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Implications of Economic Incentivization of User-Generated Content on Local Film and Television Production in Kenya
Get PDFPurpose: The aim of the study was to explore how economic incentivization through social media influence, endorsements and brand ambassadorship drives UGC as a disruptive force in local film and TV production in Kenya. It also examined how these incentives challenge traditional/legacy media norms are reshaping audio-visual content creation and distribution.
Methodology: The study employed a descriptive mixed-methods design that integrated both quantitative and qualitative approaches to examine the influence of economic incentivization on UGC in local film and TV production in Kenya. For the quantitative component, data was collected through structured questionnaires from a sample of 384 respondents, who were selected using a proportionate stratified random sampling technique. The target population comprised 2,716 local film and TV producers, as well as UGC creators on YouTube, Instagram, and TikTok. Stratified sampling ensured that respondents were selected proportionally from these different subgroups, allowing for a representative sample. The data was analyzed using descriptive statistics (percentages) and inferential statistical methods (correlation, regression and ANOVA), through SPSS (Version 25). The results were presented in pie charts, graphs and tables. For the qualitative component, in-depth interviews were conducted with 24 key informants drawn from the local film and TV production industry, Kenya Film Commission (KFC), Kenya Film Classification Board (KFCB), Kenya Copyright Board (KECOBO), Department of Film Services (DFS) and the Communications Authority of Kenya (CA). These key informants were selected using purposive sampling, which ensured that individuals with relevant expertise and industry knowledge provided valuable and expert insights for the study. Qualitative data was analyzed thematically to complement the quantitative findings.
Findings: The study found that economic incentivization significantly influences the production of UGC and its effect on local film and TV production in Kenya. About 83.9% of respondents agreed that brand endorsements and ambassadorships provide meaningful rewards, enabling creators to produce relatable and culturally relevant content. Additionally, 79.9% acknowledged that brand ambassadors influence consumer purchasing decisions while 59.2% viewed social media influencing as an accessible opportunity. However, 22.3% of the respondents strongly agreed that existing monetization models were satisfactory but highlighted challenges in existing compensation structures. The findings demonstrate that economic incentives empower creators to improve content quality and audience engagement, reshaping local film and TV production in Kenya by challenging traditional/legacy media production financing models and norms. However, gaps in policy support and inconsistent funding remain present as barriers to maximizing the transformative potential of UGC.
Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: The findings of this study contribute to Disruptive Innovation Theory (DIT) by applying it to UGC within film and TV production, showing how economic incentives such as social media influence, endorsements and brand ambassadorships drive UGC as a disruptive force that challenges traditional media. It provides a framework for understanding how financial motivations democratize content creation, enabling independent content creators to effectively engage audiences. These insights will guide film and TV producers, advertisers as well as audio-visual content creators in leveraging UGC for sustainable growth while emphasizing the need for traditional/legacy media to adapt. The study also highlights the importance of supportive policies that can ensure that there is fair compensation while encouraging collaborations between traditional/legacy film and TV producers and online digital creators, advocating for a more inclusive and diversified local media content production industry that will recognize digital creators as essential stakeholders
Opportunities and Challenges for Media in the Coverage of Artificial Intelligence in Kenya
Get PDFPurpose: The purpose of this study is to establish opportunities and challenges for media in the coverage of artificial intelligence (AI) in Kenya. Today AI is continuously changing how societies live, work and function, and is now being applied in almost all life facets including communications and media. AI technologies not only enhance the efficiency of media production, distribution, and consumption, but they expose challenges related to misinformation, content manipulation, and potential threats to journalistic autonomy.
Methodology: Agenda setting and cognitive theories were used to navigate this paper. Methodology used was content analysis, where 20 online goggle links spanning 24 months were studied and analysed. The links were isolated and classified into 4 sub themes namely; adoption, legislation, regulations and policy, misuse, corporate and government business processes. The links were then analysed according to study frames categories.
Findings: Findings show that generally, AI solutions were successfully deployed albeit erratically and several reasons point to this outcome. First, this was a typical case of mirror metaphor where the media simply reflect the existing AI landscape, rather than being a primary force that creates or transforms it. Secondly, media itself is taking a gradual metamorphosis into AI, given the inconsistent and erratic coverage revealed in the study. Policy and strategic implementation, integration across functions, talent and skills development, performance measurement were identified as enablers of AI adoption in media. Thirdly, there was no definitive legal basis on AI although regulation groundwork has been around since 2018. So, media like any sector faces significant hurdles due to absence of robust legal framework, and related challenges e.g. opacity, bias, misuse and fakes and intellectual property rights, data bias exists. Despite this, the media is expected to continue its growth trajectory of AI adoption.
Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: This study recommends continued upskilling of journalists and media in general to keep with evolving AI trends to remain relevant. Constant capacity building of journalists could be done to enable them to drive the implementation of AI in newsrooms. Support professionals such as data miners, software engineers, analysts, and coders could be incorporated to boost newsrooms’ capacity to interpret, unravel information and data issues of public interest for their audiences. Media policies could be reviewed to include artificial intelligence management while media owners could support their organization’s initiatives to adopt AI. Existing gaps and inequitable use of AI in all sectors e.g. rural and urban economies may be highlighted and bridged, when media plays an advocacy role
Narrative Review: The Intersection of Genetic Predisposition for Autism Spectrum Disorder and Nurture Factors in the Development of Borderline Personality Disorder
Get PDFPurpose: This narrative review explores the significant overlaps between Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) and Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), focusing on shared symptoms and genetic underpinnings. The purpose was to investigate neurodivergent traits in BPD similar to autism and examine how genetic predisposition for ASD can increase BPD risk when faced with adverse childhood experiences. Despite different DSM-5 classifications, both disorders share traits like emotional dysregulation, interpersonal difficulties, and cognitive distortions. Genetic markers, including variations in BDNF, COMT, and CNTNAP2 genes, suggest a shared biological vulnerability. The review posits that a family history of ASD may increase BPD likelihood during adolescence, especially when encountering adverse childhood experiences (ACEs). This interplay between genetic predisposition and environmental stressors highlights the need for improved BPD diagnostic criteria and tailored interventions.
Methodology: A comprehensive literature search was conducted using databases such as PubMed, Semantic Scholar, and Google Scholar. Key search terms included "Autism Spectrum Disorder," "Borderline Personality Disorder," "Genetic Overlap," and "Theory of Mind." The review focused on peer-reviewed studies from the last decade, with some foundational papers included for historical context.
Findings: The review uncovered notable overlaps between ASD and BPD in genetics, neurocognition, and symptomatology. Shared genetic factors include variations in the BDNF, COMT, SHANK3, and CNTNAP2 genes. Neurocognitive similarities were evident in impairments like social cognition, emotional regulation, and facial expression processing. Overlapping symptoms such as emotional dysregulation, Theory of Mind deficits, and executive dysfunction emphasize the neurodivergent nature of BPD. Importantly, the review suggests that a family history of ASD, combined with exposure to adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), may increase the risk of developing BPD during adolescence.
Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: This review reimagines BPD within a neurodivergent framework, similar to ASD, focusing on its neurobiological foundations. It supports an integrated theoretical model highlighting the neurodivergent traits of BPD which are similar to those of ASD. In clinical practice, the review emphasizes the importance of recognizing overlaps during assessment to improve diagnostic accuracy and inform tailored interventions. It advocates for incorporating neurodiversity-affirming practices into BPD treatment, inspired by approaches used in ASD care. The findings encourage deeper study of the shared genetic and neurodevelopmental aspects of BPD, potentially leading to improved treatment and diagnostic models
Compromise: The Easier but Suboptimal Path Most Often Taken in Conflict Resolution
Get PDFPurpose: This article critically examines the role of compromise in conflict resolution by posing two fundamental questions: (1) Does compromise represent the most effective approach to conflict resolution, yielding optimal outcomes for the involved parties? (2) Are many negotiated outcomes ultimately unsustainable in the long term due to an excessive focus on compromise instead of pursuing more optimal and enduring resolution strategies? To address these inquiries, the article argues that compromise, despite its prevalence in public discourse, is often misapplied and overstated within the field of conflict resolution.
Methodology: This article uses a theoretical framework approach. It uses established theories, models, and concepts as a roadmap to guide and structure the author\u27s argument, thus providing a lens through which to examine the topic, draw connections, and understand its place and relationships within the broader network of existing theories and established ideas. The theoretical framework approach helps to narrow study focus, develop meaningful research questions, and ensure that a study builds upon existing knowledge in a logical and organized way. Using three standard and most frequently used conflict management self-assessment instruments by researchers and practitioners – Blake and Mouton\u27s Managerial Grid, Jay Hall\u27s Conflict Management Survey, and Thomas-Kilmann\u27s Conflict Mode Instrument, the paper attempts to answer three questions: (1) What aspects of compromise have afforded it a position of privilege, priority, popularity, and prominence among the various options and approaches to conflict resolution? (2) Is compromise the method of conflict resolution that yields the best possible outcomes for the parties? (3) Could many negotiated conflict outcomes be unsustainable in the long run because the parties involved primarily focus on, pursue, and adopt a compromise rather than a more optimal and enduring approach to conflict resolution?
