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The role of small and medium-sized hotel development in the sustainable development of mountainous regions (on the example of the Adjara region)
Full text linkAdjara, D. o. T. a. R. o. t. A. R. o. (2018). Research on the quality of service of accommodation facilities: Analytical report.
Boers, B., & Cottrell, S. (2007). Sustainable tourism infrastructure planning: A GIS-supported approach. Tourism geographies, 9(1), 1-21.
Hunter, C. J. (1995). On the need to re‐conceptualise sustainable tourism development. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 3(3), 155-165.
Kardanakhishvili, M. (Producer). (2022). Improving the quality of hotel service based on improving personnel management.
Katsitadze, N. (2018). State policy in tourism–business (MICE) tourism in Georgia.
Katsitadze, N., Baliashvili, E., & Tushishvili, N. (2022). The way to save the mountainous regions of Georgia is the clustering of tourism!!!
Katsitadze, N., & Natsvlishvili, I. (2020). The Role of State Regulation and Policy in Tourism Development: The Case of Georgia. Paper presented at the Eurasian Economic Perspectives: Proceedings of the 23rd Eurasia Business and Economics Society Conference.
Kumar, A., Sah, B., Singh, A. R., Deng, Y., He, X., Kumar, P., & Bansal, R. C. (2017). A review of multi criteria decision making (MCDM) towards sustainable renewable energy development. Renewable and sustainable energy reviews, 69, 596-609.
Law, A., DeLacy, T., & McGrath, G. M. (2017). A green economy indicator framework for tourism destinations. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 25(10), 1434-1455.
Marsh, J. (2002). Book review/Critique de Livre Mountains of the world: a global priority. Environmental Reviews, 10(3), 191-193.
N, K., & E, B. (Producer). (2023). Trends in the development of the hotel industry in the international and Georgian market.
Nepal, S. K., & Chipeniuk, R. (2005). Mountain tourism: Toward a conceptual framework. Tourism geographies, 7(3), 313-333.
Petrović, M. D., Vujko, A., Gajić, T., Vuković, D. B., Radovanović, M., Jovanović, J. M., & Vuković, N. (2017). Tourism as an approach to sustainable rural development in post-socialist countries: A comparative study of Serbia and Slovenia. Sustainability, 10(1), 54.
Torres-Delgado, A., & Palomeque, F. L. (2018). The ISOST index: A tool for studying sustainable tourism. Journal of destination marketing & management, 8, 281-289.
Zeng, L., Li, R. Y. M., Nuttapong, J., Sun, J., & Mao, Y. (2022). Economic development and mountain tourism research from 2010 to 2020: Bibliometric analysis and science mapping approach. Sustainability, 14(1), 562.Purpose: The purpose of the research is to identify the features of the development of the hotel business in the mountainous zone of Adjara and the factors facilitating and hindering its further development; to determine the strategic directions of the hotel business in Upper Adjara in order to achieve sustainable development of the tourism industry.
Methodology: The research employed a mixed-method approach, combining qualitative and quantitative methodologies to explore the development of hotel-type accommodation facilities in the mountainous zone of Adjara. Surveys, interviews with hotel managers and owners, and field observations were conducted to assess challenges, opportunities, infrastructure conditions, and investment potential, while secondary data analysis examined tourism policies and economic trends.
Results: The survey results indicate that the hotel and guest house sector in the mountainous zone of Adjara plays a crucial role in local employment, with most small hotels employing between 3 to 10 people and guest houses increasingly relying on hired labor. However, a major challenge in the sector is the shortage of qualified personnel, as 72% of respondents struggle to find skilled employees, while interest in staff training programs remains low.
Conclusions: This study confirms that the development of hotel-type accommodation facilities in the mountainous zone of Adjara is influenced by natural potential, infrastructure, and increasing tourist inflows. The role of family hotels is particularly significant, as they contribute to regional tourism by integrating local traditions and resources, though territorial imbalances in hotel distribution persist.
Limitations: One limitation of this study is the lack of long-term data on the sustainability of hotel businesses in the mountainous regions, as well as the limited focus on the economic impact of branded hotels on local businesses.
