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For One Group of Pronouns in the New Georgian Language
No full textეძღვნება პროფესორ ფარნაოზ ერთელიშვილის დაბადებიდან მე-100 წლისთავს/ Dedicated to the 100th Birthday of Prof. Parnaoz ErtelishviliPronouns in Georgian language, like the grammatical descriptions of other languages,
are classified by semantics, i.e. according to their meaning, and, conforming to the generally
accepted opinion, we can distinguish between: personal, demonstrative, interrogative, possessive,
interrogative-possesive, relative, relational, definite, indefinite and negative groups of
pronouns [Shanidze, 1980; Martirosov, 1964]. In this respect, our attention is drawn to those
groups, in the composition of which the particle forms are united. In the linguistic literature
these units are referred to as relative pronouns („ვინ-ც“ (“vin – ts”), „რა-ც“ (“ra – ts”) and
the like) or one set of indefinite pronouns, which are produced by adding the particles „-მე“
(“me”) or „-ღა-ც[ა]“ (“gha-ts[a]”) to interrogative pronouns (“ვინ-მე” (“vin-me”), „რა-მე“
(“ra-me”) „ვი-ღა-ც[ა]“ (“vi-gha-ts[a]”), რა-ღა-ც[ა] (“ra-gha-ts[a]”), etc.).
As well as that, in the Georgian scientific literature, inflectional pronouns „იგივე“ (“igive”)
and „ერთი და იგივე“ (“erti da igive”) are not classified in a specific group, which,
we think, inadequately describes the modern system of pronouns both in terms of semantics
and form. For more specification, we would like to note that neither Shanidze nor Martirosov
place the named pronouns into classification groups in their scientific works and generally
leave open the issue of their belonging to any semantic group. There is no doubt that the
forms „იგივე“ (“igive”) and „ერთი და იგივე“ (“erti da igive”) are pronouns. That is why
Ak. Shanidze groups „იგივე“ (“igive”) with „–ვე“ (“-ve”) particle nouns, he addresses it
as a pronoun but does not say anything about which group it belongs to. In the “Basics of
the Grammar of the Georgian Language” we read: “The particle „–ვე“ (“-ve”) is attached to
all nouns, but it shows its peculiarity only with pronouns and numerals” (Shanidze, 1980,
p. 104). The scientist considers their main features to be, on the one hand, the addition of
the particle to the stem and, on the other hand, the presence of “too many mixed forms”
(„ორთავენი“ (“ortaveni”), „სამთავენი“ (“samtaveni”) with numerical nouns. The following
question arises: why are not they included in the groups of pronouns, and which of the
groups (we mean content groups) can they be assigned to, if they are reffered to as pronouns
in the scientific literature? We think that both of these pronouns could not be included in
the traditionally classified groups due to the functional difference. „იგივე“ (“igive”) and
„ერთი და იგივე“ (“erti da igive”) denote identity, that is, the sameness. Perhaps it remains
an inexplicable phenomenon why they were kind of ignored when categorising pronouns into
groups. It is possible to think that it was considered somewhat unacceptable to allocate an
independent group for pronouns with two independent meanings, although there is a contradiction
in this conceptual vector as well. The point is that the interrogative-possessive group
also consists of two members (ვისი? (visi?) რისა? (risa?)//რისი? (risi?)) and they are not
affected by such a restriction.
Undoubtedly, pronouns „იგივე“ (“igive”) and „ერთი და იგივე“ (“erti da igive”)
are significantly different from personal and demonstrative pronouns by forms and functions,
although they also show some similarity to these groups. This is also logical, because from the
point of view of genesis, they were initially demonstrative forms, then turned into personal
pronouns, and in the modern language they form independent entities. We would like to note
that pronouns „იგივე“ (“igive”) and „ერთი და იგივე“ (“erti da igive”) cannot be equated
with personal pronouns with the same semantics, which, despite the addition of the particle „-ვე“ (“-ve”), remain functionally personal pronouns. These are: „მევე“ (“meve”), „შენვე“
(“shenve”), „მანვე“ (“manve”) and others. The latter do not have the ability to stand as a
finite noun in the Georgian language, and that is why they remain in the group of personal
pronouns.
