Dspace, Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University
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მუნიციპალური სამართალი ძირითადი კონცეფციები, ევროპული ქარტია და საქართველო
Get PDFნაშრომი შემუშავებულ იქნა თსუ-ს საკონსტიტუციო სამართლის მიმართულებით მოღვაწე აკადემიური გუნდის მონაწილეობით. მისი მიზანია საკუთარი წვლილი შეიტანოს საქართველოში ადგილობრივი თვითმმართველობის (მუნიციპალური) სამართლის განვითარების სფეროში, შეავსოს არსებული აკადემიური ნაშრომების მცირე რაოდენობა და წაახალისოს სამეცნიერო დისკუსია.
ნაშრომი განიხილავს მუნიციპალური (ადგილობრივი თვითმმართველობის) სამართალის სფეროში არსებულ ძირითად კონცეფციებს, ადგილობრივი თვითმმართველობის შესახებ ევროპული ქარტიის „სტანდარტებსა“ და საქართველოს კანონმდებლობას. ამასთან, ნაშრომი აგრეთვე ყურადღებას უთმობს ადგილობრივი თვითმმართველობის ინსტიტუტის განვითარების თანამედროვე ტენდენციების მიმოხილვას, ქარტიის ხელმომწერი _ ევროპის საბჭოს წევრი ქვეყნების პრაქტიკის აღწერას და ადგილობრივი თვითმმართველობის სფეროში ევროპის საბჭოს ორგანოების მიდგომებისა და რეკომენდაციების გადმოცემასა და განმარტებას.
სხვადასხვა საკითხის ანალიზისას წიგნში გამოყენებულია პრაქტიკულ მაგალითები და შედარებები, რომლებიც მკითხველს შინაარსის სწორად გაგებაში დაეხმარება. საქართველოში არსებული სამართლებრივი და პრაქტიკული გარემოს შეფასებისას ნაშრომში ასევე განხილულია საქართველოს უზენაესი სასამართლოსა და საქართველოს საკონსტიტუციო სასამართლოს მწირი, თუმცა მნიშვნელოვანი პრაქტიკა, რაც ამ სფეროში პირველად განხორციელდა.
წიგნი სულ შედგება თხუთმეტი თავისგან. თავები აგებულია შემდეგი სტრუქტურით: პირველი თავის ნაწილი ეძღვნება ძირითადი კონცეფციების, პრინციპებისა და ტერმინებისა განმარტებას, მეორე ნაწილი მიმოიხილავს ადგილობრივი თვითმმართველობის ევროპული ქარტიით დადგენილ სახელმძღვანელო სტანდარტებს, ხოლო მესამე ნაწილი აღწერს და აანალიზებს საქართველოს კანონმდებლობას.
ნაშრომი განკუთვნილია როგორც ბაკალავრიატისა და მაგისტრატურის სასწავლო საფეხურის სტუდენტებისთვის, აგრეთვე შესაბამისი სფეროთი დაინტერესებული სამეცნიერო წრეებისა და პრაქტიკოსი საჯარო მოხელეებისთვის, რომლებსაც ადგილობრივი თვითმმართველობის საკითხებთან უწევთ შეხება.
ავტორები შეეცადნენ მრავალწლიანი პედაგოგიური, სამეცნიერო და პრაქტიკული გამოცდილება გამოეყენებინათ მარტივი სტრუქტურის, შინაარსობრივად ტევადი და პრაქტიკული მაგალითებით დატვირთული ნაშრომის შესაქმნელად, რომელიც, ვფიქრობთ, განსაკუთრებულ დახმარებას გაუწევს მკითხველს ადგილობრივი თვითმმართველობის სფეროში არსებული ზოგიერთი რთული კონცეფციისა და პრაქტიკული საკითხის უკეთესად გასაგებად და შემდგომი სამეცნიერო დისკუსიის წასახალისებლად.
