the Bolsheviks. They were forced to admit that in this way, to a certain extent, the capitalism was restored in the country. As a result, the trade turnover increased powerfully and a window to Europe was opened. Powerful flows of industrial goods and products began to come to Georgia from abroad.
Almost all Soviet republics sent their representatives to Tbilisi and Batumi to purchase goods. Georgia also played a transit role between Europe and the republics of the Soviet Union. Georgia had relationships with many foreign firms. Among them were firms from Sweden that imported matches and agricultural machinery to Georgia. Below we present several documents that illustrate these relations between Georgia and Sweden. One of these Swedish companies was Joint Stock Company “Atlas-Diesel”. Its head office was in Stockholm. It was founded in 1917 (previously there were two separate companies – “Atlas” and “Diesel”, which later merged into one joint-stock company), and its branch operated in Tbilisi.პუბლიკაცია მომზადებულია შოთა რუსთაველის ეროვნული სამეცნიერო ფონდის მიერ დაფინანსებული პროექტის – უცხოური კაპიტალი საქართველოში და დახმარების საერთაშორისო ორგანიზაციები XX საუკუნის პირველ მესამედში – ფარგლებშ
მე-2 საერთაშორისო კონფერენცია და სეზონური სკოლა „მეცნიერება, განათლება, ინოვაციები და ქიმიური ტექნოლოგიები - იდეიდან დანერგვამდე. 2023"
No full textA Small-scale Work of Large-scale Significance Dedicated to the Contemporary Problems of Georgian Spelling
No full textIn 2021, Tbilisi State University Arnold Chikobava Institute of Linguistics celebrated its 80th anniversary. “80 Recommendations on Spelling”, published in 2022, was dedicated to this anniversary. The editor is Tamar Vashakidze who collaborated on the compilation of the booklet with Tea Burchuladze, Ketevan Datukishvili, Maka Labartkava, Vakhtang Maghradze, Tea Teteloshvili and Nino Jorbenadze. The reviewers were Giorgi Gogolashvili and Vazha Shengelia (80 Recommendations, 2022).
The publication is comprised of morphological-orthographic and syntactic-stylistic errors that are most widespread in contemporary Georgian.
This small but significant booklet is based on the previous editions of the above-mentioned Institute, chiefly on “The Orthographic Dictionary for Schools” (Orthographic Dictionary, 2011). However, the material included in the given collection of recommendations is updated and enriched. For instance, unlike the earlier orthographic dictionaries, according to the given edition, the norm is უნებლიედ uneblied “involuntarily” and not უნებლიეთ unebliet. The latter word is considered correct only in the expression ნებსით თუ უნებლიეთ nebsit tu unebliet “voluntarily or involuntarily”. Besides, certain recommendations are enriched with additional examples, e.g. Recommendation 66: სერვისექსპერტი serviseksp’ert’i “service expert”, სერვისმენეჯერი servismenejeri “service manager”, სერვისცენტრი servistsent’ri “service center” etc.
Although the authors of the collection criticize barbarisms, they note that not every word that has been borrowed from English should be considered as barbarism. Some of the borrowings have penetrated into Georgian as international terms, for instance: “აქტორი akt’ori “actor” − this word has penetrated into Georgian as a political term denoting a unit which plays an independent role in the international relations and is represented as a separate subject”.
Naturally, publication of such recommendations is a matter of utmost importance. Therefore, below are given certain ideas aimed at its further improval.
The booklet offers recommendations regarding incorrect usage of words already established in Georgian. In particular, it brings examples of incorrect usage of foreign words and offers the correct versions as well. However, this rule does not refer to each word, for instance, the word კომუნიკაცია k’omunik’atsia “communication”, or a Russian calque expression აქედან გამომდინარე akedan gamomdinare “therefore” and others.
Mention should also be made of certain technical shortcomings to be improved in later editions. This will make the recommendations more comprehensible. For instance, certain recommendations are absolutely appropriate, but written inappropriately with reference to what is offered by this recommendation. Namely, according to Recommendation 35, the compounds containing the root Covid should not be hyphenated but written together in Georgian. Five examples of this kind are given in the booklet. Out of these five, the fifth word კოვიდსერტიფიკატი k’ovidsert’ipik’at’i “Covid certificate” proves the rule vividly. The remaining four examples: კოვიდპანდემია k’ovidp’andemia “Covid pandemic”, კოვიდპასპორტი k’ovidp’asp’ort’i “Covid passport”, კოვიდრეგულაცია k’ovidregulatsia “Covid regulation, კოვიდსასტუმრო k’ovidsast’umro “Covid hotel” are printed in the way that the root “Covid” is given at the end of one line, and the following root is given at the beginning of the following line, hence, a hyphen appears. Such spelling confuses the reader and contradicts the recommendation to write these words without a hyphen. The same applies to Recommendation 17 which offers the word ბიზნეს-პარტნიორი biznes-p’art’niori “business partner” and Recommendation 72, which offers the examples ფოტო-ჟურნალისტი pot’o-zhurnalist’i “photojournalist”, ფოტო-რეპორტიორი pot’o-rep’ort’iori “photo-reporter”.
