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Sharia: History, Dogmatic, Law
Full text linkპროექტი განხორციელდა ივანე ჯავახიშვილის სახელობის თბილისის სახელმწიფო უნივერსიტეტში / The Project is implemented in the Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State Universityნაშრომში კომპლექსურადაა შესწავლილი შარიათისა და ფიკჰის ძირითადი საკითხები: შარიათისა და ფიკჰის ურთიერთმიმართება, ისლამური სამართლის წყაროები, დოქტრინალური სკოლები, რიტუალური პრაქტიკა, სამართლის ნორმები, ულემების როლი მუსლიმური ქვეყნების საზოგადოებრივ-პოლიტიკურ ცხოვრებაში, ასევე სახელმწიფო სამართლის, სისხლის სამართლის, პირადი სტატუსის სამართლისა და საფინანსო სამართლის პრობლემატიკა. ყურადღება გამახვილებულია შარიათის ნორმების ევოლუციაზე ისტორიული კონტექსტის გათვალისწინებით. ნაშრომი ეფუძნება ისლამური სამართლის პირველწყაროებს, ისტორიულ წყაროებს, ნორმატიულ-სამართლებრივ აქტებსა და სამეცნიერო ლიტერატურას.
This book comprehensively studies the main issues of Sharia and Fiqh: the relationship between Sharia and Fiqh, sources of Islamic law, doctrinal schools, ritual practice, legal norms, the role of ‘Ulama in the socio-political life of Muslim countries, as well as problems of State law, Criminal law, Personal Status Law and Financial Law. The main focus is on the evolution of Sharia norms in the historical context. The work is based on primary sources of Islamic law, historical sources, normative legal acts and scientific literature.ნაშრომი გამოიცა შოთა რუსთაველის ეროვნული სამეცნიერო ფონდის ფინანსური მხარდაჭერით / This book is published by the financial support of Shota Rustaveli national science foundatio
Concept of the Native Land in Turkish Proverbs and Phraseological Units
Full text linkAccording to the anthropocentric paradigm that plays a significant
role in contemporary linguistics, an individual perceives his/her self and
the universe through theoretical and objective activities. Certainly, this
process of cognition involves the language, by means of the language,
he/she formulates the thoughts and the methods of their emergence.
Hence, the mentioned paradigm unifies language-culture and thinking.
Culture is transferred from generation to generation by means of a language
and language is a historical-social phenomenon that does not
exist without society.
Regarding the above statement, culture, language and thinking are
closely related and they cannot be regarded separately. The connection
between these three components created the sphere called linguoculturology
[cultural linguistics] in the late 20th century. This is the science
which emerged at the point of intersection of linguistics and culturology
and represents the material and mental culture of the nation reflected in
its language, demonstrating the picture of the national universe, different
ways of knowledge about the universe, linguistic consciousness, its
specific nature and values.
Concept is one of the key notions of linguoculturology. Scientists have
different opinions regarding both, the term and the specific elements
of the language related to concept.
By applying the analytical method this article provides a study and
analysis of the lexical units, proverbs and phraseological units used by
the Turks to express the concept “native land”.
