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Globalization, human capital, and economic growth: modern challenges and opportunities
Get PDFბედიანაשვილი გ., ცარციძე მ., მიქელაძე ნ., გაბროשვილი ზ. (2023). თანამედროვე გლობალიზაცია, ადამიანისეული კაპიტალი და ეკონომიკური ზრდა საქართველოשი: მაკროასპექტი. ეკონომისტი. 19 (3), 60-84. https://doi.org/10.36172/EKONOMISTI.2023.XIX.03.Givi.Bedianashvili/-
Murman.Tsartsidze/Nino.Mikeladze/Zviad.Gabroshvili
2. ბედიანაשვილი გ., ბიჭია ქ., ნაცვლიשვილი ე. (2021). სამეწარმეო აქტიურობის განვითარება,
שრომის ბაზარი და უმაღლესი განათლების თანამედროვე გამოწვევები. გლობალიზაცია და
ბიზნესი. 12, 21-31.
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კანონი საქართველოსთვის. ეკონომიკა და ბიზნესი. №1, 169-189.
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Product”-ის ქართული სახელწოდების שესახებ. ეკონომიკა და ბიზნესი. №1, გვ. 180-182.
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6. ტყემალაძე ი. (2021). დასაქმების სახელმწიფო პოლიტიკა კოვიდ-19-ის პანდემიით გამოწვეული კრიზისის პირობებשი საქართველოשი. გლობალიზაცია და ბიზნესი. 12, 55-161.
https://doi.org/10.35945/gb.2021.12.021
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სირთულეები საქართველოשი თანამედროვე გლობალიზაციის პირობებשი. გლობალიზაცია და
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https://doi.org/10.35945/gb.2021.12.017
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55. World Bank. (2020). The Human Capital Index 2020 Update: Human Capital in the Time of COVID19. © World Bank, Washington, DC. http://hdl.handle.net/10986/34432In the confrontational global environment, the topics related to human capital and economic growth gain
special relevance. Against the backdrop of contemporary challenges and opportunities, human capital is of particular importance in relation to economic growth. The aim of the present study is a systematic analysis of human capital and economic growth, taking into account such factors as health, education, incomes of workers
and required skills, developing separate recommendations based on the peculiarities of Georgia as a small country. The study was carried out within the framework of the 2023 scientific grant project "Impact of human
capital on economic growth in Georgia in the conditions of modern globalization" funded by the Faculty of Economics and Business of Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University
Piri Reis – East Coast of Black Sea Portolan (Manuscript: Baltimore, Walters Art Museum, MS. W. 658)
Get PDFეძღვნება აკადემიკოს ზაზა ალექსიძის ხსოვნას (1935 – 2023)/
Dedicated to Memory of Academician Zaza Aleksidze (1935 – 2023)The 16th century was the age of political, economic and cultural might for the
Ottoman Empire, which was reflected not only in the military-political arena but also in
the social and cultural sphere. However, like other pre-existing empires, Ottoman cultural
or social progress was directly related to military-political success. Among them was the
development of cartography, which represented a kind of fusion of medieval Arab-
Muslim geographical knowledge and Western European geographical knowledge. During
the last decade, it gradually became possible to study and publish Ottoman historical maps
or atlases. Nevertheless, there are still some difficulties that were noted at the end of the
last century. In particular, incomplete catalogues of manuscripts preserved in Turkish
museums and libraries; the non-existence of electronic versions and difficulties of access
required to work on manuscripts. One of the most distinguished and famous authors who
created European-type Ottoman sea charts, Ottoman portolans, was Piri Reis (1481-1554).
Piri Reis started as a sailor at 12 and later became a captain (Reis). In 1517, in Cairo, Piri
Reis presented the Sultan with a world map he drew in 1513. It seems that Piri Reis was
an ambitious person and wanted to gain the patronage of the Ottoman Sultan by
presenting this map.