It should also be mentioned that, although the recommendations are given in alphabetical order, the pages of the booklet are not numbered, which hampers the searching process.
Publication of the collection of orthographic-stylistic recommendations was an urgent and significant affair. Naturally, such recommendations should be published in an enriched and updated form in the future
Modern labor market in Georgia - challenges and solutions
No full text• BedianaSvili, G., Bichia, Q., & Natsvlishvili, E. (2021). Development of Entrepreneurial Activity, Labor Market and Modern Challenges of Higher Education. Globalization and Business. 12, 21-31 (in Georgian). https://doi.org/10.35945/gb.2021.12.002
• Lobzhanidze M. (2022). The Impact of the Covid-19 Pandemic on Educational Migration and Its Socio-Economic Consequences. Collection of Materials of the International Scientific Conference Dedicated to the 100th Anniversary of the University "Covid 19 Pandemic and Economy", (in Georgian)
• Mekvabishvili E. (2016). salektsio kursi "tanamedrove ekonomikuri teoriebi". ["Modern Economic Theories", Course of lectures, TSU: pp. 8-25.] in Georgian
• Papava V. (2020). ekonomikur metsnierebashi da ekonomikur politikashi koronomikis asakhvis shesakheb. [“On the Reflection of Coronomics in Economic Science and Economic Policy”. Globalization and Business 10, 15-24] in Georgian
• Silagadze A. (2022). tanamedrove globaluri ekonomikuri tendentsiebi: gardamavali ekonomikebi Covid-19-is depresiis pirobebshi. [Contemporary Global Economic Trends: Transitional Economies during Covid-Depression. BULLETIN OF THE GEORGIAN NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES, vol. 1 6, no. 3, Tbilisi.] in Georgian
• Chikobava M. (2021). tsamqvani tsentraluri bankebis antikrizisuli politika tanamedrove etapze. [The Anti-Crisis Policy of the leading Central Banks at the Modern Stage. Globalization and Business #12. Tbilisi.] in Georgian
• Tsartsidze M., & Latsabidze N. (2021). shromis bazari da arapormaluri dasakmebis taviseburebebi globaluri pandemiis pirobebshi. [Labour Market and Peculiarities of Informal Employment in the Contextof the Global Pandemic. Globalization and Business. 12, 123-132] in Georgian
• Appelbaum E. (1979). “Post-Keynesian Theory: The Labor Market, Challenge”. vol. 21, issue 6. https://www.jstor.org/stable/40719703 (Last seen 2023, May).
• Banerjee V. A., Duflo E. (2012). “Poor Economics: A Radical Rethinking of the Way to Fight Global Poverty”. New York: Public Affairs, pp.5-17. https://paxmongolicadotorg.files.wordpress.com/2019/11/ (Last seen 2023, May).
• Fei J., Ranis G. (1964). “Development of the Labour Surplus Economy: Theory and Policy”. Homewood: Irwin, pp.407-409. https://academic.oup.com/ej/article-abstract/77/306/346/5235643 (Last seen 2023, May).
• Hansen, A.H. (1953) A Guide to Keynes. McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York. http://bibliotecadigital.econ.uba.ar/download/Pe/113918.pdf (Last seen 2023, May).
• Kakulia N. (2017). The Characteristics of Transformation of Institutional Changes and Georgia. Journal of Economics and Management Engineering, 1(5), 1159-1161.
• Kharaishvili, E., & Lobzhanidze, N. (2023). “Challenges and Opportunities for Promoting Sustainable Development in Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises(Case of Georgia)”. Medicon Agriculture & Environmental Sciences 4.5 pp.5-15.
• Lewis W. A. (1954). “Economic Development with Unlimited Supplies of Labour”. The Manchester School. https://www.jstor.org/stable/27853709?searchText=&searchUri=&ab_segments=&searchKey=&refreqid=fastly-default%3A04e7cad02a48345f7d739fae112ec755 (Last seen 2023, May).
• Myrdal Gunnar (1968). “ Asian Drama: An Inquiry into the Poverty of Nations”. Vol. 1-3, NY, https://www.jstor.org/stable/41981674? (Last seen 2023, May).
• Schumpeter J.A. (1934). The Theory of Economic Development: An Inquiry into Profits, Capital, Credits, Interest, and the Business Cycle. Transaction Publishers, Piscataway. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/ (Last seen 2023, May).