Contributions: This study provides a comprehensive analysis of the trends and challenges in developing hotel-type accommodation in the mountainous zone of Adjara, highlighting its economic, social, and environmental significance. It offers valuable insights into the role of family hotels in regional tourism and the impact of state policies on business sustainability
Competitiveness in the tourism and hospitality industry
No full text1. Porter, M. E. (1990). The competitive advantage of nations. New York: Macmillan Business;
2. Clark, J., & Guy, K. (1998). Innovation and competitiveness: A review. Technology Analysis & Stra tegic Management, 10(3);
3. Huggins, R. (2000). An index of competitiveness in the UK: Local, regional and global analysis. In L. Lloyd-Reason & S. Wall (Eds.), Dimensions of competitiveness: Issues and policies. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing, Limited;
4. Newall, J. E. (1992). The challenge of competitiveness. Business Quarterly, 56(4), 94;
5. D’Cruz, J., & Rugman, A. (1992). New concepts for Canadian competitiveness [Working paper]. Toronto, ON: Kodak Canada;
6. Papadakis, M. (1994). Did (or does) the United Stateshave a competitiveness crisis? Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, 13(1), 1-20;
7. Tefertiller, K. R., & Ward, R. W. (1995). Revealed comparative production advantage: Implications for competitiveness in Florida’s vegetable industry. Agribusiness, 11(2);
8. “Drivers of Competitiveness” by M. Visser. https://doi.org/10.1142/9720 | March 2016. Pages: 576. By (author): Diego Comin (Dartmouth College, USA);
9. Cizmar, S., & Weber, S. (2000). Marketing effectiveness of the hotel industry in Croatia. Interna tional Journal of Hospitality Management, 19(3), 227-240;
10. I.M. Lifits’s 2001 book, “Theory and practice of assessing the competitiveness of goods and services;
11. Jeannet, J.P. Global Marketing Strategies: 4th edition / J.P. Jeannet, H.D. Hennesey.– Boston: Houghton Mifin Company, 1998. – P. 56-57;
12. Baliashvili, E. (2023). Constituent elements of personnel policy system and its regulation in Georgian tourism and hospitality industry., EKONOMISTI, 3 VOLUME XIX; p ISSN 1987-6890., e ISSN 2346- 8432., DOI: 10.36172/EKONOMISTI;
13. Katsitadze, N., Baliashvili, E., Qutateladze, M. (2023). The Trends of the Hotel Indusrtry Development in International and Georgian Markets., Economics & Business 4, tomi XV. ISSN 1987 – 5789 ESSN 2587 – 5426 doi 10. 56079;
14. Katsitadze, N., Baliashvili, E., Kochlamazashvili, L., Natela Tushishvili. (2022). PROMOTING THE DEVELOPMENT OF TOURISM CLUSTERS FOR INCLUSIVE DEVELOPMENT OF MOUNTAINOUS REGIONSBOOK OF PROCEEDINGS., VI International Scientific Conference., ISTSML 2022; ekonomika. tomi 107. 6-7. 2025. l ECONOMICS. VOLUME 107, ISSUE 6-7. 2025;
15. Katsitadze, N., Natsvlishvili, I. (2020). The Role of State Regulation and Policy in Tourism Development: The Case of Georgia., Eurasian Economic Perspectives., (pp. 419- 434);
16. Mescon, Michael. Fundamentals of Management: Translation from English: Classic Edition / Michael H. Mescon, Michael Albert, Franklin Khedouri. - Moscow, St. Petersburg: Dialectics, Dialectics, 2020;
17. Berezina A. A. Model of the organizational and economic mechanism for increasing the competitiveness of an enterprise / A. A. Berezina // Bulletin of the Academy of Entrepreneurship under the Government of Moscow. – 2013;
18. Chudnovsky A.D. Hospitality industry: basics of organization and management: study guide / A.D. Chudnovsky, M.A. Zhukova [et al.]. - M.: IDForum: INFRA-M, 2011;
19. Gechbaia B., Factors determining the competitiveness of the Georgian economy, Journal “Business and Management”, No. 2, 2010;
20. Economic Impact of Travel and Turism (https://wttc.org/research/economic-impact;
21. https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2025/01/03/3003923/28124/en/State-ofthe-Hospitality-Report-2024-Market-Soared-to-3-98-Trillion-Global-Long-term-Forecast-to-2028- and-2033.html;
22. Statistical data of the Georgian National Tourism Administration for 2019-2025;
23. National Statistics Office of Georgia, Statistical Yearbook (2024).The opening of country borders, driven by globalization, has significantly increased competition among companies in the tourism and hospitality sectors. As a result, the topic of competitiveness has become increasingly important within the tourism industry.
