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Investigating the Relationship between Leadership Styles and Organizational Performance in Higher Education
Get PDFPurpose: This research aimed to uncover the role of leadership style in the performance of higher education institutions (H.E.I.s) in Zambia.
Methodology: The study utilized a positivist philosophy and collected data randomly and using a census from various University leadership cross sectionally. Using ninety-seven self-administered questionnaires where sixty-nine questionnaires were collected representing a response rate of 71.11%. The data was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics to explain the Performance of H.E.I.s and uncover the relationship between performance and leadership style.
Findings: The most utilized leadership styles in H.E.I.s are transactional and transformational. Laissez-faire leadership was rarely used, with a higher utility in public universities where this mode of leadership was significantly correlated with research. The order of performance in descending order in H.E.I.s is teaching, size, prestige, impact, internationalization, and research. As mentioned earlier, inspirational motivation and contingent reward had weak to moderate significant positive correlation with performance.
Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: The research only focused on leadership style as a predictor of performance. Additionally, the research cannot be generalized as few Universities, both private and public, were part of the target population. The leaders in public and private universities should focus on inspirational motivation and contingent reward aspects of transactional and transformational leadership to improve underperforming performance areas, except for prestige in improving performance. This will increase the number of enrollment of students
Two Blind Individuals in a Forest: Implementing Project-Based Learning in Nutrition and Food Technology in Secondary Schools in Kampala, Uganda
Get PDFPurpose: In this study, we explored how project-based learning is used in Nutrition and Food Technology in Uganda.
Methodology: Using a mixed methods research approach, 12 focus group discussions were conducted with student project group leaders and considered nine for analysis (n = 50) 12 key informant interviews were done with NFT teachers and considered six for analysis because saturation point was reached. Also, quantitative data was collected from 197 learners who were not group leaders using questionnaires.
Findings: The study revealed that the majority of projects in the NFT syllabus were only on food processing with none on topics that link nutrition to health. It further revealed that PBL was used as an additional practice for material taught initially by other means (Mean = 2.72; SD = 0.58), with limited writing of proposals (Mean = 1.47; SD = 0.85) with a narrow focus on 21st-century skills. Also, PBL strongly focused on the originality of the products (Mean = 2.53; SD = 0.82) with overall, an overemphasis on projects for assessment instead of learning.
Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: Nutrition and Food Technology (NFT) teachers should use PBL as the central teaching method. The National Curriculum Development Centre\u27s guidance that projects should be done after a topic has been taught should be reviewed. Also, the National Curriculum Development Centre should explore the possibility of reviewing the current NFT syllabus to include projects on nutrition and health
Assessing the Influence of Soil Composition on Plant Growth and Development in USA
Get PDFPurpose: The aim of the study was to assess the influence of soil composition on plant growth and development.
Methodology: This study adopted a desk methodology. A desk study research design is commonly known as secondary data collection. This is basically collecting data from existing resources preferably because of its low cost advantage as compared to a field research. Our current study looked into already published studies and reports as the data was easily accessed through online journals and libraries.
Findings: Assessing soil composition\u27s influence on plant growth and development reveals crucial insights. Soil pH affects nutrient availability, with acidic soils limiting essential nutrient uptake. Organic matter content enhances soil structure and microbial activity, promoting nutrient cycling. Soil texture influences water infiltration and root penetration, impacting plant establishment. Toxic elements like heavy metals inhibit plant growth by disrupting physiological processes.
Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: Liebig\u27s law of the minimum, optimal foraging theory & soil-plant feedback theory may be used to anchor future studies on the soil composition on plant growth and development. Develop soil management guidelines tailored to specific agro ecological contexts, taking into account soil properties, climate conditions, and crop requirements to optimize nutrient availability and uptake. Integrate soil health indicators and ecosystem services assessments into agricultural policies and land use planning frameworks to promote sustainable soil management practices and mitigate environmental degradation
Antibiotic Resistance Mechanisms and Strategies for Combating Resistance in Germany
Get PDFPurpose: The aim of the study was to explore antibiotic resistance mechanisms and strategies for combating resistance in Germany
Methodology: This study adopted a desk methodology. A desk study research design is commonly known as secondary data collection. This is basically collecting data from existing resources preferably because of its low cost advantage as compared to a field research. Our current study looked into already published studies and reports as the data was easily accessed through online journals and libraries.
Findings: antibiotic resistance represents a complex and evolving challenge to public health in Germany. Mechanisms such as efflux pumps, mobile genetic elements, and enzymatic degradation contribute to the resilience of bacteria against antibiotics. However, strategic interventions have been identified to combat resistance effectively. Exploration of alternative therapies like bacteriophage therapy offers promising avenues for addressing antibiotic-resistant infections, especially in light of increasing resistance rates.
Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: Evolutionary theory of antibiotic resistance & Game Theory in Antibiotic Stewardship may be used to anchor future studies on antibiotic resistance mechanisms and strategies for combating resistance in Germany. Implement antimicrobial stewardship programs across healthcare settings to optimize antibiotic use. These programs should involve prescriber education, antibiotic guidelines, and regular audits to promote appropriate prescribing practices and minimize unnecessary antibiotic exposure. Prioritize infection prevention measures, including hand hygiene, environmental cleaning, and infection control protocols, to reduce the spread of resistant pathogens within healthcare facilities and communities. Enact policies to regulate the use of antibiotics in human health, veterinary medicine, and agriculture. This includes restrictions on antibiotic use in food production, bans on over-the-counter antibiotic sales, and incentives for the development of new antibiotics
Burden and Severity of Injuries at the Emergency Department of a Tertiary Hospital in Botswana- Princess Marina Hospital
Get PDFPurpose: Injuries constitute a leading and growing cause of emergency department (ED) visits in sub-Saharan Africa. Characteristics of ED injury patients have been well-described in many parts of the world; however, data remain scarce throughout Africa, Botswana included. We aimed to describe in detail injury-related ED visits at an urban public referral hospital in Botswana.
Methodology: We conducted a retrospective chart review of all patients who presented to Princess Marina Hospital in Gaborone, Botswana, over a period of 4 randomly selected consecutive months. Demographic data, injury mechanism, type, severity and ED disposition were abstracted from the medical record into a Microsoft Access database designed for this study. Study variables were analyzed with summary statistics for frequencies, percentages, means, medians and relationships using SPSS. Injury severity was calculated for each patient using the modified Kampala Trauma Score.
Results: 6715 ED visits occurred during the study period, and 1709 (25.5%) were injury related. Of these, 63.9% were male, 24.7% <14 years old, 6.7% age 14-19, 49.1% 20-40, and 19.5% >40. 35.9% were due to falls, 23.6% assault and 18.8% road traffic crashes. 40.5% isolated soft tissue injuries, 34.7% isolated extremity injuries, 9.4% multiple injuries and 5.3% head and neck injuries. Kampala Trauma Score II (KTS) was available for 76% of patients. 1.7% scored ≤6, 5.9% 7-8, and 92.4% 9-10. For patients with KTS ≤6, 18% died in the ED, 82% were admitted and 0% discharged home. For KTS 7-8, 0% died, 93.5% were admitted, 6.5% were discharged home. For KTS II 9-10, 0% died, 26% were admitted, 74% were discharged home.
Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: This study is among the first in Botswana to assess the burden of injuries using a validated injury severity scoring tool. Based on the study findings and applicability of the KTS II in our setting, we recommend that PMH ED incorporates and promotes a severity scoring system to help in planning and resource allocation. PMH ED receives many low acuity injuries therefore improving the availability of basic resources in local clinics may reduce overcrowding. Future studies should aim to involve multiple centers to get a true representation of injury burden in Botswana
Social Demographic Factors Influencing the Prevalence of High Tungiasis Infestation among Kilifi Residents, Kenya
Get PDFPurpose: The aim of the study was to determine social demographic factors influencing the prevalence of high tungiasis infestation among Kilifi Residents, Kenya
Methodology: Cross sectional study design was used to carry out the study. Semi-structured questionnaires were used to collect quantitative data on the social demographic factors associated with high tungiasis infestation from 184 participants with tungiasis. Data was analyzed using R. Statistical software versions (R v3.4.4). Data was presented in frequency tables.
Findings: From the findings; living in mud walled house (OR 2.14; 95% CI: 1.3, 7.14; p < 0.05), schooling in earthen and dusty floor classrooms for school going children (OR 35.00; CI: 9.15,113.8; p < 0.05), living with domestic animals under one roof (OR 3.43; 95% CI: 1.03 ,12.81; p < 0.05) and jiggers mechanical extraction using thorns (OR 7.13, 95% CI: 1.76, 36.43; p > 0.05) were the most important independent risk factors for higher jigger infestation
Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: The study recommends that enhanced efforts to further understand the infection and other routes of potential elimination would greatly consolidate government efforts for universal basic education in the country in line with the SDGs. 
Utilizing Citizen Generated Data to enhance Women\u27s Access to Sexual and Reproductive Health Services in Somalia: Insights, Barriers, and Pathways Forward
Get PDFPurpose: This study was undertaken to capture citizen’s insights on practical steps that individuals, families, communities, and institutions could take to support the improvement of Sexual and Reproductive Health (SRH) services in Somalia. This includes raising awareness of issues affecting women\u27s access to SRH, such as Gender-Based Violence (GBV) and Female Genital Mutilation (FGM).
Methodology: This research employed a qualitative research design, utilizing semi-structured radio questions distributed through various channels such as radio promos, mini-dramas, interactive radio shows, and Short Messaging Service (SMS) on mobile phones. To enhance and validate the findings from the radio series, thirty Focus Group Discussions (FGD) involving 270 \u27hard-to-reach\u27 participants were conducted across all Federal Member States (FMS) of Somalia, excluding Somaliland. Collaborating with 20 radio stations, a total of 4,268 participants from across Somalia were involved in this study. The qualitative data obtained was categorized into themes, and the subsequent information was analyzed using content analysis methodology for qualitative data, as well as descriptive statistics and inferential analysis through statistical package for social science (SPSS) version 25 and excel for quantitative data. The presentation of the data included the use of tables and figures.