Schultz W. Theodore (1961). “Investment in Human Capital: The Role of Education and of Research”. The American Economic Review, Vol. 51, No.1, pp.3-17. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1818907 (Last seen 2023, May).
• Standing G. (2017). Basic Income: and how We Can Make It Happen. London: Pelical. https://www.rentabasicauniversal.es/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/ (Last seen 2023, May).
• Tkemaladze, I. (2017). Effective Employment as an Important Factor for Increasing Inclusive Economic Growth and Living Standards. Journal of International Economic Research, 3(1), 61-67
• Tukhashvili, M. (2018). Retrospective Comprehension of Post-Soviet Georgia’s Population Migration, Bulletin of the Georgian National Academy of Sciences 12(1), 175-182.In today's labor market, it is crucial to understand the relationship between education, work experience, and professional skills in order to ensure effective employment. This article aims to investigate the impact of measures aimed at improving these aspects on the employment landscape. By analyzing the correlation coefficient, specifically Pearson's coefficient, we can determine their influence on effective employment. Furthermore, we will identify factors that hinder career progression and create barriers for new entrants to the job market. Additionally, we will explore the prevalence of non-standard employment forms and their potential for growth. Extensive research on the current labor market situation has shed light on the factors that impede career advancement and create artificial barriers for newcomers. Moreover, we have identified the factors influencing secondary and incomplete employment. In this article, we will delve into the scale of non-standard employment in the labor market and investigate its future prospects.
Several working hypotheses were formulated and tested to gain a deeper understanding of the subject matter. The first hypothesis (H1) posits that "increasing work experience affects earnings growth." Through examination, we discovered that accumulated human capital from work experience does enhance employment opportunities but does not guarantee effective employment.
The second hypothesis (H2) explores the impact of measures aimed at improving professional skills on wage increases. The findings indicate that while such measures did lead to wage growth for a small portion of respondents, it is clear that education, at this stage, primarily serves as a signal to employers in the selection process rather than creating institutional connections between education and employment systems. This lack of connection ultimately devalues education and human capital, limiting the creation of innovative job opportunities.
The third hypothesis (H3), which has been confirmed through our research, explores the correlation between the length of work experience and the demand for social guarantees. This hypothesis specifically aims to assess the potential for the proliferation of non-standard forms of employment. It is paramount to acknowledge that the provision of social guarantees within the employment process holds significant importance for employees with substantial work experience. Consequently, our research has led us to a crucial conclusion: the historical memory of receiving diverse forms of assistance and the reliance on the state can pose as significant obstacles to the widespread adoption of non-standard employment arrangements, particularly those with more negative connotations, within the context of Georgia.
Our analysis of the factors influencing secondary and incomplete employment has yielded significant insights. We have determined that these forms of employment are often a result of negative economic events. Most individuals engage in such employment out of necessity, driven by low incomes, rather than by choice (H4 and H5). The majority of respondents expressed a willingness to abandon secondary and part-time employment if provided with stable working conditions and adequate remuneration.
Our research has highlighted the barriers faced by young individuals seeking to enter the labor market. Insufficient work experience, largely due to the ineffective functioning of internship programs, often hampers their ability to secure employment. Additionally, employers' ill-considered and unsubstantiated qualification requirements for vacant positions create artificial barriers for this segment of the labor force to adapt to the job market.
Based on the findings of this study, we have formulated several recommendations to improve the labor market situation. It is crucial to establish stronger connections between education and employment systems, fostering innovation and creating more opportunities for job seekers. Furthermore, internships should be redesigned to provide young individuals with practical experience and enhance their employability. Employers should also reassess their qualification requirements to ensure they accurately reflect the needs of the job and do not unnecessarily exclude qualified candidates.