The book outlines and analyzes the basic concepts of Municipal Law and the principles of local self-government as outlined by the European Charter of Local Self-Government. It describes how the charter’s principles are interpreted and practically implemented within the Council of Europe countries. Furthermore, the book represents and analyzes the local self-government system in Georgia in both theory and practice
The European Union's new approach to industrial policy
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02_Enterprise-Models-and-the-EU-agenda.pdfThe EU has always understood that its current prosperity is based on the ability of a regional
association to create and master industrial innovations as a key factor in ensuring economic growth
and social progress. Today, industrial innovation is the main driver of economic and social prosperity.
They accelerate economic growth, create new and more attractive jobs, provide social mobility,
prevent negative climate change and improve the quality of life. At the same time, the very nature of
industrial innovation is changing. Their life cycle is drastically reduced. Complexity is increasing as a
result of the convergence of different types of technologies. Profits from industrial innovations are
concentrated in the hands of individual companies that dominate the world market, which have managed
to monopolize their creation and distribution through the use of their unique properties. Innovations
are increasingly focused on the buyer, who is looking not for a product or service, but for a
solution to his specific problem. He acts today as the initiator and creator of progress, and not as a
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The role of women in the inclusive growth of Georgian economy
No full text1. Что такое гендерное неравенство и как оно проявляется. https://plus-one.ru/manual/2022/05/17/
2. World Economic Forum (2020). Global Gender Gap Report 2020. Geneva. ISBN-13: 978-2-940631-03-2. Available
online at: www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_GGGR_2020.pdf ].
3. Economic empowerment of women is crucial for inclusive economic development. 2019. 15. June.
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რეალობა? https://eprc.ge/news/khalebis-roli-ekonomikashi-rogoria-sakharthvelos-somkhethisa-daazerbaijanis-
realoba/
6. ქალების როლი ეკონომიკაში – როგორია საქართველოს, სომხეთისა და აზერბაიჯანის
რეალობა? https://eprc.ge/news/khalebis-roli-ekonomikashi-rogoria-sakharthvelos-somkhethisa-daazerbaijanis-
realoba/
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გვ.://www.geostat.ge/media/41854/.pdf
8. ქალი და კაცი საქართველოში. 2021 წელი. სტატისტიკური პუბლიკაცია. -136
გვ.://www.geostat.ge/media/41854/.pdf
9. ქალი და კაცი საქართველოში. საქართველოს სტატისტიკის ეროვნული სამსახური თბილისი -
2021. სტატისტიკური პუბლიკაცია. გვ.12.]
10. გაეროს კვლევის მიხედვით პანდემიამ კიდევ-უფრო გააღრმავა საქართველოში არსებული
გენდერული უთანასწორობა. 2021. 8 მარტი. //WWW.UNDP.ORG/KA/GEORGIA/PRESS-RELEASESThe article substantiates that the best means of general and differentiated well-being of
society in modern Georgia is inclusive economic growth, i.e. universal involvement in the economy,
which is hindered by the asymmetric development of labor and entrepreneurial activity in a gender
context. The purpose of the study is to use and strengthen the economic potential of women by
stimulating their labor and entrepreneurial activity. On the way to the goal, the essence and
significance of women's entrepreneurship in the inclusive growth of the country's economy is
determined. The most important motives for starting women's entrepreneurial activities and factors
hindering development have been identified. It is shown that the restrictions imposed against the
spread of the pandemic and the associated economic downturn affected women more than men.
Based on international experience and our own vision, proposals and recommendations have been
developed to minimize and eliminate the causes and factors hindering the development of women's
business, the consideration and effective implementation of which, we think, will have a strong
impact on gender equality, on the activation of women's labor and entrepreneurship in Georgia, i.e.