This article examines the concept of competitiveness as an economic category, addressing both national and organizational levels, with a particular focus on the hotel services sector. The author presents a well-reasoned definition of hotel service competitiveness and supports this perspective. Special emphasis is placed on the competitiveness of tourist destinations and the broader hotel service industry.
The author contends that a key approach to identifying competitive advantages is to connect the assessment of service competitiveness with consumer satisfaction in the market. This approach is particularly pertinent when considering the essential characteristics and attributes that define the hotel industry service market. Additionally, the article analyzes the economic indicators related to the global and Georgian tourism and hospitality sectors, including the hotel industry, covering the period from 2019 to 2024. Relevant conclusions have been drawn
Abkhazia as a Part of Georgia. Historical and Numismatic Tale
No full textკონსულტანტი ევგენი ჭანიშვილი / Evgeni Chanishvili as a consultantThis work shows 6th c. B.C.-18th c. A.D. numismatic data found in Abkhazia (Northwest part of West Georgia) being compared with the coin findings in the rest of West Georgia. The authors tell economic story.პროექტი განხორციელდა შოთა რუსთაველის ეროვნული სამეცნიერო ფონდის მხარდაჭერით – აფხაზეთი საქართველოა. ისტორიულ-ნუმიზმატიკური ნარატივი.
Project has been made possible by financial support from the Shota Rustaveli National Science Foundation – Abkhazia as a Part of Georgia. Historical and Numismatic Tale
From Tiflis to Yerevan: The Unknown Manuscript of Ekaterina Lachinova
No full textThe essay “The Road from Tiflis to Erivan. Erivan in 1839. The Monastery
of Etchmiadzin”, written in 1839 by Ekaterina Lachinova (1810–1896),
is a unique historical and literary source that reflects the social, political,
and cultural environment of the Caucasus region in the late 1830s. The
writer resided in the Caucasus between 1836 and 1840 with her husband,
General Nikolai Emilianovich Lachinov of the Separate Caucasian Corps.
Her close connections with high-ranking civil and military officials allowed
her to observe regional events and imperial policies firsthand. Lachinova
is also known by her pseudonym, “E. Khamar-Dabanov”, under which she
published the novel-pamphlet “Escapades in the Caucasus“in 1844, a kind
of chronicle of the military events of the Caucasian War.
The essay, originally written in Russian, was translated into French
by the author herself and gifted in May 1840 to the English traveler Anne
Lister (1791–1840) during her stay in Tbilisi. In 2022, this manuscript was
discovered in the British National Archives by Russian art historian Olga
Khoroshilova and translated it into Russian. It was subsequently published
in 2024 by literary scholar Valentina Malakhova in the book “Gorodishko”.
E. Lachinova’s essay has not been translated into Georgian and is
unknown to representatives of the scientific field.
The writer provides a detailed description of her journey from Tbilisi
to Erivan, depicting the natural landscape, settlements, and architectural
monuments along the way. Special attention is given to the description
of the Sardar’s Palace in Erivan, the Monastery of Etchmiadzin, and Armenia’s historical heritage in general. The author recounts the history of
Erivan Fortress, which was captured by the Russians from the Persians
in 1827, and extensively characterizes Sardar’s Palace, which at the time
housed the Russian imperial administration. Of particular note is the Mirror Hall, decorated with portraits of shahs and Persian heroes. The essay also includes an episode about Emperor Nikolai I’s visit to Erivan: Ekaterina Lachinova discovered a framed inscription embedded in the wall of the former Sardar’s Palace, protected under glass, which read: “Nikolai, October 5, 1837.” She notes that the Armenians preserved this inscription under glass, attributing great significance to it.
E. Lachinova describes her visit to Erivan’s mosques, one of which
had been converted into an arsenal, while the other remained in use. She
was unable to visit Geghard Monastery herself but recounts its description
based on local accounts.