In conclusion, by understanding the interplay between education, work experience, and professional skills, we can enhance employment effectiveness. By addressing the identified challenges and implementing the recommended improvements, we can create a more inclusive labor market that offers better opportunities for individuals to achieve meaningful and effective employment
Statistical trends of labor compensation in the field of business in terms of administrative regions of Georgia
Get PDF1. გელაშვილი ს., თოდრაძე გ. დასაქმებისა და შრომის ანაზღაურების გენდერული დისბალანსი
ეკონომიკური საქმიანობების მიხედვით. მე-5 საერთაშორისო სამეცნიერო კონფერენცია,
გლობალიზაციის გამოწვევები ეკონომიკასა და ბიზნესში, თბილისი, 2020. ხელმისაწვდომია
ბმულზე: https://tsu.ge/assets/media/files/7/conf.%20V2020.pdf
2. გელაშვილი ს., ოქრუაშვილი მ., შრომის ანაზღაურების გენდერული დისპროპორცია საქართველოს
ადმინისტრაციული რეგიონების მიხედვით. მე-5 საერთაშორისო სამეცნიერო კონფერენცია,
გლობალიზაციის გამოწვევები ეკონომიკასა და ბიზნესში, თბილისი, 2020. ხელმისაწვდომია
ბმულზე: https://tsu.ge/assets/media/files/7/conf.%20V2020.pdf
3. გელაშვილი ს., ხაბეიშვილი თ. ბიზნესის სფეროში შრომის ანაზღურების მაჩვენებელთა სექტორუ-
ლი სტატისტიკური ანალიზი. VII საერთაშორისო სამეცნიერო კონფერენცია ,,გლობალიზაციის
გამოწვევები ეკონომიკასა და ბიზნესში”, თსუ, თბილისი, 2022. ხელმისაწვდომია ბმულზე: https://-
www.tsu.ge/assets/media/files/48/konferenciebi/Globalizaciis-Krebuli-2022.pdf
4. ,,საქართველოში თანაბარი ანაზღაურების მიმოხილვისა და ანგარიშგების მეთოდოლოგიის
დანერგვის მოდელების შეფასება“. ხელმისაწვდომია ბმულზე: https://iset-pi.ge/ka/publications/-
research-reports
5. საქართველოს სტატისტიკის ეროვნული სამსახური, ხელფასების მაჩვენებლები. ხელმისაწვდომია
ბმულზე: https://www.geostat.ge/ka/modules/categories/39/ khelfasebi
6. საქართველოს სტატისტიკის ეროვნული სამსახური. ბიზნესის სტატისტიკა [მონაცემთა ბაზები].
7. ბიზნეს სტატისტიკის ძირითადი მაჩვენებლების გაანგარიშების მეთოდოლოგია. ხელმისაწვ-
დომია ბმულზე: https://www.geostat.ge/media/32249/BS_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94% E1%83%97%E1%83%9D-
%E1%83%93%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%90.pdf
8. ბიზნეს სექტორი საქართველოში 2021, 2020, 2019. ხელმისაწვდომია ბმულზე:
9. https://www.geostat.ge/ka/single-categories/105/biznes-seqtori-sakartveloshiThe article presents a comparative statistical analysis of wages in the business sector in the administrative
regions of Georgia (including for the period of the Covid-19 pandemic). The purpose of the
article is to use statistical methods to estimate the elasticity of the average salary to the economic
shock caused by the pandemic and to analyze its impact on the regional trends of the average salary
change.
Based on the comparative analysis, the peculiarities and changed trends in the administrative regions
of the country before and during the pandemic have been established and evaluated the directions
of the average salary changes have been analyzed based on the official statistical data of 2010-
2021.
Many statistical methods are widely used in the article, such as: relative, average and variance indicators,
as well as time series and data presentation methods. Many indicators calculated through
them are presented in the form of group and combination tables, as well as diagrams and graphs.
On the basis of comparative statistical analysis, the regions with high and low wage rates and also
the absolute magnitude of inequality between them are established. Accordingly, 3 groups of regions
with low, medium and high indicators of labor remuneration are presented
Occupied Abkhazia – a Place of Intersection of Interests in the North-West Caucasus
Get PDFToday, the Russian Federation has certain problems related
to the "Circassian issue" in the Western Caucasus, because the
genocide and tragic events of the Circassians have not been the
subject of a real historical assessment from the Russian side,
and the movement of the Circassian diaspora and local Circassians
is still on the agenda. Russia sees a great danger even in the
separate Circassian entities of the North Caucasus. As an instrument
to solve the acute geopolitical issues in the region, Russia
sees the indivisible and now occupied territory of Georgia –
Abkhazia, where Russian propaganda has yielded results for two
centuries – alienation occurred between the Georgian and
Apsua peoples. By recognizing the occupied territory of Georgia
– Abkhazia – by Russia, Russia wants to show the Circassians
that their brother Apsua ethnic group living in the territory of
Abkhazia is "protected" under the wings of Russia. The Circassian
issue is still important in the agenda of international relations
(Russia–Turkey relations), even though it is perceived in an
anti-Russian context. In the current situation, Russia wants the
occupied Abkhazia, whose "independence" Russia has recognized,
to play an important role in conducting a constructive dialogue
between Russia and the Circassian diaspora, but under
certain conditions. Ethnic Apsuas, both in Abkhazia and in the
diaspora, are "in debt" to Russia for declaring Abkhazia's independence.
Therefore, Apsuas consider it expedient to help Russia in solving the "Circassian issue" in accordance with Russia's
interests.
In this geopolitical context, Georgia is ignored by Russia, and
official Georgia is not active in discussing this issue with the international
community.
The research is conducted on the basis of empirical material