Findings: The findings suggest that compromise often constitutes an easier yet suboptimal choice in conflict resolution.
Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: Drawing from its findings, the article advocates for an alternative, collaborative approach to conflict resolution, which may facilitate more sustainable and satisfactory outcomes for all parties involved. The temporary respite that compromise provides does not typically resolve the root causes of the conflict, which may lead to the reemergence of issues in the future
Assessing Knowledge Management Infrastructure Influence on Job Satisfaction in Food Manufacturing Firms in Nairobi, Kenya
Get PDFPurpose: This research aimed at examining the role of Knowledge Management infrastructure in promoting job satisfaction using organization culture, structure and information technology constructs in food firms in Kenya.
Methodology: The study utilized explanatory design with stratified random sampling under post-positivism philosophy of research for triangulation of quantitative and qualitative data. The target population for the study was 12437 employees in food manufacturing firms and Fisher’s (1991) formula used to derive a sample size of 384 respondents. The study collected primary data using 5-point Likert-type questionnaire and data was analyzed using SPSS version 26 for both descriptive and inferential statistics.
Findings: The study findings revealed that knowledge management infrastructure had positive and significant relationship with job satisfaction as tcal=11.421>tcrit=1.96 at p=0.000. Therefore, null hypothesis that knowledge management infrastructure has no significant influence on job satisfaction was rejected. The regression outcome of β=0.568; p=0.000 indicated that a unit enhancement in knowledge management infrastructure results in job satisfaction enhancement by 0.568 units in similar direction. The study concluded that knowledge management infrastructure influences job satisfaction.
Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: Management of the firms should continually demonstrate commitment to providing for purchase, installation, usage and maintenance of determined infrastructural requirements, to support knowledge management system for optimizing job satisfaction. 
Enhancing Employee Commitment and Performance Levels in Nigeria Public Sector through Ability-Motivation-Opportunity (AMO) Framework
Get PDFPurpose: This research work was driven by the need to improve performance in Nigeria’s public sector, where challenges such as limited resources and bureaucratic inefficiencies often hinder employee productivity. The study aimed to examine the effects of learning and skills development (Ability), financial and non-financial incentives (Motivation), and a supportive work environment (Opportunity) on employee commitment and performance. The study investigated the application of the Ability-Motivation-Opportunity (AMO) framework to enhance employee commitment and performance of a Nigerian public sector entities
Methodology: A quantitative research design was adopted, data were collected through a structured questionnaire administered to a sample of 128 staff, selected from a total population of 183 in the sellected public entities using simple random sampling. Descriptive statistics were employed to summarise demographic characteristics and key variables, while multiple regression analysis was conducted to examine the relationships among variables. The analysis was carried out with the aid of Jamovi Statistical software (version 2.3.28).
Findings: The results revealed that all three components of the AMO framework significantly influence employee commitment and performance. Specifically, Opportunity had the strongest positive effect (β = 0.290, p < 0.001), followed by Ability (β = 0.186, p = 0.002) and Motivation (β = 0.157, p = 0.040). These findings underscore the importance of providing not only skills and incentives but also an enabling environment in driving employee effectiveness in the public sector. The study concluded that the AMO framework offers a viable strategy for improving workforce outcomes in public institutions.
Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: The study extends the applicability of the AMO framework to developing country, particularly the Nigerian public sector., It provides empirical evidence for HR managers on how to balance ability-building, motivation, and opportunity creation for optimal workforce performance. The findings advocate for the integration of AMO principles into public sector HRM policies, emphasizing training initiatives, equitable incentive systems, inclusive workplace culture, and strong leadership support as drivers of institutional effectiveness
Effect of Emotional Intelligence on Employee Job Satisfaction in Remote Work Environments in Japan
Get PDFPurpose: To aim of the study was to analyze the effect of emotional intelligence on employee job satisfaction in remote work environments.
Methodology: This study adopted a desk methodology. A desk study research design is commonly known as secondary data collection. This is basically collecting data from existing resources preferably because of its low cost advantage as compared to a field research. Our current study looked into already published studies and reports as the data was easily accessed through online journals and libraries.