Hence, we think that there is an important gap in the description of the Georgian language
from the point of view of the pronouns „იგივე“ (“igive”) and „ერთი და იგივე“ (“erti da
igive”), and the only way to solve the problem is to introduce a new substantive group in the
pronouns, we consider it appropriate to separate the so-called uniform group. In our opinion,
this kind of approach will make the system much more complete, and an independent group,
named – uniform, will combine two extremely important pronouns for the Georgian language
The Russo-Ukrainian War and Its Possible Impact on the 2024 United States Presidential Election
No full textThe Russian war against Ukraine unified almost the full political
spectrum of the United States. Nearly unanimous decisions
of the U.S. Congress which made it possible to provide the
both military and non-military support to Ukraine clearly confirm this. Only a handful of politicians expressed their scepticism
regarding the support towards Ukraine. Mostly, those were
the Republicans supporting Donald Trump, but sometimes the
so-called “Progressives” among Democrats also joined them (albeit
because of completely different reasons).
Despite this, the prolongation of war may increase the
number of Americans who will support the reducing or even
stopping the aid to Ukraine. This is significant because of the
U.S. Presidential Election, which will take place next year. As we
already see, such viewpoints are quite pronounced in the pro--
Republican media. In this case, we have to single out Tucker
Carlson from Fox News, whose weeknight Tucker Carlson Tonight
is the most popular political show in the United States. Tucker
Carlson regularly expresses his doubts regarding the Ukrainian
achievements in the war and frequently spreads disinformation
and the Russian propaganda about the hostilities. This is especially
true regarding the leak of papers from the Pentagon.
The significance of Tucker Carlson’s factor is increased by
his open support to Donald Trump in the upcoming presidential
election. Trump is not hiding his negative attitude towards Ukraine.
Although, he does not (and will not) dare to express the
open support to Russia, but stopping or even reducing the aid to
Ukraine (which he evidently wishes) can be considered as choosing
the aggressor’s side. Moreover, the similar statement (“While
the U.S. has many vital national interests...becoming further
entangled in a territorial dispute between Ukraine and Russia is
not one of them”) was made by Ron DeSantis, Governor of Floridan,
who is considered as the main rival of Donald Trump in Republican
Primaries. Nevertheless, it should be mentioned that
he was speaking on Tucker Carlson Tonight and the most conservative
electorate was the primary target of his address. Thus,
it seems this was a tactical step from DeSantis in the intra-party struggle, since he had never expressed pro-Russian sentiments
and called Vladimir Putin a “war criminal” on the next day.
At the same time, there is presidential candidate from the
Democratic Party, who shares the anti-Ukrainian views. Robert
Francis Kennedy Jr., who has officially announced his run for the
presidency, repeated the disinformation from Tucker Carlson.
He also made some other statements which showed his ignorance
regarding the question. For example, Robert Kennedy Jr.
declared that he will withdraw the American “troopsp from Russia’s
borders,” and this “would entice Russia to withdraw its troops
from Ukraine.” Of course, this statement is so naïve that it is
not possible to analyse it seriously. Nevertheless, since President
Biden’s second term is not appealing to the part of the Democratic
electorate, Kennedy can enjoy some support (unless
other candidates appear) among the voters during the Democratic
Primaries. (At this moment his popularity is at 14% among
the Democrats.)