In literature there is a view that there was no concept of “homeland”
(vatan) in the Turkish language. As all nations have particular lexemes
expressing the concept of the “native land” in their languages, and there
was no such term in Turkish, the Turks borrowed from Arabic such words as: “vatan” (native land), “hamiyet” (patriotism), “hürriyet” (liberty). This
issue is a subject of research, the absence of such concepts in the
Turkish language does not mean that Turkish people do not know about
love to their nation and native land. On the contrary, the Turks love their
nation and their native land maybe even more than others and this is
apparent from the Turkish phraseological units and proverbs. For
example:
Vatan her kişiye âlâ görünür; Vatan sevgisi imandandır;Vatan
borcu namus borcudur; Ana gibi yar vatan gibi diyar olmaz etc
THE HISTORY OF GEORGIAN PALIMPSEST RESEARCH: PAST AND PRESENT
Full text linkhttps://geohistory.humanities.tsu.ge/ge/procedings/83-shromebi/179-shromebi-20.html
ივანე ჯავახიშვილის სახელობის თბილისის სახელმწიფო უნივერსიტეტის ჰუმანიტარულ მეცნიერებათა ფაკულტეტის საქართველოს ისტორიის ინსტიტუტის შრომები შესულია ERIH PLUS-ში (The European Reference Index for the Humanities and the Social Sciences) / This journal was approved on 23.10.2024 according to ERIH PLUS criteria for inclusionThe article examines the history of Georgian palimpsest studies from the 1920s to the present, outlining the methodologies employed at various stages. The beginning of studying palimpsests is attributed to Ivane Javakhishvili, who was the first to use a chemical treatment method to enhance the readability of the lower layer of two manuscripts (NCM A-89 and A-844). He presented a report on the study's results on February 10, 1923, at the Georgian Historical and Ethnographic Society meeting. According to his account, Iovel Kutateladze, acting under his instructions, chemically treated the parchment in such a way that neither the color of the parchment nor the upper layer of writing was affected, while the Asomtavruli letters on the lower layer became noticeably readable. Akaki Shanidze made an invaluable contribution to the scientific study and publication of Georgian palimpsests. Like Ivane Javakhishvili, he applied the same chemical treatment method to examine the khanmeti Lectionary (H1329), presenting his findings on October 23, 1923. In an article published in 1927, Akaki Shanidze reported using the same method again while working on the khanmeti mravaltavi (S-3902). The chemical treatment of palimpsests was not unfamiliar to Europe, as it had been applied since the early 19th century. This method was used on numerous Greek, Latin, Syriac, Armenian, and other manuscripts. However, assessing the extent of damage caused by the chemical experiments conducted by Ivane Javakhishvili and Akaki Shanidze on specific manuscripts is challenging, as their original condition remains unknown. One thing is certain: this method of reading palimpsests was abandoned in Europe at the beginning of the 20th century due to the damage to the manuscripts. Since the 1890s, photography has been used instead to highlight the lower layers of palimpsests. The use of ultraviolet light as a method for reading Georgian palimpsests can be considered the next stage in their study. In the 1960s, at the newly established Institute of Manuscripts in Tbilisi, a systematic cataloguing of palimpsests was initiated under the guidance of Ilia Abuladze. This effort resulted in the documentation of 5,000 items and the creation of an internal-use list. This work, which began in the 20th century, came to its end in 2017 with the publication of the 808-page book Georgian Palimpsests at the National Center of Manuscripts (Catalogue, Texts, Album), Tbilisi, 2017. The introduction to the catalog mentions that ultraviolet lighting was used when working on palimpsests, but no additional details are provided about the device's specifications. It appears that the ultraviolet lighting used in this case was not specifically designed for reading palimpsests but rather had its primary purpose in medicine. While the device significantly aided scientists in making many palimpsest pages more readable, it cannot be considered a technological innovation in palimpsest studies. It is worth noting that, during the Soviet period, the study of Georgian palimpsests preserved in Georgia bypassed the stage of ultraviolet and infrared photography of manuscripts, which was being developed and utilized in Europe at that time. The next stage in the study of Georgian palimpsests is associated with the name of the German Kartvelologist Jost Gippert, who, in 2004, became the first to photograph Cod. Vind. georg. 2, preserved in the Austrian National Library (Vienna), using the Multi-Spectral Imaging System (MuSIS). In 2007, he published a book about the 14 different manuscript fragments preserved in the lower layer. The subsequent step in the study of Georgian palimpsests is connected to the ongoing scientific project “Development of Literacy in the Caucasus Territories (DeLiCaTe),” which is being carried out at the Center for the Study of Manuscript Cultures (CSMC) of the University of Hamburg under the leadership of Jost Gippert from 2022 to 2027. The project aims to study the development of Georgian, Armenian, and Caucasian Albanian literacy in the first millennium. Within the framework of the project, Georgian manuscripts preserved abroad are being photographed using Multispectral Imaging (MSI), currently regarded as the best practice worldwide for studying palimpsests. We hope that the same practice will soon be shared in Georgia for the study of palimpsests stored at the Korneli Kekelidze Georgian National Centre of Manuscripts.