On her journey to the Monastery of Etchmiadzin, the provincial governor
assigned her an escort of twenty Muslim horsemen. The writer provides
a detailed description of the monastery’s architecture, library, printing
house, theological seminary, refectory and cemetery. She saw portraits
of the Russian Emperor, General Golovin, Prince Paskevich, and Baron
Rosen displayed in the monastery gallery. Traveler also recounts her
meeting with the 80-year-old Catholicos and attended a religious service,
which she describes as a blend of Greek Orthodox and Catholic traditions.
The essay also mentions the memorial dedicated to Russian officers
who perished defending Etchmiadzin from the Persians in 1828. Additionally, the writer describes the region’s economy, noting cotton and rice as the principal products of Armenia’s province.
Ekaterina Lachinova’s work is an important source for studying the
history of the Caucasus in the 19th century, Russian imperial policy, and
the cultural heritage of the region’s peoples. Her text, to some extent,
contains elements of imperial propaganda – portraying Russian administration in a positive light while sometimes approaching local culture with a superficial perspective. Nevertheless, this essay occupies a significant
place not only in travel literature but also among historical sources on
the region. It not only complements other contemporary works about the
Caucasus but also highlights Ekaterina Lachinova’s keen observational
skills and literary talent
Georgia's Aspiration Towards EU Integration: A Pathway to Economic and Social Prosperity
No full text1. Bedianashvili, G. (2018). Culture as a Factor in the Formation of the Knowledge Economy with the Systemic and Institutional Context of Paradigmatic Changes. Globalization and Business. 6, 58-66. DOI: 10.35945/ gb. 2018.06.007 6
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59. Shengelia, T. (2018). Social Capital of Dominant Ethnic Groups and Its Impact on Business.
60. Shengelia, T. (2019). Research methodology and the impact of social entrepreneurship on the solution of social problems in Georgia.
61. Shengelia, T., & Gelashvili, M. (2020). Export potential of Georgia. In World economy and international economic relations (Vol. 3, pp. 29-33).
62. Shengelia, T., Kozak, Y., & Kirkitadze, Z. (2020). FDI motivation effects on Host countries. In World economy and international economic relations (Vol. 3, pp. 15-20).
63. Shengelia, T., Berishvili, K., Jganjgava, K. (2022). Improving the Methodology of Measuring Social Capital in International Companies. Sciences of Europe, (97), 15-18.
64. Silagadze, A. (2022). Contemporary Global Economic Trends: Transitional Economies during Covid-Depression Bull. Georg. Natl. Acad. Sci, 16(3), 130-135
65. Silagadze, A. (2011). Economic Teachings, Ilia Chavchavadze and Modernity- “Actual problems of Historical and economic Teachings “. “VZFEI”, pp.71 -77.
66. Silagadze, A. (2018). Gini Index–Wealth Distribution in the Post-Soviet Countries. Bulletin Of The Georgian National Academy Of Sciences, vol. 12, no.3.193
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As Georgia continues to strengthen its ties with Europe, EU integration is seen as a path to economic modernization, democratic development, and regional stability, making it a key area for Georgia’s future. The aim of this article is to assess Georgia’s progress towards EU integration by examining how this trajectory can enhance its economic and social development, as well as its potential to overcome the challenges of the process. It focuses on Georgia’s EU integration process, specifically examining the economic, political, and social consequences of EU membership. It examines the strategies, policies, and institutional changes needed for successful integration. The object of the study is the process of Georgia's integration into the European Union, with a particular focus on its economic reforms, social transformation and compliance with EU standards. The study uses qualitative and quantitative methods, including a review of policy documents, EU reports and academic articles. Comparative analysis is used to assess the experiences of other Eastern European countries in the process of joining the EU.
The practical significance of this work lies in its potential to inform policymakers, international organizations, and Georgian citizens about the benefits and challenges of EU integration. It provides a comprehensive analysis of the necessary reforms and strategic decisions needed to ensure Georgia's smooth and successful accession to the EU. The conclusion is that Georgia’s European integration is a complex and dynamic process that delivers significant economic and social benefits. However, the path to membership requires significant reforms, sustained political will, and active participation of Georgian citizens. Georgia, if it successfully advances its EU accession process, could serve as an example for other countries in the region aspiring to European integration
GENERAL OVERVIEW OF GEOGRAPHY IN COLCHIS IN CLASSICAL ANTIQUITY AND ITS INFLUENCE ON THE DIET OF ANCIENT COLCHIANS
Full text linkhttps://geohistory.humanities.tsu.ge/ge/procedings/83-shromebi/180-shromebi-21.html
ივანე ჯავახიშვილის სახელობის თბილისის სახელმწიფო უნივერსიტეტის ჰუმანიტარულ მეცნიერებათა ფაკულტეტის საქართველოს ისტორიის ინსტიტუტის შრომები შესულია ERIH PLUS-ში (The European Reference Index for the Humanities and the Social Sciences).
