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A Thesis in the Department of Sociology Submitted to the Faculty of the SocialSciencesInPartialFulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Of the UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN
No full textSand Mining (SM) is the extraction of sand aggregate from land surface and water bodies. Globally, sand is a critical resource for construction purposes. In Nigeria, SM is a process that degenerates into land degradation and conflict involving a network of people and structures. Extant studies have focused more on sand extraction and environmental degradation than its associated structures and conflicts. This study, therefore, examined land degradation and conflict management due to SM, with a view to determining the extent of SM, the structural organisations involved, livelihood implications of resultant land degradation, the networks of associated conflict and the conflict management mechanisms in Evbuobanosa Dukedom, Edo State, Nigeria. Theory of Ecological Marxism guided the study, while the exploratory design was adopted. Qualitative data were purposively collected from Abudu, Evbuobanosa and Iru communities. Secondary data were sourced from the records of Federal Ministry of Mines and Steel, Benin-city office. Key Informant Interviews were conducted with 10 community leaders, six youth leaders, four pit owners and four environmental management experts. In-depth interviews were conducted with 40 sand miners, four SM association leaders, six tipper drivers, 18 farmers and eight fishermen. Eighteen Focus Group Discussion sessions were held with sand miners (9), farmers (4) and community members (5). Two case studies were also conducted with sand miners. Data were content-analysed. Sand was mined extensively, legally and illegally. Most mining sites (81.4%) were illegal with depth of 1-3 meters, each covering about 1011m2 and mined until stopped by regulators. Illegal miners thereafter, moved elsewhere to continue mining. Legal mines had depths ranging from 25-34 meters covering between 1011m2-32,374m2 and could reach down to the water table. The structural organisation of SM included the positional elites: community elders and legal miners, and artisanal working-class, illegal miners, mine workers, tipper loaders and drivers. Legal miners had renewable five-year mining permits. Site operations were largely mechanised and performed by three principal workers: manager, cashier and machine operators under close monitoring of legal miners to forestall fraud. Illegal mining was executed manually, on land and in water with slightly differing structures. On land, sand scouts/encroachers, loaders and drivers were involved, while diver-excavator, jerker (sand shoveler from canoe to beach), tipper drivers and loaders were involved in water excavation. Sand mining exacerbated flooding and induced landslides with devastating impact on the farmers. The SM drove aquatic lives out of the reach of fishermen. Legal and illegal miners clashed over sites and with indigenes. The conflict networks included guilds, kins, and fraternities: Asigidi, Osokpikan, Ogboni, Vikings, Black Axe, and Eiye among other fraternities. Conflict management mechanisms included negotiation and appeasement between parties. Unresolved cases were referred to the elders’ council, Ogwedion, where defaulting parties were sanctioned with traditional fines: Odegbeˋn’ekpetin. Sand mining in Evbuobanosa, Edo State is structured on positional elite-artisanal working class relational-platform, accommodated by traditional arrangements and legal-rational permits. Its conflict management mechanisms were based on traditional institutions. Government needs to implement sustainable mining regulations to minimise land degradation
Depuis monsieur thoghognini, le destin africain predit a bon ou a mal escient?