In addition to the world map of 1513, he had to create the second world map, which
dates back to 1528-29 and is kept in the library of Topkapi Palace. Piri Reis's most
important work is the Kitāb-ı Baḥrīye or Book of the Seas, often called the Book of
Navigation. Two editions of the book are known, the first of which dates back to 1521 and
includes about 130 portolans/chapters. The second edition was created in 1526 and
includes 210 portolans/chapters. It should be noted that none of the first, authorial
manuscripts has reached us. After the death of Piri Reis, the third edition of Kitāb-Baḥrīye
was created in the next century, the text of which repeated the text of the second edition,
although there were changes in the part of portolans and maps. For example, the map of
the Black Sea is not found in the first or second editions and is considered to have been
added in the 17th century. There are another fact that supports the idea that the map of the
Black Sea was not made by Piri Reis (besides the fact that it is not found in other, earlier
copies). In particular, a worthy continuation of Piri Reis's cartographic work was Ali al-
Sharaf from Sfax, who does not mention Piri Reis concerning the Black Sea and relies
only on the work of Abu al-Abbas al-Andalus. We can add another argument to this, the
Mediterranean Sea, the Red Sea and the Arabian Sea (with the Persian Gulf) were the
areas of activity of Piri Reis. Thus, it is highly likely that he never visited the Black Sea or
had any other contact with the Black Sea to create its portolan. The copies of portolans made in the 17th century, which were based on the Kitāb-
Baḥrīye of Piri Reis, are divided into two categories: those that are accompanied by texts
along with maps, and those that only contain maps. One such later copy is the Baltimore,
Walters Art Museum, MS. W. 658, in which a map of the Black Sea is given, which,
although created by analogy with Western European maps, is nevertheless different even
from the point of view of toponymy.
There are two maps of the Black Sea in the Atlas, which are fully represented by the
Black Sea: 1) the Black Sea, which is given in the Eastern Mediterranean and the Aegean
Seas (this portolan, we conditionally call the "East Map"). 2) The Black Sea chart which is
vertically placed on paper and is much more detailed. The following maps are separate
among the regional charts of the Black Sea: Province Rumelia (West Black Sea); Anatolia
(southwestern Black Sea); Crimean peninsula and its surroundings (northern Black Sea);
Eastern Black Sea.
In the Eastern Black Sea region, according to maps, there are such geographical
objects as Batumi, Poti, Rv. Rioni, Kulevi, Anaklia, Gurjistan (Georgia), Samegrelo,
Dranda, Sokhumi, Bichvinta and Abkhazia. Most of them are correctly placed and
relevant. However, in the case of Dranda, it was placed incorrectly.
It is true that the internal parts or territories of historical Georgia, including Eastern
Georgia, are not found on the maps, however, the depiction of Western Georgia and its
geographical points on the Muslim map is an important event. This served the political
interests of the Ottomans, although, Western Georgia was more or less neglected in
Eastern-Islamic geographical works, and we do not have its depiction on maps before the
Ottomans.
The purpose of the article is to present one of the Ottoman portolans/maps of the
Eastern Black Sea coast in the context of historical processes, taking into account the
specifics of geographical names, objects and toponyms. Acquaintance with the article will
help people interested in the history, historical geography, cartography, toponymy, and
Ottoman cartography of the Eastern Black Sea coast and Georgia.ნაშრომი შესრულებულია შოთა რუსთაველის ეროვნული სამეცნიერო ფონდის მიერ დაფინანსებული პროექტის ფარგლებშ
Economic challenges facing farms in the post-pandemic era
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გამოწვევები”.
https://www.globalgap.org/export/sites/default/.content/.galleries/Pictures/TOUR2018/TOUR_2018_Geo
rgia_Presentations/6-Challenges-T.Labartkava.pdf
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პანდემიურ პირობებში“. IV ეროვნული სამეცნიერო კონფერენცია ,,მსოფლიო ეკონომიკის არ-
ქიტექტურის ცვლილება და საქართველოს ეკონომიკის გამოწვევები”, 9 სექტემბერი, გორი
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ვნელოვანესი ფაქტორი“, ჟურნალი „საქართველოს ეკონომიკა", ლინკი: https://geoeconomics.