on inclusive economic growth and, accordingly, on the general and differentiated well-being of
society
საიუბილეო კრებული
No full textწიგნი ეძღვნება თანამედროვე ქართული სამართლის ღირსეულ წარმომადგენელს, ღვაწლმოსილ პროფესორ ლადო ჭანტურიას 60 წლის იუბილეს. ამ წიგნში, მისდამი პატივისცემის გამოსახატავად ქართველი და უცხოელი მეცნიერები, მოსწავლეები და მეგობრები უძღვნიან მას მოკრძალებულ საიუბილეო კრებულს, რომელშიც მკითხველი გაეცნობა კერძო და საჯარო სამართლის თანამედროვე ტენდენციების ამსახველ საინტერესო კვლევებს
Strategy of state support of the economy in the post-pandemic period
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•• https://gcci.ge/One of the main economic functions of a state is to prevent developmental risks and to define correct national anti-crisis policies in harmony with global requirements. The last pandemic processes particularly highlighted the importance of state's economic function and of its governing role. This article discusses some strategies for effectively managing integration processes and the economic mechanisms of a state which interfare with the state governance system. To do so, the article analyses the state's economic function during a non-stable development and the impact of anti-crisis policy on socio-economic system and on the stablization of development processes. Among other, the article presents the key topics underlining the state function in crisis management: stabilization strategies of modern world economic processes, correct coordination of the state system in a crisis environment and optimal repartition of function among states, modern concepts of political and economic systems of economic governance after a crisis period, adequation of national anti-crisis reforms with global standards.
A significant transformation of state functions takes place in a crisis environment, as the crisis shakes the principles of the gradualist concept of the post-industrial society and causes deformations of existing macroeconomic balance (Tabatadze & Tsanava, 2009). The recent global economic fluctuations and a clearly expressed cyclical nature of development, required significant changes in the neoclassical principles and activated Keynesian approaches to the economic essence of the state (Durcova, 2012).
The article analyses the case of Georgia. It examines the outcomes of Georgia’s reforms which aimed at effective management of pandemic crisis. To do so, the article studies the state anti-crisis plan and post-crisis strategies in 2021-2022, their main instruments and actual outcomes. It evaluates the main steps and mechanisms of post-crisis rehabilitation state strategy, the main macroeconomic results of state economic support and the future perspectives of Georgia’s economic development.
Georgia showed one of the best results of global crisis management in the world. This experience has become a precedent for other countries. Two billion GEL was allocated from the state budget to the anti-crisis program, which went in two priority directions: Financing of state social projects (granting of allowances, financing of social protection projects of the population, increase of teachers’ salaries, indexation of pensions) and promotion of business (430 million GEL). The increase in state expenditures increased the budget deficit during the pandemic crisis from 2% to 9%, and by 2024 it is planned to restore this parameter to the pre-crisis level.
A key success factor can be identified as the government’s attempt to maintain a balance between managing the pandemic and minimizing the economic damage. At the beginning of the crisis, the pandemic caused a sharp decrease in the economy of Georgia and further aggravated the existing problems: exchange rote of GEL, inflation, investment, unemployment and public debt. The largest decrease was recorder in the hotel and restaurants sector – 80%, followed by a 20% decrease in the transport and warehousing sectors, entertainment and leisure sector services decreased by 15%.
The regulatory function of the state has significantly increased in the process of risk prevention and development of a complex anti-crisis strategy. As the environmental, social and governance components of a sustainable economy have a significant impact on systemic risk, their regulation required an active involvement of the state and the use of relevant tools. State programs of entrepreneurial support, transfers to domestic forms and social assistance for persons with limited liquid funds showed significant results. Thanks to this new policy Georgia managed to provide a large-scale fiscal support to household in the second phase of the crisis, by expanding the purchase of assets, increasing credit financing, and reducing the interest rate.
In the strategy of state support of the economy, a special place was given to the rational spending of state funds and the issue of regulating the state debt. The new policy is derived from the basic requirements of the “EU Fiscal Rule” and aims at four outcomes: control the budget deficit, increase the efficiency of spending of funds, reduce the cyclicality of fiscal policy and prevent its unsustainability. Georgia also changed its priorities in terms of economic policy. The transit and tourism function were defined as the main priorities of the Georgian economy, with the aim to create prerequisites for a stable positioning in the world markets. In 2021, the growth of the Georgian economy amounted up to 10.6%, which was the best result in the region and the second-best result in Europe. IFM predicted to Georgia the highest economic growth in the region and in Europe (34.5%) for a medium-term period (2021-2025). In 2022, compared to the previous year, the volume of PUI doubled and reached an unprecedented level for economic growth (Geostat, 2020).
