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Neilos és Hápi találkozása: „Dualité du style” – másként
Get PDFThis note reconsiders the concept of “dualité du style” through the visual representations of the two Egyptian river gods, Neilos and Hapy.A cikk a két egyiptomi folyamisten ábrázolásán keresztül a stiláris kettősség kérdését vizsgálja, újragondolva a „dualité du style” értelmezési lehetőségeit
A műanyag mint műtárgyalkotó inhibitív konzerválási lehetőségei
Get PDFPlastics as works of art. Possibilities of inhibitive conservation
The conservation of plastics is the youngest branch of the scientific field of conservation. The topic ‘plastic conservation’ appeared abroad as early as the 1960s, but it remained a topic limited exclusively to the problems associated with modern paintings for about two decades. The conservation of artworks incorporating plastics only became the subject of symposia, workshops, and conferences at the end of the 1980s and has been part of university education since 1998, mostly embedded in specializations usually called modernand contemporary art conservation. Despite its novelty, the conservation of plastics is a rapidly developing field; however, one that is still severely neglected in Hungary, although artefacts made of or containing are part of the collections of Hungarian museums andart galleries.Artificial polymers can be found in historical and technical works of art and thematic collections (ethnographic and household items, clothing, or toys). Is it widely believed that plastic objects do not need particular care because they look relatively young. But that is not true; compared with traditional materials, plastics degrade more rapidly. The conservation of artificial polymers has either been avoided or overlooked due to ignorance thus far; recognising them as a type of material present in artefacts requires a shift ofapproach from Hungarian museology and, in broader sense, the entire society. The moment plastic artefacts are recognized as representations of human intention and ability, and are considered cultural heritage, the need to artificially extend their relatively shortlifespan becomes apparent.The author has been actively researching plastics since 2021, continuing the work within the frame of a doctoral programme by the Doctoral School of the Hungarian University of Fine Arts. This paper is a brief summary of her dissertation, the result of in-depth research of foreign literature about the preventive conservation of artefacts made of plastic
Beyond the Socialist Sector: The Role of Small-Scale Production in Hungarian Agriculture during the Kádár Era
No full textIn accordance with Soviet expectations, collectivization took place in Hungary by 1961, as a result of which large-scale production became dominant. The state party did not support for ideological reasons, but also tolerated small-scale production due to economic necessity. However, the literature primarily presents the agricultural history of the Kádár period, focusing on collectivization and established cooperatives, and there is relatively little mention of small-scale production. However, its importance cannot be neglected at all since it played a decisive role in ensuring that the total reorganization of agriculture did not result in a radical decrease in production.
After collectivization, household plots belonging to cooperative members could remain, and the types of farms created in this way accounted for about half of the small producers. Much less is known, however, about the other important group of small-scale producers, the auxiliary farms. What were the characteristics of the two farm types? Why did the authorities treat them differently?
From the beginning of the 1970s, despite the restrictions, small-scale production increased, which process was interrupted by the effect of the 1973 oil crisis. After that, the attitude of the authorities towards small farmers also changed. How? What measures signaled this change?
My study, therefore, basically has a dual purpose. On the one hand, I would like to give a comprehensive picture of small-scale production in Hungary and the relationship between the authorities and small producers. On the other hand, I would like to present the two main types of farms belonging to small producers: household and auxiliary farms
Miniatures of Europe : Comparing Historical Master Narratives from Nineteenth-Century Belgium and Habsburg Central Europe
No full textThe study offers an unusual comparison: it sets out to compare historical master narratives from Belgium and Habsburg Central Europe. The first part justifies this approach by pointing out that Belgian and Austrian historians found themselves in a similar situation in the nineteenth century: their rivals considered their respective communities artificial constructs, as they lacked a national basis. Thus, Belgian and Austrian historians had the task of historically legitimizing their respective communities. These attempts are presented and evaluated, showing how the Belgian attempt was much more successful than its Austrian counterpart. The second part of the study examines nineteenth century Belgian and Hungarian representations of the reign of Joseph II, who not only ruled both territories but represented the same dilemma for historians in the nineteenth century in both countries: his modernizing measures greatly corresponded to nineteenth-century notions of progress; on the other hand, they also threatened cherished national institutions. The study shows the dividing lines between the various interpretations of Belgian and Hungarian historians treating this issue.