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(the case of Georgia). Стратегічні імперативи сучасного менеджменту: Зб. Матеріалів V, Міжнародної
науково-практичної конференціїAgriculture has always played an important role in feeding the country's population. The article
examines farms in Georgia and identifies problems in this area that prevent the development of agriculture.
Opportunities to reduce risk were assessed, ways to increase satisfaction with farmer support
programs were identified.
It is concluded that the implementation of the economic challenges of agricultural holdings is
impossible without the formation of the agricultural credit system, the creation of public service
structures, the uncertainty of the national market, as well as the development and implementation of
an effective tax, insurance, financial system , and investment policy . The implementation of aid programs
in agriculture will increase the interest and confidence of financial institutions, farmers will be
provided with financial resources that will contribute to the stable development of farms.
Based on the analysis of companies, conclusions are drawn about the problems in this area
and recommendations for their solution are given
Modern labor market in Georgia - challenges and solutions
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Lobzhanidze M. (2022). Covid-19-is pandemiis gavlena saganmanatleblo migratsiaze da mis sotsialur-ekonomikur shedegebze. [The Impact of the Covid-19 Pandemic on Educational Migration and Its Socio-Economic Consequences. Collection of Materials of the International Scientific Conference Dedicated to the 100th Anniversary of the University "Covid 19 Pandemic and Economy".] in Georgian
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Tkemaladze, I. (2017). Effective Employment as an Important Factor for Increasing Inclusive Economic Growth and Living Standards. Journal of International Economic Research, ISSN 2500-965 Volume 3, No. 1.
Tukhashvili, M. (2018). Retrospective Comprehension of Post-Soviet Georgia’s Population Migration, Bulletin of the Georgian National Academy of Sciences 12(1). pp.175-182.In today's labor market, it is crucial to understand the relationship between education, work experience, and professional skills in order to ensure effective employment. This article aims to investigate the impact of measures aimed at improving these aspects on the employment landscape. By analyzing the correlation coefficient, specifically Pearson's coefficient, we can determine their influence on effective employment. Furthermore, we will identify factors that hinder career progression and create barriers for new entrants to the job market. Additionally, we will explore the prevalence of non-standard employment forms and their potential for growth. Extensive research on the current labor market situation has shed light on the factors that impede career advancement and create artificial barriers for newcomers. Moreover, we have identified the factors influencing secondary and incomplete employment. In this article, we will delve into the scale of non-standard employment in the labor market and investigate its future prospects.
Several working hypotheses were formulated and tested to gain a deeper understanding of the subject matter. The first hypothesis (H1) posits that "increasing work experience affects earnings growth." Through examination, we discovered that accumulated human capital from work experience does enhance employment opportunities but does not guarantee effective employment.
The second hypothesis (H2) explores the impact of measures aimed at improving professional skills on wage increases. The findings indicate that while such measures did lead to wage growth for a small portion of respondents, it is clear that education, at this stage, primarily serves as a signal to employers in the selection process rather than creating institutional connections between education and employment systems. This lack of connection ultimately devalues education and human capital, limiting the creation of innovative job opportunities.
The third hypothesis (H3), which has been confirmed through our research, explores the correlation between the length of work experience and the demand for social guarantees. This hypothesis specifically aims to assess the potential for the proliferation of non-standard forms of employment. It is paramount to acknowledge that the provision of social guarantees within the employment process holds significant importance for employees with substantial work experience. Consequently, our research has led us to a crucial conclusion: the historical memory of receiving diverse forms of assistance and the reliance on the state can pose as significant obstacles to the widespread adoption of non-standard employment arrangements, particularly those with more negative connotations, within the context of Georgia.
Our analysis of the factors influencing secondary and incomplete employment has yielded significant insights. We have determined that these forms of employment are often a result of negative economic events. Most individuals engage in such employment out of necessity, driven by low incomes, rather than by choice (H4 and H5). The majority of respondents expressed a willingness to abandon secondary and part-time employment if provided with stable working conditions and adequate remuneration.