No full textQue les impacts du contact de l’Occident avec le monde africain entrainent des cotes positifs ainsi que negatifs n’est pas a nier. Depuis le moment ou les elites africaines ont pris la plume pour des productions litteraires, quelques-uns parmi eux ont su dissequer et predire le destin africain. Dans le champ theatral, Bemand Binlin Dadie est l’un des dramaturges africains a l’avant-garde. Se basant sur le concept du colonialisme domestique propose par Harold Cruse en 1962, cet article sur Monsieur Thogo-gnini (MT) s’oblige de faire une analyse critique de la capacite de Dadie a relever l’unicite de son oeuvre dans la prediction du destin de l’Afrique postcoloniale bien en avance. II disseque la maniere dont l’auteur a pu presager le destin de l’Affique d’aujourd’hui. Le travail focalise sur le theme de l’assujettissement des Noirs par les Noirs en commen9ant par les empreintes du colonialisme laissees par les Blancs grace a la complicity des leaders africains. L’Affique etant un continent a realite diversifiee, elle continue de vivre en commun l’imperialisme colonial ce qui egale l’imperialisme economique et socio-politique. La situation dont l’Afrique se retrouve apres les independances porte en elle les vestiges du colonialisme du au fait que le colonialisme n’a jamais pris fin. Ce qui creve les yeux a l’Afrique est evidemment le statut des pays africains fragiles et incapables de toutes formes de deyeloppement durable occasionnes par l’inertie et le deficit moraux des dirigeants d’Etats qui ne s’interessent qu’a leur sort, pensant moins du sort du continent et de sa population
Factor analysis and body dimensions of the Japanese quail (Coturnix Coturnix Japonica)
No full textMorphometric variation can be effectively measured within and between populations and used as a basis for characterization of different livestock types. The study was aimed at contributing to the characterization process of the Japanese quail (mottled brown and white) through quantitative assessment. Zoometrical data on body weight and 11 body measurement were taken on 747 mottled brown quail and 272 white quail from six different farms around Ibadan in the Southwest Nigeria. Descriptive statistics showed that average body weight of Japanese quail reared in Southwest Nigeria were 158.72±2.03, 157.24±1.31, 140.6 ±1.39, and 136.27±2.7g for mottled brown female, brown male, white female and white male, respectively. Sexual dimorphism was observed in all the traits with higher values recorded for the females. Significant correlation (P<0.001) was observed between body weight and body measurements. The best correlation was obtained between body weight and thigh length r = 0.76 and 0.70 for mottled brown quail and white respectively. Factor solution from the principal component analysis, with varimax rotation of the transformation matrix showed three factors were identified in each of the genetic group (total variance of first principal component = 27.86, 30.16, 31.88 and 38.85 for mottled brown male, mottled female, white male, white female quail, respectively). In the two strains of Japanese quail, PC1 had the largest share of the total variance and correlated highly with body weight, breast length, wing length, thigh length and shank length. The PC1 could be used to describe the generalised form of quail. PC2 was orthogonal to PC1 and loaded heavily on breast girth and neck length. Data was also subjected to linear and stepwise regression. More reliable prediction was obtained from stepwise regression, R² was highest with breast girth R²=0.71 and breast length R²=0.81 for brown and white quail, respectively. The weight of Japanese quail is linearly related to body measurements. The high, positive correlation between body weight and zoometric body measurements indicates that these easily measured parts can be used as criteria for assessment and selection of body weight
Principal leadership styles and work climate on performance of public senior secondary schools’ teachers in Ibadan metropolis
No full textThere has been a concern that counterproductive leadership styles of principals and schoolwork environment have negative effects on teachers’ job performance in secondary schools. The study examined the impact of principal leadership styles and work climate on teachers’ performance in selected public senior secondary schools in Ibadan metropolis. The study adopted correlational survey design. A sample of 270 participants was drawn from nine public senior secondary schools in selected three local government areas in the metropolis through multistage sampling techniques. The study used validated nstruments labelled “Principal’s Leadership Styles Questionnaire’ (PLSO), ‘School Work Climate Questionnaire’ (SWCQ), and ‘Teachers’ Performance Questionnaire’ (TPQ). The Cronbach Alpha test-retest reliability coefficient of 0.71, 0.68, and 0.81 were obtained respectively for the questionnaires after trail-tested among 30 teachers outside the sample. The study found that both principal leadership styles and work climate have a significant impact on the performance of public senior secondary schools’ teachers in Ibadan metropolis. The study also identified different leadership styles used by principals in public senior secondary schools in Ibadan Metropolis which were directive, supportive, participative, and achievement-oriented leadership styles. The work climate was found to be positive with teachers reporting high levels of job satisfaction and motivation. The school management board should institute conducive work climate and organise leadership development programmes for the academic staff to increase leadership competencies of principals, boost teachers’ performance in all areas of school operations, maintain the right work climate, and improve staff morale
Climate change and the potential distribution of the invasive shrub, leucaena leucocephala (lam.) de wit in Africa