In conclusion, we have to say that Donald Trump remains as
the most significant threat to the interests of Ukraine (and the
civilized world) and his possible choosing as the presidential
candidate from the Republican Party can be a result of the anti-
Ukrainian and pro-Russian sentiments among the ultra-conservative
voters. Nevertheless, there is a hope that Ukraine will either
win the war or achieve the decisive victories prior to November
of 2024 and the Ukrainian issue will have no impact on
the American voters
ქართველი ერის შესახებ ანუ თანატოსის სინდრომი
No full texthttps://geohistory.humanities.tsu.ge/ge/procedings/83-shromebi/178-shromebi-19.htm
Peculiarities of minimum wage formation and regulation in developed countries
No full textაბესაძე რ. საქართველოს ეკონომიკის ინოვაციური განვითარების სტრატეგიის ძირითადი მიმართულებები. ჟურნალი „ეკონომისტი“, N2, 2022 წელი. (tsu.ge);
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5. საქართველოს პრეზიდენტის ბრძანებულება N192, 2002 წლის 22 აპრილი „მინიმალური ხელფასისა და საარსებო მინიმუმის თანაფარდობის გაუმჯობესების 2002-2005 წლების სახელმწიფო პროგრამის დამტკიცების შესახებ“. https://www.matsne.gov.ge/ka/document/view/115780?publication=0.In the current global crisis to improve the living standards of the population and the quality of working life is necessary effective state regulation of their incomes, where sallary and the minimum wage play an important role. The latter refers to the minimum social standard that guarantees the social protection of employees. It directly reflects the level and quality of economic development and social security of the country. Currently, more than 90% of the countries in the world have a minimum wage set by law. Accordingly, problem of minimal wage its definition and regulation are in the constant focus of governmental and trade union organizations in developed countries.
The paper presents the assessment of the peculiarities of determining the minimum wage, state regulation in developed countries. Is discussed an analysis of its level and dynamics. Particular attention is paid to its legislative regulation at the time of evaluate its positive and negative aspects when setting a minimum level of remuneration. The main results of the research are summarized in the concluding part of the paper.
Key words: minimal wage; sallary; state regulation; social policy.
Determining and regulating the minimum wage in developed countries is carried out taking into account national trends: through legislation; regulation on the basis of a tripartite collective agreement, using principles of ,,Tripartizm“, regulation by state executive bodies. The amount of the minimum wage is set at the national level by the relevant legislature of the country. In a particular field or region, it is determined as a result of negotiations between en-trepreneurs unions and trade union representatives and it is reflected in the agreements signed between them. So, in developed countries, and especially in many EU member countries, nego-tiations are taking place on various levels to resolve wage and minimum wage issues. The pur-pose of setting the minimum wage a guarantee of social protection for hired workers is defined by the relevant convention (N131) and recommendation of the international Labour organiza-tion (N135). Accordingly, the following main factors will be taken into account when deter-mining the minimum wage: the needs of workers and their families; the overall level of wages in the country; the value of life and its change; economic development factors; level of labour productivity and the desire to achieve and maintain a high level of employment.
In addition to the above in developed European countries at the time of setting the minimum wage level pay considerable attention to important indicators of the overall process of economic development, such as: level of social guarantees, inflation, level and quality of employment, subsistence and etc.
Despite of the minimum wage is used in many countries, still, there is no consensus on its legislative establishment at the general state level. In particular, opponents of imposing a minimum wage make the following arguments: unemployment is rising by the introduction of the minimum wage and it don’t has positive effects in terms of impact on poverty; weakens competition in the labour market, contradicts the reduction of firms' expenses during the period of economic downturn; causes prices to rise; does more harm to small businesses than large businesses; reduces demand for labour, at the expense of reduced working hours or jobs; causes inflation because businesses seek to offset costs through price increases; leads to the demotivation of the poorer sections of the population, including access to additional education; allows them to get a job. According to other researchers the expected positive effects regarding the establishment of the minimum wage at the general state level by law are: raising living standards for the poorest and for less protected layers; enhancing staff motivation for efficient, productive work; stimulate consumption by increasing the money supply to the poor; reduce business costs; reducing the social expenditures of the state at the expense of increasing the incomes of the poorest sections of the population and etc. In addition to the above, the minimum wage can play an important role in ensuring the normal reproduction of the workforce at the stage of the current global financial and economic crisis. The minimum wage is the most important factor in the real differentiation of wages, as it affects the average wage and the minimum wage, as well as the remuneration of certain qualifying groups, as well as the minimum and maximum size of remuneration, the minimum wage affects the wage structure, on the interdependence of constant and variable parts in it and on the organization of wages as a whole in the enterprise.