One of the biggest challenges for Georgia during the pandemic and post-pandemic period, was the management of the state debt. Even though the state debt exceeded the safety limit (2020-60.3%, 2021-60.1%), the scale of economic rehabilitation made it possible to return it to the normative framework already in 2022. To ensure macroeconomic balance, it’s important to make a complex study of its indicators. In addition, it is necessary to correctly assess the optimal portfolio of public debt and determine the effect of public debt for the medium and long term.
As a result of this above listed state support to prevent the negative effects of the economic crisis, Georgia managed to guarantee that not a single large enterprise stopped operating in the country. At the same time, international reserves increased by 11.5% and local exports by 3.5%, 1,056 million; the trade deficit improved in US dollars and amounted to 4.7 billion USD. In 2021 the international credit rating company fitch kept Georgia in the BB category of the economic stability according to the ease of doing business and the attractiveness of the business environment, maintaining the investment environment, and ensuring resilience to external shocks
Imagination or Anomaly? –For the Understanding of Several Folklore Texts
Get PDFImparting – whether of pain, joy, experience or knowledge – is one of the essential functions of folk text – a fairy tale, a saying, a song or a verse. A person reciting a f olk t ext m ay be sharing something he/she has gone through or committed, which, as shameful or reprehensible as it may seem to the teller, is impossible to hide further. Recital of a folk text is an effective way to release what has been held inside – like whispering into a pit, as the fairy tale has it. Speaking out may bring a sense of relief. The original author of a folk text is never looked for – the attempt would be doomed to failure. The story is off the axis of historical time – the events happen “once upon a time”. Getting to the fairy place is no small feat either – one has to cross nine mountains and nine rivers. Thus, time and space remain indefinite, the opening phase “it was and it was not” serving as an alibi for the narrator. Each subsequent teller will add to the story something of his/her own – a personal experience or fancy, while the listener will enjoy it – even if it is spiced with horror. If Greek gods are “immune” from the twenty-first century moral code, if modern readers accept the charm of erotic verses and prose, if horror has “fully established itself” in world literature and cinema as something “totally ordinary”, why are we taken aback by the frankness of a folk text? The features of a folk text – anonymity and the absence of textual authority, its transmission and re-creation through performance that combines narration, singing, acting and dance – guarantee the e ase a nd f rankness of delivery. The article examines several folk texts from the perspective of cultural studies
Perception of inclusiveness among the students of Educational Sciences at Georgian universities
Get PDFმოცმული კვლევა წარმოადგენს კვლევითი პროექტის ნაწილს, რომელიც განხორციელდა სსიპ შოთა რუსთაველის საქართველოს ეროვნული სამეცნიერო ფონდის მიერ დაფინანსებულ საგრანტო პროექტის - ,,მასწავლებლები ინკლუზიური განათლების მხარდასაჭერად“,(გრანტი №FR-21-3869) - ფარგლებში.
აღნიშნულ კვლევაში გაანალიზებულია განათლების მეცნიერებათა მიმართულების სტუდენტების აღქმა მათი უნივერსიტეტის ინკლუზიურობის შესახებ. ასევე, შესწავლილია მათი, როგორც მომავლი მასწავლებლების შეხედულება, თუ რამდენად თვლიან თავს მზად, რომ ასწავლონ სპეციალური საგანმანათლებლო საჭიროების მქონე მოსწავლეებს და ზოგადად, როგორ უყურებენ ინკლუზიური განათლების იდეას.
არაერთი კვლევა აჩვენებს, რომ საქართველოში ინკლუზიური განათლების ხარისხი დაბალია და ძირითად მიზეზად სწორედ მოქმედი მასწავლებლების დაბალი პროფესიული კომპეტენცია და ინკლუზიური განათლების მიმართ მათი არაადეკვატური დამოკიდებულებები სახელდება (მახარაძე და სხვებ.,2019; ჭინჭარაული & ჯავახიშვილი, 2014).