Il Diavolo di Pirandello: Tra Beffa e Umorismo
No full textLuigi Pirandello has proposed the diabolical theme since his early works. The devil, depicted in a comic or humorous way, is present in many of his short stories, but also in Fu Mattia Pascal and in some cinematographic subjects. This essay presents a transversal mapping of this theme, in reference to the models and sources used by the Sicilian writer.Luigi Pirandello has proposed the diabolical theme since his early works. The devil, depicted in a comic or humorous way, is present in many of his short stories, but also in Fu Mattia Pascal and in some cinematographic subjects. This essay presents a transversal mapping of this theme, in reference to the models and sources used by the Sicilian writer
L\u27 Autobiografia dell\u27Altro: Itinerario Sveviano nella Scrittura Scenica di Mauro Covacich
No full textThis essay is inspired by Mauro Covacich’s theatrical monologue Svevo, which premiered in 2021 at the Politeama Rossetti in Trieste. The work marks the beginning of a trilogy dedicated to the most prominent figures of twentieth-century Triestine literature: Italo Svevo, James Joyce and Umberto Saba. Structured as a lecture-like performance, the monologue reflects Covacich’s engagement with the author of La coscienza di Zeno – a connection based not only on their geographic origin but, more deeply, on converging life experiences and existential concerns. The result is a nuanced and original portrayal of Svevo, in which Covacich foregrounds his human dimension over his literary identity.This essay is inspired by Mauro Covacich’s theatrical monologue Svevo, which premiered in 2021 at the Politeama Rossetti in Trieste. The work marks the beginning of a trilogy dedicated to the most prominent figures of twentieth-century Triestine literature: Italo Svevo, James Joyce and Umberto Saba. Structured as a lecture-like performance, the monologue reflects Covacich’s engagement with the author of La coscienza di Zeno – a connection based not only on their geographic origin but, more deeply, on converging life experiences and existential concerns. The result is a nuanced and original portrayal of Svevo, in which Covacich foregrounds his human dimension over his literary identity
Az állam és a jog vizuális reprezentációjának albuma
Get PDFThe review presents Péter Takács\u27s book entitled The Visual Representation of the State and the Law (Az állam és a jog vizuális reprezentációja).A recenzió Takács Péter: Az állam és a jog vizuális reprezentációja című kötetét mutatja be
针对二语学习者的十种汉字教学理论与实践策略
Get PDFThrough the investigation and evaluation of several previous studies concerning the theory of teaching Chinese writing and reading, this paper aims to contribute to the Hanzi pedagogy. We believe that the methods presented here can be appropriately applied in classrooms where students have a first language in which the writing system has no connection to Chinese characters. All students whose first language’s writing system is appreciably different from Chinese writing system are in the same situation when they start to learn and acquire reading and writing skills in Chinese. The target demographic of the following teaching methods is broad, and includes students with varying level of Chinese language knowledge. Methods tailored to beginner and more advanced students are discussed as well. Ten different methods and strategies on teaching Chinese characters to second language learners are presented here. It should be noted that there is no sharp line that separates the different theoretical approaches – this is to say that they do not exhibit mutual exclusivity. The various approaches, conceptual frameworks and considerations are categorized as follows, moving from theoretical proposals to more practical ideas: the Liu Shu (Liù shū 六書) approach; the stroke-oriented habit-forming approach and rote memorization; the holistic method and delayed approach; the focus on recognition approach; developing grapho-phonological awareness; the character color-coding approach; mnemonic strategies and wild association; on the unit of instruction: word or character?; learning through hand- or typewriting; characters similar in form (xíngsì zì 形似字) and homonymic characters (tóngyīn zì 同音字).