Our research has highlighted the barriers faced by young individuals seeking to enter the labor market. Insufficient work experience, largely due to the ineffective functioning of internship programs, often hampers their ability to secure employment. Additionally, employers' ill-considered and unsubstantiated qualification requirements for vacant positions create artificial barriers for this segment of the labor force to adapt to the job market.
Based on the findings of this study, we have formulated several recommendations to improve the labor market situation. It is crucial to establish stronger connections between education and employment systems, fostering innovation and creating more opportunities for job seekers. Furthermore, internships should be redesigned to provide young individuals with practical experience and enhance their employability. Employers should also reassess their qualification requirements to ensure they accurately reflect the needs of the job and do not unnecessarily exclude qualified candidates.
In conclusion, by understanding the interplay between education, work experience, and professional skills, we can enhance employment effectiveness. By addressing the identified challenges and implementing the recommended improvements, we can create a more inclusive labor market that offers better opportunities for individuals to achieve meaningful and effective employment
რეცენზია წიგნზე – "ანტიკური ხანის ბერძნულ-ლათინური წარწერები, როგორც საქართველოს ისტორიის წყარო" ავტორები: ნათია ფიფია, ეკატერინე კობახიძე, თედო დუნდუა
Get PDFhttps://geohistory.humanities.tsu.ge/ge/procedings/83-shromebi/178-shromebi-19.htm
About the Question of Dating the Oldest Georgian Ecclesiastical Chant
Get PDFOn our observation in the “Martyrdom of the Nine Children
from Kola” by an unknown writer is given the oldest model of
Georgian ecclesiastical chant. The priest sang an improvised chant while christening the children. This kind of chant has already
been forbidden since the 4th century AC.
The chant sung by the priest while christening is ended by
the “Alleluia”, and is mentioned in it only twice. The fact is wellknown
that after the definition of the trinity dogma at the First
Council of Nicaea we meet designation of “Alleluia” three times
in the psalms of the Hebrew king David. Consequently, “The
Martyrdom of the Nine Children from Kola” is written before the
First Council of Nicaea that was held in 325.
The oldest Georgian ecclesiastical hymn is made in the age
of the early Christianity, so influence of the structure of pagan
hymns are revealed on it. Despite of a strong prohibition Christians
of early Christianity couldn’t deny pagan belief and art straightway.
In the oldest hagiographic work- the “Martyrdom of the
Nine Children from Kola” the author used repetition of the word
- “Alleluia” twice that was almost similar with the structural elements
of the pagan hymns
Impact of the changes caused by the COVID-19 pandemic on consumer behavior and the importance of communication strategy
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be able to adapt to innovations and ensure supply according to the demand. The fears and anxieties
of the current economic and social crisis caused by the COVID-19 pandemic clearly affect both social
behavior in general and buying behavior as well. It is important to find effective ways of informing
and communicating with consumers, as it provides customers the latest and highly accurate information
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Georgia's innovative policy and system
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https://www.enterprisegeorgia.gov.ge/ka/სიახლეები/სააგენტოს-აწარმოე- საქართველოში-18
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Competitiveness of Georgian agro-food products in the European Union market
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გამომცემლობა „უნივერსალი“, თბილისი. გვ 17; გვ. 19 გვ. 25
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კონკურენტუნარიანობის ამაღლების ეკონომიკური პოლიტიკა. ჟურნალი „გლობალიზაცია და
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სამეცნიერო პრაქტიკული ჟურნალი „ეკონომიკა და ბიზნესი“. N4, ივლისი-აგვისტო, 2013
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და ბიზნესი“. N3. 91-99.
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Industrial Countries. The Manchester School of Economic and Social Studies. Vol. 45, No. 4, pp. 327–344.
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Strategic. Manage. J. 36 (5) 758–775.