Get PDFLeucaena leucocephala, previously known as ‘miracle tree’ because of its numerous agroforestry uses has become a seri¬ous invasive species in tropical regions. Despite the risks associated with the spread of L. leucocephala, changes in its distribution with respect to climate are poorly understood, particularly in Africa where it has been widely introduced in more than 30 countries. To provide first-line information for the management of L. leucocephala, we examined its poten-tial distribution in Africa using ecological niche modelling. We identified bioclimatic variables that determine the global distribution of L. leucocephala, and calibrated niche models using MaxEnt and species occurrences recorded between 1973 and 2013. The potential distribution of this species was estimated from model projections in Africa based on cur¬rent and future climatic conditions. We tested the hypothesis of niche conservatism for L. leucocephala by comparing its climatic niche in Africa to that of its native range. Under current conditions, L. leucocephala is constrained between 30° S and 20° N in Africa, with the broadest distribution in East Africa. High rainfall areas in Central Africa with no known records of this species hitherto, were found to be highly suitable for its establishment. We predicted a significant decre¬ment in the extent of areas at risk of invasion by L. Leucocephala under changing climates in Africa. Our results revealed that the study species occupies a similar but non-identical climatic niche in Africa in relation to its native niche. Climate change is likely to impede the spread of L. leucocephala in Africa
Heat transfer analysis in constructal designed microchannels with perforated micro fins
No full textThis paper documents 3-D numerical optimisation of combined microchannel heat sink with solid and perforated rectangular fins. Constructal design technique is deployed to construct a geometry with reduced material substrate and the effect on the heat transfer is examined. The goal of the study is to minimise the peak temperature or maximise global thermal performance. The axial length and volume of the microchannel are fixed, while the width is allowed to morph. The microelectronic device placed at the bottom of the combined heat sink emits heat flux q″ and the heat deposited at the bottom is removed using a single-phase fluid (water) of Reynolds number Re w in a forced convection laminar regime. The computational domain is descretised and the mathematical equations that govern the fluid flow and heat transfer are solved using the CFD code. Three unique cases were considered in this study. The influence of design parameters (channel width, external shape, and velocity of fluid applied) on the performance of the combined microchannel heat sink is discussed. The study revealed that the solid material substrates used in the manufacturing of the combined microchannel heat sink can be reduced without necessarily compromising the heat transfer at certain applied Re w . The global thermal conductance of the combined microchannel with no perforation on fins increases by 1.1% higher than the microchannel with 1-rectangular perforation on fins and 0.8% above the heat sink with 2-rectangular perforations on fins. The numerical results validation agrees with what is in the open literature
Child character, sexual trauma and postmodern realities in Toni Kan's nights of the creaking bed
No full textThis paper critiques the interface between child character and sexual trauma in Toni Kan’s Night of a Creaking Bed. The book, which is a collection of short stories, accentuates sexual realities of child characters in a postmodern African milieu. The depiction of abrasive sexual reactions in these stories defies sex as morally exclusive, as practised in pre-colonial and early modern African societies. The aim of this paper is foregrounded in sexual trauma and its effects on child characters in short stories that appraise postmodern Nigerian society. Sigmund Freud’s psychoanalysis serves as theoretical base for this paper, with pinpoint focus on Jean Laplanche’s theory of general seduction. Using the qualitative research as methodology, this research examines five selected short stories in Toni Kan’s collection, which captures postmodernist version of sexual realities experienced by child characters. This paper therefore pontificates on societal intricacies and consequences of sexually traumatised child characters, within the purview of Nigerian environs, as a result of (direct or indirect) exposure to sex and/or sex related activities at a tender age
Effect of educational intervention on medication reconciliation practice of hospital pharmacists in a developing country - A non-randomised controlled trial
No full textBackground: Medication reconciliation is an evidence-based practice that reduces medication-related harm to patients. This study evaluated the effect of educational intervention on medication reconciliation practice of pharmacists among ambulatory diabetes and hypertensive patients.
Methods: A non-randomized clinical trial on medication reconciliation practice was carried out among 85 and 61 pharmacists at the intervention site and control site, respectively. Medication reconciliation was carried out among 334 (intervention-183; control-151) diabetes and/or hypertensive patients by the principal investigator to indirectly evaluate pharmacists’ baseline medication reconciliation practice at both sites. A general educational intervention was carried out among intervention pharmacists. Medication reconciliation was carried out by the principal investigator among another cohort of 96 (intervention-46; control-50) and 90 (intervention-44; control-46) patients at three and six months postintervention, respectively, to indirectly assess pharmacists’ postintervention medication reconciliation practice. Thereafter, a focused educational intervention was carried out among 15 of the intervention pharmacists. Three experts in clinical pharmacy analysed the medication reconciliation form filled by the 15 pharmacists after carrying out medication reconciliation on another cohort of 140 patients, after the focused intervention. Data was summarized with descriptive and inferential statistics with level of significance set at p<0.05.