通过对多项关于中文写作与阅读教学理论的已有研究进行调查与评估，本文旨在为汉字教学法的发展做出贡献。我们认为，本文所提出的方法适用于母语书写系统与汉字不同的学习者。在开始学习和掌握中文的读写技能时，所有母语书写系统与汉字有显著差异的学习者都面临的是相似的起点。这些教学方法适用于广泛的受众群体，包括不同中文水平的学习者，本文还探讨了针对初学者与较高水平学习者的不同教学策略。 本文介绍了十种针对二语学习者进行的汉字教学方法和策略。需要指出的是，这些理论方法之间并没有绝对的界限，亦非互相排斥。我们将这些不同的教学方法、理论框架与思路按从理论到实践的顺序进行了分类，具体如下：六书教学法；以笔画为导向的习惯养成法与机械记忆法；整体识记与延后识字法；识别优先法；图音意识培养法；汉字颜色编码法；联想与记忆术策略；教学单位应以词为主还是以字为主；通过手写或打字学习；形似字与同音字教学法
Recuperata fuit Hispania: A spanyol politikai kultúra (késő) középkori mozgatórugói
No full textDie beiden Säulen der (spät-)mittelalterlichen spanischen politischen Kultur waren die Befreiung der iberischen Halbinsel, die Vertreibung der Mauren (Geostrategie) und die Schaffung und Bewahrung der (katholischen) religiösen Einheit (messianischer Imperialismus). Die spanische nationale Identität wurde in den Schlachten der Reconquista geformt, in denen sich der katholische Glaube als wichtigstes Bindeglied im Kampf gegen den Islam erwies. Während der Reconquista erkannten die spanischen Monarchen, dass die politische und religiöse Einheit für das Überleben und mehr noch für den Erfolg des Kampfes gegen die Mauren, die Erfüllung der Reconquista, unerlässlich war. Die Erreichung der politischen Einheit und ihre Bewahrung wurde zum innersten Wesen der spanischen politischen Kultur im (Spät-)Mittelalter, die aus der Erfahrung der langen Kämpfe mit den Mauren geerbt wurde.The two columns of the (late) Medieval Spanish political culture were the liberation of the Iberian Peninsula, the expulsion of the Moors (geostrategy) and the creation and preservation of the (Catholic) religious unity (Messianistic imperialism). The Spanish national identity was formed in the battles of the Reconquista, in which the Catholic faith proved to be the most important link during the struggle against the Islam. During the Reconquista, the Spanish monarchs understood that the political and religious unity were essential for the survival, and even more so for the success of the struggle against the Moors, the fulfillment of the Reconquista. To reach the political unity and its preservation became the innermost essence of the Spanish political culture in the (late) Middle Ages, which was inherited from the experience of the long struggles with the Moors.A (késő)középkori spanyol politikai kultúra két pillére az Ibériai-félsziget felszabadítása, a mórok kiűzése (geostratégia) és a (katolikus) vallási egység megteremtése és megőrzése (messianisztikus imperializmus) volt. A spanyol nemzeti identitás a reconquista harcaiban alakult ki, amelyben a katolikus hit, az iszlámmal szembeni küzdelemben a kötőszövetet jelentette. A reconquista során a spanyol uralkodók megértették, hogy a politikai és vallási egység elengedhetetlen a túléléshez, de még inkább a mórok elleni küzdelem sikeréhez, a reconquista beteljesüléséhez. A politikai egység elérése és megőrzése a (késő)középkorban a spanyol politikai kultúra legbelsőbb lényegévé vált, amelyet a mórokkal folytatott hosszú harcok tapasztalataiból örököltek
A nyugdíjügy Magyarországon a kiegyezéstől a második világháborúig
No full textVor dem Zweiten Weltkrieg gab es in Ungarn keine einheitliche staatliche Rente, und jahrzehntelang wurde ein großer Teil der Renten auf der Grundlage des Rentendekrets von Franz Joseph vom 9. Dezember 1866 festgelegt. Von den Staatsbediensteten wurden nach und nach bestimmte Berufe dem für den jeweiligen Bereich geltenden Rentenrecht unterstellt: Richter (1871), Lehrer (1875), Soldaten (1875) und Beamte und Bedienstete (1885). 1912 wurde das Beamtenpensionsgesetz geändert.