Developed countries pay attention not only to setting a minimum wage and setting a certain level of it, but also to ensure its periodic revision in accordance with the cost of living and current changes in the economy. Also, in addition studying the dynamics of its growth rate, its comparative analysis in relation to other important macroeconomic parameters is carried out. The main criteria in the revision process are: rising prices for consumer goods and ser-vices; inflation rates; average salary increase, labour market conjuncture; general economic conditions and etc
Urbanization in sustainable development goals. Modeling the Size of Cities
No full text1. Cristelli, M., Batty, M. & Pietronero, L. (2012). There is More than a Power Law in Zipf. Sci Rep 2, 812 .
https://doi.org/10.1038/srep00812
2. Li He, Xiaoling Zhang (2022). The distribution effect of urbanization: Theoretical deduction and evidence
from China. Habitat International. 123. doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2022.102544;
3. Xavier Gabaix (1999). Zipf's Law for Cities: An Explanation. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, Oxford
University Press. Vol. 114, No. 3, pp. 739-767;
4. Liddle, B. (2017). The Urbanization, Development, Environment, and Inequality Nexus: Stylized Facts and
Empirical Relationships. ADBI Working Paper 788. Tokyo.
https://www.adb.org/publications/urbanizationdevelopment-environment-and-inequality-nexus;
5. Nguyen Minh Ha, Nguyen Dang Le, Pham Trung-Kien (2019). The Impact of Urbanization on Income
Inequality: A Study in Vietnam. J. Risk Financial Management, 12, 146; doi:10.3390/jrfm12030146;
6. Totladze L., Khuskivadze M, Veshapeli G. (2022). THE ROLE OF HUMAN CAPITAL IN THE FORMATION OF
DETERMINANTS OF INNOVATION ACTIVITY. ECONOMICS, BUSINESS AND ADMINISTRATION, [S.l.], n. II, p. 71-80,
ISSN 2720-8249. Available at: http://www.sciencejournals.ge/index.php/bu/article/view/302 ;
7. Totladze L., Khuskivadze M. (2022). ადამიანკაპიტალის გაზომვის კონცეპტუალური ასპექტები.
საერთაშორისო სამეცნიერო-ანალიტიკური ჟურნალი „ეკონომიკა და ბიზნესი“, #3. ISSN 1987-5789,
ESSN2587-5426;
8. Totladze L., Khuskivadze M. (2022). The Impact of Human Capital and Innovation Determinants on Economic
Growth: Evidence from Georgia. International Journal of Business & Management Studies. ISSN 2694-1430
(Print), 2694-1449 (Online) Volume 03; Issue no 09: September, p. 28-33
https://doi.org/10.56734/ijbms.v3n9a4;
9. Totladze L. (2020) Government Expenditure on Education and R&D as a Factor of Human Capital and it’s
Impact on Economic Growth. საერთაშორისო რეცენზირებადი სამეცნიერო-ანალიტიკური ჟურნალი.
„ეკონომისტი“, 2020, #2. ISSN 1987-6890 https://doi.org/10.36172/EKONOMISTI.2020.XVI.02.TOTLADZE .The modern world is facing huge challenges. To post-pandemic issues were added global humanitarian,
economic, logistical, and other problems caused by the Russia-Ukraine war. In this context,
it is vital for all countries to maintain appropriate rate of sustainable development to protect
the macroeconomic environment. The phenomenon of urbanization maintains a special place in sustainable
development goals.
The paper discusses the concept of urbanization as a social transformation and its connection
to the country's development indicators. It also explains the Zipf's law for cities. The positive and negative
effects of urbanization are analyzed
The First Honorary Member of the Georgian University: Art Historian Nikodim Kondakov and Georgia
No full textAccording to the protocol of the Council of Professors of the
Georgian University in Tiflis (March 15, 1918) signed by P. Melikishvili
and Iv. Javakhishvili, the authors relaying on the scientific achievements
of the famous Russian art historian Nikodim Kondakov
in the study of art history and history of Georgian art in particular,
proposed to elect Kondakov as an honorary member of the
Georgian University. N. Kondakov was elected unanimously and a
decision was made to send the diploma as soon as possible with
the indication of this fact to the Russian scholar.
However, despite N. Kondakov’s noted merits regarding Georgian
art deserves special attention his election as the first honorary
member of the newly founded Georgian University. It is
interesting not only in the political context of the first Democratic
Republic of Georgia (1918-1921), but also in the light of the
reference letter of Iv. Javakhishvili issued in support of an invitation
of a young Georgian scholar Giorgi Chubinashvili to the
position of professor of art history at the university. In his letter
(December. 1918) Javakhishvili especially emphasized Chubinashvili’s
European education and therefore, his qualification for
study Georgian art.