ეს პუბლიკაცია არის ნაწილი პროექტისა, რომელმაც დაფინანსება მიიღო ევროპული კვლევების საბჭოსგან ევროკავშირის Horizon 2020 კვლევისა და ინოვაციების პროგრამის ფარგლებში (საგრანტო ხელშეკრულება №101019006), აგრეთვე, Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft-ისგან (გერმანული სამეცნიერო-კვლევითი საზოგადოება) გერმანიის ბრწყინვალების სტრატეგიის – EXC 2176 „წერილობითი არტეფაქტების გაგება: მასალა, ურთიერთქმედება და გადაცემა ხელნაწერთა კულტურებში“ – ფარგლებში (პროექტის №390893796). კვლევა ჩატარდა ჰამბურგის უნივერსიტეტის ხელნაწერთა კულტურების შემსწავლელი ცენტრის ბაზაზე პროფ. დოქტორ იოსტ გიპერტის ხელმძღვანელობით / This publication is part of a project that has received funding from the European Research Council under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (Grant agreement No. 101019006) and from the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (German Research Foundation) under Germany’s Excellence Strategy – EXC 2176 ‘Understanding Written Artefacts: Material, Interaction and Transmission in Manuscript Cultures’, project no. 390893796. The research was conducted within the scope of the Centre for the Study of Manuscript Cultures at Universität Hamburg under the leadership of Prof. Dr. Jost Gippert
Public debt and economic growth in small countries under contemporary challenges
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25. Tan, A.-L., & Ismail, N. W. (2015). Foreign Direct Investment, Sovereign Debt, and Growth: Evidence for the Euro Area. American Journal of Trade and Policy, 2(2), 51–58. https://doi.org/10.18034/ajtp.v2i2.383In the conditions of modern dynamic global processes, revealing the peculiarities of small countries and their reflection in the context of promoting the country's socio-economic development and ensuring macroeconomic stability is of particular importance. Small countries are distinguished by the presence of relatively different mechanisms of the functioning and development of the corresponding socio-economic systems, which naturally requires the consideration of the mentioned fact when considering individual economic problems. The role of the socio-economic systems of small countries is increasing in the light of new challenges and today's confrontational globalization, when the issue of the country's sustainability, the topic of economic security and the need to effectively implement various anti-crisis economic mechanisms gain importance. The analysis of gross domestic product in the retrospective period of the economies of small countries shows that their dynamics are heterogeneous. It is worth noting that the response and downturn of the economies of small countries during the COVID-19 pandemic has been to varying degrees, as well as the recovery of economic systems in recent years. According to the change of public debt in the same analysis period, small countries also stand out from each other with a different picture. If we look at the change in public debt over time, it is clearly seen to increase in the first years of the COVID-19 pandemic, albeit with a different size by country. This is due to the specifics of the government support packages for the population of these countries and the non-uniform concepts and institutional provision of state spending to stimulate the respective economies. In the process of analyzing the dynamics of foreign direct investments, more differences are noticeable between small countries, which can be explained both by the different investment attractiveness of individual countries, and by existing problems and challenges of a global nature. Following the decline in economic activity during the COVID-19 pandemic, the slowdown in economic growth and development worldwide has become alarming. Countries were faced with the need to take on large public debt, which further aggravated the economic environment. The pandemic clearly showed us that even developed countries were not ready for an event of this magnitude. History remembers the Great Depression, remembers other less important crises, such as, for example, the crisis of 2008-2009. However, the coronavirus pandemic has made it clear that we are dealing with an entirely new type of crisis. The effects of the pandemic are clearly visible in all three indicators of all the countries we selected. In 2020, when the coronavirus was at its peak, absolutely every country had problems maintaining economic growth. In general, the following scenario would be expected: in the wake of the pandemic, the rate of economic growth would decrease, as economic activity underwent a rather strong transformation. And we know that the initial stages of transformation are characterized by recession, economic failures, and other problems. Accordingly, we assumed that the pandemic slowed economic growth in the countries. Similarly, foreign direct investments would also decrease. It is important to note here that investors would avoid investing due to such force majeure. Therefore, it is logical to expect a decrease in investment flows. We have the opposite picture in relation to public debt. When the mechanism of functioning of the economy is disrupted, it is difficult to establish stability with existing policies. It becomes necessary to take on debt to compensate for the losses that will follow the