This journal was approved on 23.10.2024 according to ERIH PLUS criteria for inclusion.The geographical environment is part of our daily life. The development of the humanity has always been influenced by climatic and geographical aspects, the diversity or uniformity of flora and fauna. The principles of geographical determinism are realistic and supported by facts.
The natural-climatic environment in Colchis created and creates a unique zone for the development of agriculture, which is characterized by the following features: a long vegetation period, which lasts 180-200 days on the coast (in the foothills it is relatively less, 140-160), contributes to the development of a large vegetative mass, and, accordingly, the development of livestock. The climate of Colchis provides excellent opportunities for the reproduction of moisture-loving plants from grain crops, which are able to tolerate both summer heat and high humidity. The geographical location, horizontal extension, humid air and warm climate that created the Colchis plain and its surrounding environment had a great influence on the creation of authentic Colchian species and cultural traits. The article discusses the role of the geographical environment in shaping the diet in Ancient Colchis.
The entire valley of Colchis is unsuitable for growing wheat, barley, and other grain crops, especially since there were swamps here, and not even bread or barley was grown, which, unlike wheat, has a sticky texture when compared to wheat. In the future, this will become the reason of the failure of “Hellenic Experiment”, and here the Greeks had interest only in those resources that were unique to the Colchis and were either abundant (wood, wax, resin, flax products). It seems that later the interest in these resources waned, demand decreased, eventually, the Hellenic poleis of Colchis declined.
All of this is reflected in ancient sources. At an earlier stage, the Greek city-states, as it seems, were quite financially strong, while in the Hellenistic period they were not. At the beginning of the 5th century and the end of the 4th century, Xenophon, who had been defeated at the Battle of Kunax, believes that the conquest of Phasis would be profitable. At the same time, the 4th century BC author Pseudo-Scylax of Caryanda calls Phasis a “Hellenic” city, the situation changed dramatically on the verge of eras. The great geographer and author of this era, Strabo, calls Dioscurias a place of gathering for barbarians, where 70 tribes came along and Phasis — a trading city of the Colchians. As noted, the Hellenistic cities of Colchis declined.
Thus, the geographical and climatic conditions of the ancient state of Colchis determined the protofeudal character of the Colchis, as noted in historiography, and the peculiarities of this type of social organization, along with its social differences, were also associated with it.
This article is partly inspired by Professor Tedo Dundua’s master’s course “Georgia and the Outer World – The Creation of Europe and Historical Forms of European Integration”, which I took with him in the 2020-2021 academic year. Later, Prof. Dundua’s review helped me to improve the paper. The article is dedicated to his memory
Early Support for Children with Disabilities - the Initial Stage of Inclusive Education
No full textInclusive Education in Georgia – Achievements, Challenges and Perspectives - 2024
Joint Conference of Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University and Batumi Shota Rustaveli State UniversityToday the idea of inclusive education is spread widely in Georgia, which was facilitated by the ongoing reforms in the field of education. Early support for children with disabilities, as a basic structural component of the educational system, can radically change the effectiveness of learning and their social integration.
Developmental psychologists have confirmed the importance of early age for child development, the uniqueness of early years has been proven in order to maximize the correction of developmental disorders of a child with disabilities. The main goals of early aid include: the general development of the child and the maximum possible correction of developmental disorders; improvement of the child's quality of life and social adaptation. It has been proven that if severe disorders of psycho-physical development were detected at an early stage, early interdisciplinary help is provided to the child and family support is competently organized, then these severe developmental disorders can be better compensated.
According to the Early Years Research Institute for Inclusion (ECRII) parents of children with disabilities who participate in inclusive programs report positive changes in their children's confidence, self-esteem, and self-efficacy.