კვლევა დაეყრდნო როდენობრივ მეთოდს, კერძოდ, თვითადმინისტრირებადი კითხვარით შესწავლილი იყო სტუდენტების შეხედულებები ოთხ უნივერსიტეტში: ივანე ჯავახიშვილის სახელობის თბილისის სახელმწიფო უნივერსიტეტში, ბათუმის შოთა რუსთაველის სახელმწიფო უნივერსიტეტში, იაკობ გოგებაშვილის სახელობის თელავის სახელმწიფო უნივერსიტეტში და აკაკი წერეთლის სახელმწიფო უნიერსიტეტში. კითხვარი აგებულია 2011 წელს Tony Booth და Mel Ainscow -ს მიერ შემუშავებული ინკლუზიურობის ინდექსის (The Index for Inclusion) მიხედვით, რომელიც გამოყენებულია სკოლების ინკლუზიური ღირებულებების შესაბამისად განვითარებისათვის (Booth, T. and Ainscow, M. (2011) Index for Inclusion: Developing Learning and Participation in Schools. Centre for Studies on Inclusive Education, Bristol). ისევე როგორც ინკლუზიურობის ინდექსში, ჩვენ მიერ შემუშავებული კითხვარი შედგება სამი განზომილებისა და ექვსი ქვეგანზომილებისგან. ჩვენ მიერ ფორმულირებული კითხვარი შედგებოდა 44 კითხვისაგან - კითხვარმა გაიარა ვალიდაციის პროცესი - ვალიდაციაში მონაწილეობდა 761 სტუდენტი ზემოთ აღნიშნული ოთხი უნივერსიტეტიდან და 15 სფეროს ექსპერტი.
კვლევა დაეყრდნო რეპრეზენტატულ შერჩევას - კვლევაში მონაწილეობა მიიღო ზემოაღნიშნული ოთხი უნივერსიტეტის მასწავლებლის მომზადების ინტეგრირებული საბაკალვრო-სამაგისტრო პროგრამის 302 სტუდენტმა.
შედეგებმა აჩვენა, რომ სამიზნე უნივერსიტეტებში სტუდენტების მოსაზრებები მნიშვნელოვნად არ განსხვავდება ერთმანეთისაგან. სტუდნეტების დიდ ნაწილს მიაჩნია, რომ მათი უნივერსიტეტები ხელს უწყობენ უნივერსიტეტში ინკლუზიური კულტურის განვითარებას, ინკლუზიური პოლიტიკისა და პრაქტიკის დანერგვას; კვლევამ აჩვენა, რომ მომავალი მასწავლებლების მნიშვნელოვან ნაწილს გაუჭირდა იმის განსაზღვრა, არის თუ არა მზად ასწავლონ სსსმ მოსწავლეებ
Small and medium business in Georgia and its institutions and promotion programs
Get PDF1. საქართველოს მცირე და საშუალო მეწარმეობის განვითარების 2021-2025 წლების სტრატეგია.
http://www.moesd.gov.ge/uploads/files/2017/ek__politika/strategia_2021_2025/mcire_da_sashualo_mecarmeo
bis_strategia_2021_2025.pdf ბოლო ნახვა 29.01.2023
2. საწარმოთა სტატისტიკური გამოკვლევა. https://www.geostat.ge/ka/modules/categories/326/sacarmotastatistikuri-
gamokvleva ბოლო ნახვა 29.01.2023
3. Ayyagari, M., Asli, D., & Maksimovic, V. (2007). Firm Innovation in emerging markets. World Bank Policy Research
Paper 4157. Washington: The World Bank.
4. Shiu, E., & Walker, D. (2007). New product market visioning in small enterprises. Journal of Small Business and
Enterprise Development, 14(1) 81-92.