crisis. That is why it is completely logical that the public debt of all countries increased significantly during the coronavirus period. However, it must be noted that the coronavirus affected countries differently in terms of the extent of damage. This, of course, was caused by the differences between the countries' economies and the peculiarities of their socio-economic systems. Analysis and research of the period of the COVID-19 pandemic showed us that the peculiarities of small countries are significantly manifested in the specifics of the changes and interactions of economic growth, public debt, and foreign direct investment in crisis situations. At the same time, the role of the socio-economic systems of small countries is increasing in the light of new challenges and today's confrontational globalization, when the issue of the country's stability, the topic of economic security, and the need to effectively implement various anti-crisis economic mechanisms are vitally important. The study also showed that autoregressive distributed lag (ADRL) and vector autoregressive (VAR) models can be used in the analysis of economic growth, public debt, and foreign direct investment and in the formation of relevant macroeconomic policies. | თანამედროვე გლობალური გამოწვევების პირობებში განსაკუთრებულ მნიშვნელობას იძენს მცირე ქვეყნების ბრობლემატიკა. ამასთან მიმართებით აქტუალურია მათი ეკონომიკების თავისებურებების გამოვლენა და ასახვა ეკონომიკური პოლიტიკის შემუშავების და რეალიზაციის პროცესში. მცირე ქვეყნების სპეციფიკის გათვალისწინება ფრიად მნიშვნელოვანია მათი სოციალურ-ეკონომიკური განვითარების, კრიზისულ სიტუაციებში მაკროეკონომიკური სტაბილურობის უზრუნველ- ყოფის კონტექსტით. პირველ რიგში, გასათვალისწინებელია, რომ მცირე ქვეყნები გამოირჩევიან მათი სოციალურ-ეკონომიკური სისტემების ფუნქციონირების და განვითარების შედარებით განსხვავებული მექანიზმების არსებობით, რაც, ბუნებრივია, მოითხოვს ცალკეული ეკონომიკური პრობლემების განხილვისას აღნიშნული ფაქტის გათვალისწინებას. COVID-19-ის პანდემიამ გამოავლინა მცირე ქვეყნებთან მიმართებით ეკონომიკური ვარდნის, სახელმწიფო ვალის ზრდის და უცხოური პირდაპირი ინვესტიციების მოზიდვის პრობლემების სიმწვავე. წინამდებარე კვლევის მიზანს წარმოადგენს მცირე ქვეყნებში ზემოაღნიშნული პრობლემების და ეკონომიკური ზრდის სისტემური ანალიზი, რაოდენობრივი ურთიერთმიმართების გამოვლენით
Evaluative indicators and their impact on the reliability of financial statement information
Full text link1. Conceptual Foundations of Financial Reporting 2021. https://saras.gov.ge
2. IAS 1 - Presentation of financial statements. 2021 https://saras.gov.ge
3. IAS 8 - Accounting policies, changes in accounting estimates and errors. 2021. https://saras.gov.ge
4. IAS 37- "Temporary Liabilities, Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets" 2021 https://saras.gov.ge
5. International Financial Reporting Standard (IFRS), 2021. https://saras.gov.ge
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7. Singh, J. P. (2018). On hedge effectiveness assessment under IFRS 9. Audit Financiar, 16(149), 157-170.
8. Alekseeva G.I. Accounting policy and estimated values: the procedure for reflecting changes in reporting
under RAS and IFRS // International Accounting, 2015, no. 28 (370), p. 2-11.The article discusses the theoretical and practical aspects of determining the impact of
evaluation indicators on the reliability of financial reporting. Valuation indicators are the
determination of the value of assets and liabilities in the current conditions of economic activity.
When preparing financial statements, in some cases it is inevitable not to accurately reflect the
events, but to take into account professional judgment and approximate estimation models based on
analytical reasoning and available information, in such conditions, the financial statements reflect
estimates formed due to probable uncertainty or lack of accurate estimation. Such values are called
estimates and are based on the approaches and concepts established in the conceptual foundations
of financial reporting. Despite the fact that due to objective circumstances, it is impossible to
develop an ideal financial statement corresponding to the conceptual foundations, it is still of crucial
importance to prepare it in such a way as to improve the quality of usefulness of financial statements.
The article discusses the basis of the generation of evaluative indicators and their impact on
the usefulness of general purpose financial statements. The work also presents issues regulated by
International Accounting Standards (IAS) and International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS),
which relate to the assessment and revaluation of reserves in own capital
Department of Ethnology-Ethnography at Tbilisi State University
Full text linkThe Department of Ethnology-Ethnography at Tbilisi State
University has a long and interesting history, its founder was
academician Giorgi Chitaia, the founder of the Georgian Ethnological
School, who for 50 years led the training of new ethnographers. Since 1921, he was the chair of biology, anthropology and
ethnology at the Tbilisi State University under the name of ethnography-
ethnology that was headed by Giorgi Javakhishvili. In
1926 by the recommendation of Ivane Javakhisvili, Giorgi Chitaia
was enrolled as a post-graduate student in the Department of
Ethnology. In 1934, under the leadership of Giorgi Nioradze, the
Department of History of Material Culture was created at the
newly established Faculty of History, which combined: archaeology,
ethnography and art history.