It is well known that within the framework of the preparatory
process to the establishment of the first national university,
Iv. Javakhishvili paid special attention to attracting young Georgians who studied in different European universities to this process.
Due to this fact, it is of special interest to analyze what led
to the election of Russian scholar Kondakov to the first honorary
member of the university.
The paper will analyze the reasons and international context
that led the Council of Professors to such a decision
Self-sufficiency of post-soviet Georgia with agricultural products
Full text link1. გახოკიძე რამაზ, შ. პ.-1. (2013).
2. Okruashvili, N., & Paresashvili, N. (2018). Production of Organic Products-Important Condition of Growth of
Georgia's Export Potential. Journal of Management Policy & Practice, 2.
3. Paresashvili, N., & Damenia, N. (2019). The Mechanisms of State Management in Agricultural Sector of
Georgia. Intellectual Economics, 105-116.
4. გახოკიძე, რ. (2013). შიმშილის პრობლემა და ახალი მწვანე რევოლუცია. იხ: ბიოეკონომიკა და
სოფლის მეურნეობის მდგრადი განვითარება (pp. 101-104). თბილისი: თსუ.
5. ერქომაიშვილი, გ. (2020). აგრარული პოლიტიკის განხორციელების შედეგები და პრობლემები
საქართველოში პოსტკრიზისულ პერიოდში. გლობალიზაციის გამოწვევები ეკონომიკასა და
ბიზნესში (p. 170). თბილისი: თსუ.
6. კოღუაშვილი, არჩვაძე. (2020). 3. კოღუაშვილი პაატა, საქართველოს სოფლის მეურნეობა
თანამედროვე გამოწვევების წინაშე. p. 57.
7. პაპავა, ვ. (2018). საქართველოს ეკონომიკური მოდელი "სამომხმარებლო პარადოქსი" და
"ტურისტუ ხაფანქი". გლობალიზაციის გამოწვევები ეკონომიკასა და ბიზნესში (pp. 291-292).
თბილისი: თსუ.
8. საქართველოს სტატისტიკური წელიწდეული,. (2006-2007).
9. ხარაიშვილი, ე. (2013). 5. ქართული აგროსასურსათო პროდუქტების კონკურენტუნარიანობა და
სოფლის მეურნეობის განვითარების პრიორიტეტები. ბიოეკონომიკა და სოფლის მეურნეობის
მდგარდი განვითარება (p. 568). თბილის: თსუ.
10. ხარაიშვილი, ე. (2020). გლობალიზაციის თანამედროვე გამოწვევების გავლენა სასურსათო ბაზრის
განვი¬თარებაზე. იხ.: გლობალიზაციის გამოწვევები ეკონომიკასა და ბიზნესში (p. 527). თბილისი:
თსუ.
11. ხარაიშვილი, ე. (2020). საქართველოს სოფლის მეურნეობა თანამედროვე გამოწვევების წინაშე.
გლობალიზაციის გამოწვევები ეკონომიკასა და ბიზნესში (p. 527). თბილისი: თსუ.
12. ხმალაძე. (2015). სტატისტიკა ეკონომიკასა და ბიზნესში. (p. 261). თბილისი: თსუ.Agriculture is a form of the country's strategic activity: the Georgians themselves are an ancient
agricultural people, although today's agriculture in Georgia cannot be considered a successful
industry. By 2020, it accounts for 7.3% of Sakrtvelo's gross domestic product and 19.8% of employees.
Accordingly, the issue of self-sufficiency in agricultural products of the country is acute. For this, the
dynamics of horticulture and livestock production in Soviet and post-Soviet Georgia, the issue of
import dependence of agriculture, the country's self-sufficiency ratios by types of main agricultural
products are analyzed
The Specificity of Auxiliary Morphs in Arabic Morphology
Full text linkეძღვნება აკადემიკოს ზაზა ალექსიძის ხსოვნას (1935 – 2023)/
Dedicated to Memory of Academician Zaza Aleksidze (1935 – 2023)This article deals with the specificity of auxiliary morphs in Arabic morphology.