5. http://www.dcfta.gov.ge/ge/international
6. http://www.economists.ge/storage/uploads/publication/1412290223091a66.pdfSmall and medium business is a segment that has a significant impact on the development of the
national economy, the growth of the competitiveness of the industry and the activation of innovation.
Small and medium-sized businesses provide jobs and improve the welfare of the population. Accordingly,
the pace of economic growth largely depends on the quality of functioning of small and medium-
sized enterprises in the country. The article is devoted to the discussion of small and medium-sized
businesses. The introductory part of the work is devoted to small and medium-sized businesses and
their role in the country's economy. The next part analyzes the declared data of the State Statistics Service
of Georgia on business forms on such economic indicators as: the number of employees, the number
of employees, the average monthly salary of employees, trade turnover, output, direct foreign deliveries.
investments. As can be seen from the statistical materials, in 2022 the entire business sector was
affected by the pandemic. Small and medium enterprises were forced to reduce the number of employees.
Due to the decrease in aggregate demand, the sector of small and medium businesses reduced
the output of products, which was also reflected in the turnover rate. Some enterprises have had to
suspend or cease operations due to strict regulations. The main part discusses institutions and programs
for the development of small and medium-sized businesses. It is worth noting the reforms carried
out by the government in order to promote small and medium-sized businesses. One of the outstanding
and successful programs is ~Produce in Georgia~. With the help of similar programs, small and
medium-sized entrepreneurs are given the opportunity to develop, which positively affects the economic
growth of the country. Despite the improvement of the general business environment, in terms
of small and medium entrepreneurship development, Georgia faces the same challenges as in many
developing countries. The situation worsened during the pandemic. Therefore, the 2021-2025 strategy
for the development of small and medium entrepreneurship aims to restore the positive trends that
existed before the pandemic and to promote the further development of small and medium entrepreneurship.
The last part presents the author's conclusions on this issue
The First Attempt to Establish Ottoman Sanjaks in Georgia and Its Outcomes
Get PDFეძღვნება აკადემიკოს ზაზა ალექსიძის ხსოვნას (1935 – 2023)/
Dedicated to Memory of Academician Zaza Aleksidze (1935 – 2023)As reported by the Ottoman historian Ibrahim Peçevi, in 1536, the Ottomans
conquered specific territories in Samtskhe and established Sanjaks there. The Ottoman
entry into Samtskhe is documented in the Kunul-ahbar and Muradnameh. According to
Turkish historian Ismail Danishmendi, the Ottomans created the Sanjaks of Oltis,
Artvin, Kiskim, and Narman in the newly acquired Georgian regions. These mentioned
Sanjaks are documented in the 1538 Tahrir Log of Arzrum, designating the Georgian
territories under Erzurum’s authority.
This timeframe coincides with the campaign led by King Bagrat III of Imereti into
Samtskhe. In 1535, King Bagrat, accompanied by his allies, the Dadiani and Gurieli
families, invaded Samtskhe. In the Battle of Murjakhedi, he defeated Atabag of Samtskhe,
Kvarkvare III, capturing him. Kvarkvare III ultimately died in captivity. Otar Shalikashvili,
a nobleman from Samtsakhe, sought refuge with the Ottoman Empire, along with
Atabag's young son, Kaikhosro.
Fahrettin Kirzioglu suggests an error in Vakhushti's account regarding the date of
Bagrat III's conquest of Samtskhe, arguing that it occurred in 1436 instead of 1435, a
claim not supported by Georgian sources. Sadik Bilge, based on the 1436 date, proposes
that the newly appointed Sabeglarbego Beglarbeg of Erzurum and Bagrat III collaborated
against the ruler of Samtskhe-Saatabago. However, this hypothesis lacks substantiation, as
Bagrat had been fighting against the Ottomans for a decade and had sought support from
not only Georgian kings and princes but also the Safavid Empire in Iran.