From 1935 to 1938, the Department of Archeology and
Ethnography was called the “Department of the History of Pre-
Class Society” (Head Giorgi Nioradze). In 1939, as a result of Giorgi
Chitaia’s selfless work, the Department of Ethnography was
separated and Docent Giorgi Chitaia was appointed on the position
of Head of the Department. The members of the newly established
Department were: candidate of historical sciences Vera
Bardavelidze, candidate of historical sciences Rusudan Kharadze,
post-graduate students: Mikheil Gegeshidze and Mikheil
Chartovani. Akaki Sokhadze, Ilia Chkonia, Ioseb Nanobashvili
and Margalita Adamia were joined them from 1940.
The first protocol of the newly established ethnography
session dates back to 1940, which allows us to restore the initial
period of teaching ethnography in Georgia. In the same year, the
first Ethnographic Field Station was established in Barisakho,
Khevsureti.
In 1951, the Department of Ethnography was abolished and
joined the Department of Archaeology. From 1968, ethnography
was again formed as a separate Department and it was headed
by Giorgi Chitaia until 1973. Between 1973 and 1983, the Department
of Ethnography was headed by Docent Andro Lekiashvili,
who was replaced by Professor Vakhtang Shamiladze. As a result
of tireless work of Mr. Vakhtang, a scientific laboratory for studying ethnic culture and national traditions, as well as a scientific
laboratory of ethnoecology were created in the Department. During
Mr. Vakhtang's tenure, “Academic Giorgi Chitaia’ Cabinet”
was opened in 1987. At the same time, the Department of
Ethnography changed its name and was called the Department
of Ethnology, which existed until 2006.
In 2006, the Department of Ethnology was abolished and
the “Teaching Scientific Institute of Ethnology” was established
in its place, which successfully continues the excellent traditions,
the founders of which were our great teachers
Ivane Javakhishvili about Georgia’s population censuses
Full text linkIvane Javakhishvili's contribution to the search for written
monuments on demography, their description, analysis and scientific
evaluation is immeasurable. Based on historical sources,
Ivane Javakhishvili substantiated the traditional character of the
periodical (once every 7 years) population census in Georgia,
studied the specific goals of the population census, the sources
of financial support for the census, substantiated the existence
of the census programme and found the norms of legal punishment for criminals in case of incorrect population census applicable
then; assessed the impact of wars on the territorial movement
of the population of the region and, accordingly, on the
demographic decline; He negatively evaluated the methodology
of 1926 population census based on ethnicity of that time and
showed us its negative results. In particular, the categorization
of Muslims into a separate ethnic group, which included Georgian
Muslims, distorted the ethnic structure of the population,
and gave ethnically diverse regions a reason to implement an
improper educational policy on the one hand, and to violate the
territorial integrity of the country, on the other hand
რეცენზია – ნიკოლოზ მურღულიას წიგნზე "ეგრისის სამეფოს გამაგრების სისტემა" (თბილისი, 2023)
Full text linkhttps://geohistory.humanities.tsu.ge/ge/procedings/83-shromebi/178-shromebi-19.htm
Function and Significance of Teaching Translation in ELT
Full text linkhttps://doi.org/10.52340/PUTK.2023.2346-8149.09This article explores the role and significance of teaching translation and particularly teaching creative translation in the process of Teaching English as a Second Language.
The issue of creative (real) translation, which is usually preceded by a pedagogical translation defined as information about the language learner’s level of language proficiency (Vermes, 2010), has been underestimated as part of teaching English as a second language in the higher education system. The information regarding this issue in Georgian academic publications on the topic is scarce whereas more supporters of this idea among specialists from overseas (Higgins & Ryland, 2019; Machida, 2011, amongst others) have appeared.