Key findings: Baseline medication reconciliation practice was poor at both sites. Post-general educational intervention, medication discrepancy was significantly reduced by 42.8% at the intervention site (p<0.001). At the intervention site, a significant increase of 54.3% was observed in patients bringing their medication packs for clinic appointments making medication reconciliation easier (p=0.003), at 6-months postintervention. Thirty-five, 66 and 48 drug therapy problems were detected by 31 (43.1%), 33 (66.0%) and 32 (71.1%) intervention pharmacists at 1-, 3- and 6-month post-general
educational intervention, respectively. Post-focused educational intervention, out of a total of 695 medications prescribed, 75 (10.8%) medication discrepancies were detected and resolved among 42 (30%) patients by the 15 pharmacists.
Conclusions: The educational interventions improved pharmacists’ medication reconciliation practice at the intervention site
Climate change mitigation with carbon capture: an overview
No full textThe world is at the verge of catastrophe occasioned by the effect of climate change. Drastic action needs to be taken to reverse this ugly trend. Some of the proffered solutions to global warming is the adoption of renewable energy usage and a stop of fossil fuels combustion. However, the low capacity factor and energy return has been the bane on the usage of some renewable energy sources. A leeway however, exists in the technology of removal of greenhouse gases referred to as Carbon Capture. The widely adopted method being at point source because of its high concentration favouring easier processes of removal. This technology has received increased attention over the years as evident from data for the past five years. However, this technology alone cannot guarantee atmospheric CO2 levels required to maintain global temperature rise below the 1.50C mark. Negative emission technology processes of which the Direct Air Capture (DAC) is one needs to be developed. The infancy of the DAC technology and the uncertainties that surrounds its cost still pose as challenges. The cost of removing a tonne of CO2 with DAC technology can be as high as $600, this is unsustainable and has to be drastically reduced. While it is projected that DAC technology can take out 980 Metric Tonne (MT) CO2/annum by 2050, current figures stand at 0.008 MT. It is our view that the development of solid adsorbents and the harnessing of the thermal energy inherent in the sun can be a game changer
Landscape ecological risk assessment and transformation processes in the Guinean-Congolese climate zone in Benin Republic
No full textThe landscape of Ramsar site 1018 in Benin Republic is increasingly modified by different types of land use. Understanding these changes dynamics is essential for efficient resource management. The aim of the research is to identify the spatial configuration of landscapes using landscape indices, which are the indicators and guide for agricultural policy. Fragstats 4 software helped for computing landscape metrics. Landsat imagery were analysed using Arcmap 10.7.1 and ENVI 5.3 software. The landscape of the Ramsar site is composed by the natural land (forests, savannahs, swamp formations), semi-natural land (plantations), anthropized land (agriculture lands, built-up area), and water land. These ecosystems have changed according to different trends 1990–2000, 2000–2020 and 1990–2020. The agricultural land showed an increasing trend of 143%, following by the built up area (37%). From 1990 to 2020, a decreasing of 45% has been observed in the savannah land, plantation land (41%), forest land (30%) and swampy land (17%). Also, the Ramsar site ecological context is at medium level despite the increasing of the landscape Ecological Risk Index: 0.1899, 0.2128, and 0.2165 in 1990, 2000, and 2020, respectively. Between 1990 and 2000, the creation process occurred in the built-up area and agriculture land, attrition within forest and plantation classes, dissection in swampy land, aggregation for savannah and shrinkage in water area. From 2000 to 2020, the agriculture land and swampy land continued to experience the same spatial transformation processes respectively. Dissection has observed within the forest land, attrition in water area, and aggregation for built-up area. The perforation process has observed within plantation, and fragmentation in Savannah. Finally, the development of agricultural activities and built-up areas are leading to change in the spatial structure of the Ramsar site landscape. To better conserve the biodiversity of these area, it will be necessary to characterize the still natural ecosystems. This will make it possible to propose a comprehensive management plan that integrates the agricultural and urbanization policy of the government, and the sustainable development goals