Die Gesellschaft und der Staat haben nach und nach eine obligatorische Sozialversicherung eingerichtet, die zwischen 1891 und 1928 aufgebaut wurde. An der Wende vom 19. zum 20. Jahrhundert wurden die Arbeiter zunächst gegen Krankheit und dann gegen Unfälle versichert. Zwischen den beiden Weltkriegen war Béla Kovrig, einer der wichtigsten und bekanntesten Experten für Sozialpolitik und Sozialversicherung, für das Altersversicherungsgesetz von 1928 verantwortlich. Es trat am 1. Januar 1929 in Kraft und betraf eineinhalb Millionen Menschen.
In Ungarn wurde nach dem österreichisch-ungarischen Ausgleich und in der Zeit zwischen den beiden Weltkriegen ein gut geregeltes und gut funktionierendes Rentenversicherungssystem geschaffen, das trotz seiner Unzulänglichkeiten – die Sozialversicherungsrenten blieben hinter den Beamtenrenten zurück und die Landarbeiter hatten keine Rentenansprüche – einen wachsenden Teil der Gesellschaft erfasste und einen bedeutenden Fortschritt in der Entwicklung des Sozialleistungssystems darstellte.Before the Second World War, there was no uniform state pension in Hungary, and for decades a large proportion of pensions were determined on the basis of Franz Joseph’s pension decree of 9 December 1866. Among state employees, certain professions were gradually subordinated to the pension law applicable to the respective area: Judges (1871), teachers (1875), soldiers (1875) and officials and servants (1885). The Civil Servants’ Pensions Act was amended in 1912.
Society and the state gradually set up a compulsory social insurance scheme, which was established between 1891 and 1928. At the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, workers were first insured against illness and then against accidents. Between the two world wars, Béla Kovrig, one of the most important and best-known experts on social policy and social insurance, was responsible for the Old Age Insurance Act of 1928. It came into force on 1 January 1929 and affected one and a half million people.
In Hungary, after the Austro-Hungarian Compromise and in the period between the two world wars, a well-regulated and well-functioning pension insurance system was created which, despite its shortcomings – social insurance pensions lagged behind civil servants’ pensions and agricultural labourers had no pension entitlements – covered a growing section of society and represented significant progress in the development of the social benefits system.A második világháborút megelőzően nem volt államilag egységes nyugdíj Magyarországon, a nyugdíjak jelentős részét évtizedeken keresztül Ferenc József 1866. december 9-ei nyugdíj rendelete alapján állapították meg. Az állam által foglalkoztatottak köréből fokról fokra egyes szakmákat az adott területre vonatkozó nyugdíjtörvény alá helyeztek: a bírák (1871), a tanítók (1875), a katonák (1875) és az állami tisztviselők és szolgák (1885). A tisztviselők nyugdíjtörvényét 1912-ben módosították.
A társadalom és az állam fokozatosan jutottak el addig, hogy gondoskodjanak a kötelező társadalombiztosításról, amit 1891 és 1928. között építettek ki. A 19. és 20. század fordulóján először betegség, majd baleset esetére biztosították a munkásokat. A két világháború között Kovrig Béla volt az egyik legjelentősebb és legismertebb szociálpolitikus, társadalombiztosítási szakember, akinek a nevéhez fűződik az 1928-as öregségi biztosítási törvény. Ez 1929. január 1-én lépett hatályba és másfél millió embert érintett.
Magyarországon az osztrák–magyar kiegyezést követően, majd a két világháború között a kor színvonalán álló, megfelelően szabályozott és működtetett nyugdíjbiztosítási ellátó rendszert alakítottak ki, amely hibáival együtt – nevezetesen, hogy a társadalombiztosítási nyugdíjak elmaradtak a tisztviselői nyugdíjak mögött és a mezőgazdasági munkásoknak nem volt nyugdíjjogosultságuk – a társadalomnak egyre nagyobb részét vonta be az ellátottak körébe, és jelentős lépést tett a szociális ellátási rendszer kiépítése területén