Only the type of affixes characteristic of Semitic languages is mentioned – transfixation.
Simple polysemy of other types of affixes, specific event synthetosemy and
grammatical content of individual segments of auxiliary morphs
International economic relations of Georgia at the modern stage of globalization
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https://www.pgie.tsu.ge/contentimage/xxxx/shr.kreb.2020.pdf
აბესაძე რ. (2022). საქართველოს ეკონომიკის ინოვაციური განვითარების სტრატე-გიის ძირითადი მიმართულებები DOI:
10.36172/EKONOMISTI.2022.XVIII.02.RAMAZ.ABESADZE“ეკონომისტი”, “Ekonomisti” #2, გვ. 22-30.
ბურდული ვ. (2020). საქართველოში ინოვაციების გავრცელების სექტორული და რეგიონული პრობლემები. თსუ პაატა გუგუშვილის ეკონომიკის ინსტიტუტის სამეცნიერო შრომების კრებული. ტომი XIII. თბილისი, გვ. 98–179. ელექრონული რესურსი: https://www.pgie.tsu.ge/contentimage/xxxx/shr.kreb.2020.pdf
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Veshapidze, S., & Zoidze, G. (2022). Value choices of the community in the context of the covid-19 pandemic (საზოგადოების ღირებულებითი არჩევანი კოვიდ-19 პანდემიის პირობებში) URI: https://dspace.tsu.ge/handle/123456789/1405
Zubiashvili, T., Veshapidze, Sh. Labor Emigration and Employment in Georgia. (Co-authorship). Humanities and Social Sciences Review, Volume 09, Number 01, 2019,USA.pp.127-136. http://www.universitypublications.net/hssr/0901/html/E9X94.xml
Zoidze, G., & Veshapidze, S. (2022) The Modern Economy and Values. Publisher Cam-bridge Scholars Publishing.In the presented article, the field of interest of scientific research is the identification and determination of the results and perspectives of Georgia's participation in international eco-nomic relations. The interest in the research topic is due to the fact that the level of economic development of Georgia is significantly dependent on the quality of relations with the rest of the world and international economic unions.
International economic relations are an important factor of the country's sustainable de-velopment, which contributes to the acceleration of scientific and technological progress, the rational use of natural resources, the globalization of the world economy, the sharing of inter-national production experience, the accelerated development of international trade in goods and services, the free movement of capital and people. The purpose of the research is an in-depth examination of the results and perspectives of Georgia's participation in international economic relations. Its essence is expressed in the participation of Georgia in the trade of goods, services and technologies, it is also important to cover the aspects of the international movement of labor and capital, integration with the countries of the world, digitalization of the economy.
The subject of the research is the evaluation of the results of international economic relations of Georgia. In particular, the analysis of what results the proximity to the international community and the involvement in the world economy have brought to the country, as well as what opportunities can be seen in the future.
The object of the research project is the international economic relations of Georgia formed at the modern stage of globalization, the mechanisms of regulation of foreign trade of Georgia, the priority directions of transport and logistics services of Georgia in the world market, the participation of Georgia in the international migration of capital and labor and international economic integration.
The research has the character of both quantitative and mostly qualitative research, which is based on both Georgian and foreign scientific publications, reports of international economic organizations and other sources about the development of international economic relations of Georgia. In particular, the research is based on: United Nations and international organizations documents, reports, researches; Georgian policy documents, development strategies; relevant laws and regulations; sociological research materials and others. The research will be carried out on the basis of deduction, induction, analysis and synthesis, based on an in-depth analysis of the results and perspectives of international economic relations of Georgia. Among the theoretical and empirical research methods used in the process of working on the research project, the desk research and field research methods are worth mentioning. Desk research includes the analysis of relevant statistics, articles, letters, policy documents, institutions, legislation etc. Field research includes both quantitative and qualitative sociological surveys.
In today's conditions, the global economy has entered a new era of national security. The COVID-19 pandemic has made clear the vulnerability caused by the extreme dependence on global supply chains and the lack of coordination to combat global health risks. But what has most informed this new era is Russia's unprovoked invasion of Ukraine, sabotage of the world economy, food wars, and energy wars. In addition to the human and economic losses, the war in Ukraine has sharply intensified the rift between the Western and Eastern geopolitical blocs, gathered around the United States and China, respectively.