Research results also indicate that when teachers feel well prepared, have a positive attitude towards inclusion and are willing to work together, they can provide significant support to children. As inclusion in preschool classrooms increases, teachers attitudes and beliefs may vary. Inclusive education is likely to fail when teachers do not have a positive attitude towards inclusion.
It is important to study the following issues in depth:
1. What is the attitude of the preschool administration and teachers regarding the inclusion of children with special needs in regular classes;
2. How are teachers recruited, are their knowledge of special needs and their experience in inclusive education of children taken into account;
3. Do teachers training and professional roles matter when it comes to their attitudes towards inclusive classrooms;
4. Do specialists use different forms of work to improve the competence of parents
Congress of the Roman Frontier Studies/Limes Congress XXVI September 8-14, 2024 Batumi, Georgia
Full text linkhttps://geohistory.humanities.tsu.ge/ge/procedings/83-shromebi/179-shromebi-20.html
ივანე ჯავახიშვილის სახელობის თბილისის სახელმწიფო უნივერსიტეტის ჰუმანიტარულ მეცნიერებათა ფაკულტეტის საქართველოს ისტორიის ინსტიტუტის შრომები შესულია ERIH PLUS-ში (The European Reference Index for the Humanities and the Social Sciences) / This journal was approved on 23.10.2024 according to ERIH PLUS criteria for inclusio
TOWARDS THE ISSUE OF THE SPREAD OF THE SUN CULT IN IBERIA AND COLCHIS IN LATE ANTIQUITY
Full text linkhttps://geohistory.humanities.tsu.ge/ge/procedings/83-shromebi/179-shromebi-20.html
ივანე ჯავახიშვილის სახელობის თბილისის სახელმწიფო უნივერსიტეტის ჰუმანიტარულ მეცნიერებათა ფაკულტეტის საქართველოს ისტორიის ინსტიტუტის შრომები შესულია ERIH PLUS-ში (The European Reference Index for the Humanities and the Social Sciences) / This journal was approved on 23.10.2024 according to ERIH PLUS criteria for inclusionIn the Greco-Roman pantheon of deities, Helios, Sol, and Apollo are
connected with the cult of the sun, whose introduction in Iberia and Colchis
begins in the Early Antiquity. In the Late Antiquity, the gods related to the sun cult that entered the Roman Empire from the Hellenistic period were added to the mentioned deities on the territory of Georgia too. They were as follows: Aryan Mithras, Syrian Baal, Elagabalus, Asia Minor Men, Phrygian Jupiter Dolichenus, Thracian-Phrygian Sabazios, etc.
Artifacts related to solar deities have been attested both on the territory
of eastern and western Georgia. Although not in large numbers but some
amount of artifacts are discovered, among which was a golden medallion
(pendant) with the image of Helios found in the Gonio hoard (2nd-3rd centuries AD) in 1974 during the construction of a road near Apsaros fortress, on a nearby mountain, along with other excellent examples of goldsmithing. The images of Helios (Sol) are mainly recorded on the glyptic monuments found on the territory of Iberia. One of them was found in Mtskheta, on the territory of the Samtavro necropolis in 1939 in the southern section of the territory of the Samtavro, in a damaged Stone box grave A. It is an oval-shaped bulging carnelian intaglio inserted in a silver ring dated back to the 3rd c. Another one is an intaglio of topaz, that adorns a gold medallion and is found in Usakhelo Village. The images of the god Apollo were found on a bronze ring (2nd century AD) on a flat intaglio of white transparent glass in tomb No. 51 excavated in 1958 at Urbnisi necropolis. The introduction of deities related to the cult of the sun into our culture should be a result of a political union between Iberia-Colchis and the ancient world. To study the issue, our attention was drawn to 11 gems with the image of an equestrian found on the territory of Georgia. Among which 4 were found in Mtskheta, 5 in Urbnisi, 1 in Kutaisi, and 1 in Zhinvali. Also, we paid attention to two samples of such Gems from the Berlin and Bonn museums with a provenance from Georgia. As a result of the study of the artifacts, it became clear that from the 1st century onwards, the cult of the horseman – the image of a horseman on a horse – began to spread, which over time undergoes syncretization process with astral cults (Sun – the rider’s headwear with the rays) and a syncretic deity was formed on local land