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14. https://www.geostat.ge/ka - საქართველოს სტატისტიკის ეროვნული სამსახურის ოფიციალურ
ვებგვერდზე არსებული სტატისტიკური მონაცემები, კერძოდ:
15. სასურსათო ბალანსები, იხ. ბმული: https://www.geostat.ge/ka/modules/categories/297/sasursatousafrtkhoeba
16. საგარეო ვაჭრობა, იხ. ბმული: https://www.geostat.ge/ka/modules/categories/35/sagareo-vachroba
17. სურსათის ექსპორტ-იმპორტი, იხ. ბმული: https://www.geostat.ge/ka/modules/categories/297/sasursatousafrtkhoeba
18. ერთწლიანი კულტურების წარმოება, იხ. ბმული:
https://www.geostat.ge/ka/modules/categories/196/soflis-meurneoba
19. მრავალწლიანი კულტურების წარმოება, იხ. ბმული:
https://www.geostat.ge/ka/modules/categories/196/soflis-meurneoba
20. ექსპორტი ქვეყნების მიხედვით, იხ. ბმული: https://www.geostat.ge/ka/modules/categories/637/eksporti
21. ექსპორტი ქვეყნების ჯგუფების მიხედვით, იხ. ბმული:
https://www.geostat.ge/ka/modules/categories/637/eksporti
22. იმპორტი ქვეყნების მიხედვით, იხ. ბმული: https://www.geostat.ge/ka/modules/categories/638/importi
23. იმპორტი ქვეყნების ჯგუფების მიხედვით, იხ. ბმული:
https://www.geostat.ge/ka/modules/categories/638/importi
24. საგარეო ეკონომიკური საქმიანობის სასაქონლო ნომენკლატურა (HS 2012‐2017 კომბინირებული),
იხ. ბმული: https://www.geostat.ge/media/13419/13-HS-2012-2017-%28combined%29_GEO.pdf
25. https://www.trademap.org/Index.aspx - საერთაშორისო სავაჭრო ცენტრის ოფიციალური ვებგვერდი.
ხდებოდა ფილტრაცია, პროდუქტის ჯგუფის (15 დასახელების), რეგიონის (ევროკავშირის) და
პარტნიორი ქვეყნების (საქართველოს) დონეზე.Research on the export agro-food products and the evaluation of its level of competitiveness will
play an important role in determining the optimal export potential and local production priorities. The
high competitiveness of agro-food products will be one of the cornerstones of the country's food security.
And the supply of competitive agro-food products to the domestic and international markets will
contribute to the future development of production. The purpose of the research is to determine the level
of competitiveness of Georgian export agro-food products and to determine its role in the assessment of
export potential. Competitiveness assessment of the export agro-food product was carried out for the EU
market. The conclusions expressed by the researcher are supported by the observation of the research
product over a period of 16 years and the calculation of relevant indices.
The methods of analysis, synthesis, comparison, deduction and induction were used for the present
study. The article is an analysis of theory and empirics. Competitiveness of agro-food products was
evaluated based on revealed comparative advantage (RCA), trade balance normalization, trade intensity
index. All data processed by the author. Research agro-food products were selected, on the one hand,
taking into account which agro-food products are being exported at the current stage, and on the other
hand, which agro-food products can be exported
Perfectly Perfect Adverbs: A Learner Corpus Study of the Amplifier Collocations by Georgian Learners of English
No full texthttps://doi.org/10.52340/PUTK.2023.2346-8149.08This study examines how adverbs of degree tend to collocate with particular words produced by Georgian Learners of English, both from a quantitative and qualitative perspective. Various collocation measures are used to show the strength of the bond between selected amplifiers (maximizers and boosters). The research is based on the contrastive corpus analysis of native speakers’ corpus (Michigan Corpus of Upper-Level Student Papers) and Georgian learners’ corpora (compiled by me in accordance with international learner corpus research guidelines). The aims of our research are: a) To investigate whether natives and Georgian Learners of English demonstrate similar patterns of saliency and agreement in their judgments of adverb + adjective collocations; b) To reveal the difference between the syntactic patterns and lexical meaning of the adverb + adjective collocations produced in written language by Georgian learners of English and native speakers?
It is hoped that in the light of the corpus-based evidence on the nature of collocations presented in this study, metalexicographers and learners will be informed about the gaps in terms of collocations acquisition and performance. Amplifier collocations might be expected to have a more explicit and prominent place in learner lexicographic research and the language teaching curriculum