Findings: This study outlined key challenges in accessing quality SRH services for women in Somalia. Priorities included enhancing healthcare infrastructure and availability of SRH professionals, along with emphasizing health education on reproductive health and family planning. Food insecurity\u27s impact, especially among displaced populations, was noted. GBV and FGM were highlighted, calling for comprehensive survivor care and male involvement in prevention. Collaboration between schools and the private sector was proposed for menstrual hygiene. Men\u27s support for SRH access was deemed crucial. Addressing stigma around SRH access, GBV, and FGM was stressed, urging comprehensive awareness campaigns and improved healthcare provision for survivors.
Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: Addressing women\u27s SRH in Somalia involves investing in healthcare infrastructure, expanding health education programs, ensuring access to nutritious food, and engaging men as allies in promoting women\u27s SRH rights. Moreover, efforts to combat stigma, GBV, and FGM must be culturally sensitive and inclusive, involving religious and community leaders, and addressing underlying socio-economic factors contributing to these issues
Virtual Reality (VR) for Cultural Heritage Preservation in China
Get PDFPurpose: To aim of the study was to analyze the virtual reality (VR) for cultural heritage preservation in China.
Methodology: This study adopted a desk methodology. A desk study research design is commonly known as secondary data collection. This is basically collecting data from existing resources preferably because of its low cost advantage as compared to a field research. Our current study looked into already published studies and reports as the data was easily accessed through online journals and libraries.
Findings: Virtual Reality (VR) has emerged as a potent tool for preserving and presenting China\u27s rich cultural heritage. Through immersive experiences, VR allows users to explore historical sites and artifacts with unprecedented detail and interactivity. This technology facilitates not only preservation but also public engagement and educational outreach, crucial for safeguarding China\u27s cultural legacy amidst rapid modernization. VR applications in China range from digitizing ancient architecture like the Forbidden City to recreating lost artifacts, enhancing accessibility, and fostering global appreciation of Chinese heritage
Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: Media richness theory, constructivist learning theory & presence theory may be used to anchor future studies on virtual reality (VR) for cultural heritage preservation in China. Practitioners should focus on creating high-fidelity VR simulations that accurately represent cultural heritage sites and artifacts. Policymakers should establish standards and guidelines for the use of VR in cultural heritage preservation
Factors Influencing Utilization of Biometrics in Private Banks in Mombasa County
Get PDFPurpose: The overall goal of the research was to analyze factors influencing utilization of biometrics in the private banks in Mombasa County.
Methodology: The study adopted a descriptive research design because it provided a clear outcome and the characteristics associated with it at a specific point in time. The target population for the study was 120 respondents from 20 private registered banks in Mombasa County. The study adopted stratified sampling method to select the respondents from the population. The study obtained primary data through a structured questionnaire. Responses in the questionnaires were tabulated, coded and processed using a computer Statistical Package for Social Science program. The relationship between the dependent variable and the independent variables were tested using multiple linear regression models. The data was analyzed and conclusions drawn. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used whereby the data was presented through tables
Findings: The findings of the study showed that legal systems holds a positive linear relationship (r=0.412; p<0.01) and significant association with utilization of biometrics in private banks. Moreover, the results indicates a p-value of 0.003 which is less than 0.01 implying that the association is highly significant. Based on the research and analysis, the study concludes that legal systems, technology maturity, demographic factors, and staff competency have a significant effect on utilization of biometrics in private banks within Mombasa County.
Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: The research was anchored on technology acceptance model. To ensure efficient utilization of biometrics within private banks in Mombasa County, it is recommended that organizations follow established legislation. Subsequently, banks should update their staff on legislation surrounding biometrics use and security
Enhancing Institutional Elections: A Case for Electronic Voting Systems at Kenya Institute of Mass Communication (KIMC)
Get PDFPurpose: The purpose of this study is to examine the possible advantages of establishing an EVS at the Kenya Institute of Mass Communication (KIMC). With an emphasis on increased voter trust, lower expenses, and increased efficiency, the research seeks to assess the viability and benefits of implementing an EVS for KIMC elections.
Methodology: Using a case study methodology, this study will examine the material that has already been written about EVSs and interview important KIMC stakeholders to learn about their present voting procedures and difficulties.
Findings: The system of voting ought to be fast in terms of casting votes as well as tallying to eliminate long queues and anxiety of voters waiting for result. System voting is more preferred choice as opposed to the use of papers and boxes. Ballots are more expensive since they are bought every time election is conducted. System voting is more comfortable and done at ease with fewer resources in terms of money and time. On other hand manual system is inefficient, insecure, incorrect and expensive. A need therefore arises to develop System voting to manage voting process efficiently and effectively. Electronic voting systems, or EVSs, present a strong substitute for conventional paper-based ballots, guaranteeing improved electoral efficiency, security, and transparency.
Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: This research will contribute to the ongoing discussion on the role of EVSs in promoting democratic processes within institutions. The findings will provide valuable insights for KIMC administrators in making informed decisions regarding the adoption and implementation of an EVS. This study can inform policy discussions on the broader application of EVSs in Kenyan institutions