In 1536, the newly appointed Beglarbeg of Erzurum entered Samtskhe. According to
Mustafa Ali of Gallipoli, the Ottomans captured the Barakan fortress and the Fanak
region. Muradnameh narrates that Erzurum Val Mehmed Pasha invaded Mamirvan and
seized the Oltis and Fanak fortresses (Kırzıoğlu, p.163). As mentioned earlier, Ibrahim
Peçevi provides an account of this invasion, noting that "after a fierce battle, the victory
was claimed by the [Muslim] forces." A significant amount of booty was acquired,
causing the surviving residents to disperse, while those from Sanjak-to-be-place
populations declared their submission and requested the Sultan to appoint rulers and
administrators. The last sentence in the report is somewhat unclear, indicating that the
captured Georgian population petitioned the Sultan for the appointment of Sanjak rulers.
The Turkish translation by Baikal and even origin itself states that "Pasha of Erzurum
captured three or four Sanjak areas whose residents declared submission, and [Pasha of
Erzurum] appealed to the Sultan to designate Sanjak rulers." Based on this information,
some Georgian and Turkish scholars assert that this marked the initial establishment of Ottoman Sanjaks in Georgia, though this assertion is debatable. It is more accurate to
describe it as an attempt to create Sanjaks.
Farettin Kırzıoğlu suggests that the Ottomans conducted raids across the entire Speri-
Artvin region (M.F. Kırzıoğlu, p. 162), even though the record explicitly states that the
Ottomans raided the villages of Fertekrek and Tortum, not Artvin's side. According to the
document, the conquered territories were placed under the rule of Kul Agha Mehmed
Pasha, who imposed a tax of 40,000 akhcha. It is worth noting that, despite the effort to
pay tribute and create sanjak, the Ottomans were not able to fortify Saatabago during this
period.
The Georgians quickly reclaimed the lost territories. According to Vakhushti
Batonishvili, in 1541 (1543), the Ottomans once again entered the territory of Saatabago,
this time led by Mustafa Pasha. The Georgians won this encounter, and Kaikhosro and
Otar were compelled to go into hiding from the Ottomans.
The Ottomans were not content with this reversal. In 1545, Suleiman I initiated a
decisive battle to expel the king of Imereti from Saatabago. As reported by Vakhushti
Batonishvili and the third text of the Life of Kartli, Suleiman sent Beglarbegs from
Diyarbakir and Erzurum to subdue the Georgians. King Luarsab of Kartli and the ruler of
Guria, Gurieli, joined forces with King Bagrat of Imereti. According to the third text of
Kartli's Life, the Ottomans prevailed due to the "betrayal of the Meskhetians" (Kartli's
Life, p. 499). Bagrat retreated to Kutaisi, while the Ottomans besieged Kaikhosro.
In summary, although the Ottomans captured certain Samtskhe territories in 1536
and attempted to establish Sanjaks, King Bagrat of Imereti soon reclaimed these
territories. Subsequently, the Ottomans made several unsuccessful attempts to recapture
them, eventually handing over the title of Atabag to Kaikhosro.ნაშრომი შესრულებულია შოთა რუსთაველის ეროვნული სამეცნიერო ფონდის მიერ დაფინანსებული პროექტის ფარგლებშ
FROM THE HISTORY OF THE SUMBATASHVILIS PRINCELY FAMILY
Get PDFhttps://geohistory.humanities.tsu.ge/ge/procedings/83-shromebi/178-shromebi-19.htmlThis article reviews the history of the Sumbatashvilis – one of the prominent noble families in Kartli – the Central part of Georgian kingdom. They were high ranked nobles, princes (in Georg. “Tavadi”).
In the historical sources of 17th-19th centuries the princes Sumbatashvilis are named as the faithful warriors and administrators, specifically, ober-kamerhers/garderobmeisters (in Georg. “Meitari”), community governors (in Georg. “Mouravi”), chief cashiers (in Georg. “Molaretukhutsesi”), censor of military servismen (in Georg. “Lashkarnivisi”) of Georgian kings from Bagrationi royal dynasty..
For such loyalty to the kings the princes Sumbatashvilis were highly appreciated by the Georgian kings