In the modern world, the economic development of any country depends on both domestic and foreign factors. Therefore, in the conditions of modern socio-economic development, international economic relations are one of the most important factors of sustainable development of Georgia. It contributes to the acceleration of scientific and technological progress, the rational use of natural resources, the globalization of the world economy, the exchange of industrial experience, the accelerated development of international economic relations and world trade in goods and services.
The main goal of the development of the world economy is the maximum use of the advantages of the joint economic potential of the world community. At the same time, it is necessary to realize that countries play different roles in this process, and the international importance of any country or its individual region is based on existing natural resources, the dynamics of economic development, its place in the world system of production of goods and services, and the existence of financial resources, its availability.
Georgia is successfully involved in the world economic community, increases its export potential, expands economic cooperation with the countries of the world, establishes mutually beneficial relations with the USA, the European Union, the Republics of Azerbaijan and Armenia, the Middle East, Kazakhstan and other Central Asian republics, the Russian Federation, China, European countries, with Japan, with the entire world community, which is a set of interacting entities for the purpose of regulating international relations.
Systematic understanding of international economic relations is necessary for Georgia's integration into the world economic community. Therefore, it is important to find out the accompanying trends of the global processes of the modern world economic space and their impact on our country.
It is important to assess where the future development of the sovereign state of Georgia is headed, in what ways the safety and well-being of our citizens can be ensured, what are its priorities, what are the external orientations of the country's development. In this context, the European integration of Georgia is an important issue. In this short time, the priority of the country is to get the candidate status and get even closer to the EU membership.
The news of the article is next. Overcoming the world global economic crisis of 2007-2008 at low rates, which is manifested by the slowing down of the growth rate of world trade, by reducing the flows of direct foreign investments, first of all, in developing market countries, means that new tendencies in the development of international economic relations have emerged. It concerns the international movement of factors of production, new tendencies in the international movement of capital and labor, as well as changes in the international market of intellectual property.
The globalization of the economy is significantly influenced by the development of the digital economy, which depicts the impact of digitalization on each form of international economic relations. Based on the analysis of the official documents of the international organizations, the tendency of expanding the digital economy and overcoming the digital inequality in the 21st century is intersected
Gig economy and its development trends in the conditions of modern globalization in Georgia
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მოდელი. თსუ ეკონომიკისა და ბიზნესის ფაკულტეტის 100 წლის იუბილესადმი მიძღვნილი IV
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ტენდეციები საქართველოში თანამედროვე გლობალური კრიზისის პირობებში. თსუ-ის 105 წლის
იუბილესადმი მიძღვნილ სამეცნიერო კონფერენციას: ,,მსოფლიო ეკონომიკა პოსტპანდემიურ
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2022/09/26/ gig-ekonomika.In the conditions of modern globalization, according to account the features of the development trends of the
world economy, the formation of a flexible labor market is a necessary condition for economic development in
the country. The latter implies the development and effective use of modern flexible forms of employment. As
a result, modern forms of non-standard employment and working time regimes have spread and are widely
developing in international practice, among which the leading place is occupied by remote employment. They
respond quickly and flexibly to the dynamics of economic development, on its variable conditions and ensure
the optimal realization of the interests of the subjects of the labor market as its main goal. Flexible, free forms of
employment are developing in the conditions of the gig-economy. It is based on the use of new digital
technologies, which requires modern companies to rethink traditional approaches to employment and
management problems, revision and consistent integration in this completely new digital space. In the
conditions of the gig economy, the rational use of working time is also carried out, and it significantly expands
the employment opportunities of socially vulnerable layers of the population (young people, women, disabled
people, pensioners and others). Accordingly, in this paper is discussed meaning of gig-economy, peculiarities of
its functioning and development trends in Georgia. It is justified, that in the conditions of the gig economy,
business and service, various forms of employment carried out using digital technologies are mainly located in
the informal sector of the economy and in the current period it is characterized by a rather growing trend. The
paper also evaluates the pros and cons of gig-economy development and Its impact on the overall process of
economic development