The empirical data this article is based on were collected from the electronic questionnaire filled out by the teachers delivering practical courses in English at the Department of English Philology at Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University. The questionnaire included questions about the importance, advantages or disadvantages of teaching translation to students. The analysis of the data revealed specific advantages of creative translation regarding enhancing students’ command of the language, boosting self-confidence and preparing them for the challenges they may have to deal with in their future careers. On the other hand, among the disadvantages, several
factors were mentioned including assessment issues, the status of the course and difficulties of its incorporation into the curriculum of the program
Frontier technologies as the main driver of the post-COVID economy
No full text1. Aslamazishvili, N. (2022). Pandemic and Statistical Perspectives of Rethinking Supply Chains Strategies.
Proceedings of the International Scientific Conference Dedicated to the Establishment of the Tbilisi State
University and the 100th Anniversary of The Faculty of Economics and Business: "COVID 19 Pandemic and
Economics". 8 February, 2022. Tbilisi.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/358466052_pandemia_da_mitsodebis_jachvebis_strategiebis_a
khleburi_gaazrebis_statistikuri_perspektivebi_-
_Pandemic_and_Statistical_Perspectives_of_Rethinking_Supply_Chains_Strategies
2. ESCAP (2018). Frontier Technologies for Sustainable Development in Asia and the Pacific. UN ESCAP.
3. Susskind, D., Manyika, J., Saldanha, J., Burrow, Sh., Rebelo, S., Bremmer, I. (2020). Life Post-Covid-19. Finance
& Development. IMF. https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/fandd/issues/2020/06/how-will-the-world-bedifferent-
after-COVID-19
4. UNCTAD (2022). Handbook of Statistics. United Nations. Geneva. https://unctad.org/system/files/officialdocument/
tdstat47_en.pdf
5. UNCTAD (2021). Technology and Innovation Report. United Nations. Geneva.
https://unctad.org/page/technology-and-innovation-report-2021
6. Shatberashvili O., Nochvai V., Porsescu S., Aslamazishvili N., Gagnidze I.,Ivanchenko K., Chilingaryan K., and
Pogosyan G. (2021). Enhancing EaP-EU cooperation in R&I through comparative analyses of EaP national
research systems. EaP Civil Society Forum. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/351528067_Enhancing-
Fin-10-7-1 [accessed Jan 20 2023].
7. UNCTADStat. https://unctadstat.unctad.org/wds/TableViewer/tableView.aspx?ReportId=227701
8. https://data.worldbank.org/Needless to say, that today COVID-19 has become a turning point in almost in all spheres of human
activity. At the same time, he “warned” our society that the era of “relaxation” has passed and if
it wants stability, it must be constantly ready for new various kind of crisis. And the latter, most likely,
implies less familiar scenarios. Many economists agreed, that the problems we will face in the next
decade will simply be more extreme versions of those that we already confront today.
In order for the “different” world to become better than the former one, many problems must
be fundamentally discussed and evaluated, and therefore immediately resolved. One of these problems,
which is critical for our economy, is the implementation, adaptation and use of frontier technologies.
Indeed, in 2015, when the world signed up to the most ambitious agenda ever agreed – the 2030
Agenda for Sustainable Development – frontier technologies was heralded as a key means of implementation
for their achievement.
In the paper, we analyzed the index of readiness for frontier technologies published by the United
Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), which aims to study the level of diffusion of frontier technologies in the world and show countries that without moving in this direction, it
is impossible to achieve sustainable development goals, or overcome the post-Covid challenges. We
focused on comparing the data of Georgia with the similar data of the Eastern Partnership countries,
on the one hand, and with the Baltic countries and Poland, on the other hand.
Data analysis revealed that the level of implementation, adapting and use of frontier technologies
in the Eastern Partnership countries, including Georgia, does not stand up to criticism, cannot influence
the development of these countries, and it is likely that the current level and development
trends of these economies in largely illusory. By delaying the solution of the mentioned problem, the
existing backwardness is aggravated and the most important resource – human capital – is lost and
disappears. The fact that this trend has been irreversible for more than three decades (since the 90s
of the last century) shows that the problem is catastrophically critical and it will take decades to achieve
desirable results.
Thus, it is very important to timely and multifaceted policy focus, along with other priority measures
of the post-Covid period, on improving the overall index of readiness for frontier technologies
of the national economy and its components. And for this, it is necessary to develop ambitious reconstruction
plans and implement them in a number of directions in order to overcome the challenges
of the post-Covid period