Findings: Research indicates that emotional intelligence (EI) plays a crucial role in enhancing employee job satisfaction in remote work settings. Leaders with high EI are better equipped to manage virtual teams by fostering communication, understanding emotional needs, and providing support, which contributes to higher employee morale and satisfaction. Studies show that employees who perceive their leaders as emotionally intelligent report greater job satisfaction, feeling more valued and connected despite the physical distance.
Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: Emotional intelligence theory, job characteristics theory & social exchange theory may be used to anchor future studies on the effect of emotional intelligence on employee job satisfaction in remote work environments. Given the growing prevalence of remote work, organizations should invest in emotional intelligence training programs tailored to remote environments. Policymakers and organizational leaders should consider incorporating EI into remote work policies. For instance, clear guidelines for emotional well-being, stress management, and virtual team dynamics could be embedded into official remote work protocols
Nativisation of English by Third-Year Students of Wildlife Management and Ecotourism, The University of Namibia Katima Mulilo Campus
Get PDFPurpose: This research aimed at identifying and examining words that were nativised by the third-year students of Wildlife Management and Ecotourism at University of Namibia (UNAM) Katima Mulilo Campus, investigating their frequency of occurrence, the sentence structure patterns and other grammatical patterns.
Methodology: The study population encompassed of 15 third-year students. Mixed research methodology was implemented to analyse the word frequencies, sentence patterns and grammatical patterns.
Findings: The findings of the study reveal that a total of 2290 words were nativised by the students. The sentence patterns also show that five structures of syntactic patterns were used by students in their writings, while patterns of grammar were more phrasal, with noun phrases favoured more, followed by prepositional phrases.
Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: On the basis of these findings, suggestions for future research have been recommended. It is hope that researchers in the future will employ a larger data sets to study nativisation of sentence patterns, focusing on nouns and prepositional phrases
Influence of Rationalization on Occurrence of Occupational Fraud Loss in Public Secondary Schools in Nairobi County, Kenya
Get PDFPurpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of rationalization on occurrence of occupational fraud loss in public secondary schools in Nairobi County, Kenya.
Methodology: The study adopted a positive paradigm with a descriptive design which targeted a sample of 101 public secondary schools in Nairobi County. An audit team leader from the government was the respondent for each school. Fishers sampling formulae was used to get a sample of 96 respondents. Stratified random sampling was used to ensure that all sub-counties were fairly represented in the sample. Primary data was used in this study through the administration of a semi structured questionnaire, data collected was analyzed using the statistical package for social sciences software (SPSS) version 21, using the linear regression analysis. This study adopted a positive paradigm and the results collected were presented in form of descriptive statistics, that is, mean and standard deviation in tables, charts and figures.
Findings: The study found that occupational fraud loss in public secondary schools is significantly influenced by rationalization (β = 0.343; p<0.05).
Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: From a policy perspective, the study highlights the importance of implementing stringent internal control mechanisms in educational institutions. Policymakers should prioritize frameworks that enhance fraud detection and prevention, including mandatory financial audits, job rotation, and whistleblowing policies to deter fraudulent activities
Effect of Strength Training on Bone Density in Postmenopausal Women in Germany
Get PDFPurpose: The aim of the study was to analyze the effect of strength training on bone density in postmenopausal women in Germany.
Methodology: This study adopted a desk methodology. A desk study research design is commonly known as secondary data collection. This is basically collecting data from existing resources preferably because of its low cost advantage as compared to a field research. Our current study looked into already published studies and reports as the data was easily accessed through online journals and libraries.
Findings: Strength training significantly enhances bone density in postmenopausal women, particularly in the lumbar spine and femoral neck regions. High-intensity resistance exercises have shown to be especially effective in promoting bone health and reducing the risk of osteoporosis. Structured training programs, including weight-bearing exercises, have demonstrated a notable reduction in bone loss rates. Additionally, combining strength training with proper nutrition, such as increased calcium and vitamin D intake, amplifies the positive effects on bone density.
Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: Mechanotransductionx theory, load-bearing theory may be used to anchor future studies on the effect of strength training on bone density in postmenopausal women in Germany. Healthcare providers and fitness professionals should integrate strength training into the routine care of postmenopausal women. Policymakers should advocate for stronger support of strength training as part of public health initiatives targeting osteoporosis prevention and treatment in postmenopausal women