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The Image of Crisis in the Danish Sovereignty Act (1661) and The Royal Law (1665)
No full textDenmark experienced one of its most acute crises during the Danish–Swedish wars 1657–60 leaving the country plundered, impoverished and diminished. After the war, the Danish king, Frederick III, seized the opportunity offered by the political circumstances to change the constitution and take absolute power. Consequently, three documents were produced in the royal chancelleries, all initially referring to the recent crisis as a base for legitimising the introduction of absolutism in Denmark–Norway: The Sovereignty Act (Enevoldsarveregeringsakten), 1661, and two versions of the Danish–Norwegian constitution entitled The Royal Law (Kongeloven), 1665, a Latin draft and the official version in Danish.
The Sovereignty Act focuses on the king as saviour of the kingdom basing the legitimacy of the king’s absolute power on the people’s gratitude to him. In the Latin draft, on the contrary, the Danes are saved by God’s hand that comes down from heaven, crushes the enemy and inspires the Estates to confer absolute power upon the king who is now completely passive. The highly dramatized passage with allusions to both stoicism and classical theatre reflects the humanist rhetorical tradition. In the Danish version of The Royal Law, the people are still divinely inspired to transfer the absolute power to the king, but the dramatized style is considerably reduced and the stoic terms replaced by Christian expressions and God as the fatherly saviour of the state. The texts thus offer three different interpretations of the crisis, all of them expressions of movements that were indicative for the early modern period: natural law, humanism and Christianity
Denotat attoniti quid tremor iste soli? Earthquakes as Representations of Crisis in Bohemian Literary Texts before 1620
No full textThe paper focuses on earthquakes as one of the representations of crisis in the early modern Bohemian literature of the pre-White Mountain period (1590–1620). The earliest extant texts discussing an earthquake to have happened in the Bohemian lands date back to 1590. These five texts, written in Czech and Latin and including sermon-like treatises, news, epic and elegiac poems, relate to the earthquake that occurred in the Bohemian lands in 1590. They are surprisingly concurrent in dealing with this natural disaster, giving it an important religious meaning, i.e., God’s warning and punishment. This strong religious message remained the central theme in earthquake discourse throughout the entire pre-White Mountain period, in which four other earthquakes are said to have happened, and was included even in a university thesis. Besides the five 1590 texts about the earthquake, a further nine sources describing or mentioning an earthquake have survived from the pre-White Mountain period, all of which will be analysed in this paper. Employing a series of examples taken from Czech and Latin source material, provided herein with the author’s English translation, this paper considers the main points and transformations of the earthquake discourse as presented by contemporary Bohemian authors, who appear to have mostly belonged to the broader University of Prague milieu, and thus were non-Catholic. Importantly, the position of the earthquake discourse among discussions of astronomical phenomena and other disasters is assessed
Representing Crisis in Early Modern Literatures from Northern and Central Europe: An Introduction
No full textEgyensúlyozni a lét peremén: Egzisztenciális pedagógiai megfontolások a biblioterápiás gyakorlatban
Get PDFThis paper examines the connections between existential pedagogy and bibliotherapy, highlighting the need for a re-humanization of pedagogy where the goal is not solely knowledge transfer but supporting the student as a whole person and their development into a subject. It explores how educators can help students confront existential questions and foster personal growth. It shows that when applied in appropriate doses during bibliotherapy practice, literature\u27s sugar coated pills can reduce the feeling of Heideggerian unhomeliness (Unheimlichkeit) and help students navigate their world. It details how an existential perspective can be integrated into the practice of developmental bibliotherapy, with particular attention to Viktor Frankl\u27s meaning-centered approach. The process of a bibliotherapy session is reviewed along the path from consciousness-raising (borrowed from symbol therapy practices) through personal meaning-making to personal transformation. It emphasizes the importance of reflection through literary works and the search for individual meaning. The role of creative writing in integrating processed personal experiences is also highlighted. The study aims to demonstrate how developing critical thinking and deepened self-awareness can support students in responsibly shaping their own life paths in a complex world that still seems alien to them.A tanulmány az egzisztenciális szemléletű pedagógia és a biblioterápia kapcsolódásait vizsgálja, kiemelve a pedagógia újrahumanizálásának szükségességét, ahol a cél nem csupán a tudásátadás, hanem az egész személy, a szubjektummá válás támogatása. Arra keresi a választ, miként segítheti a pedagógus a diákokat az egzisztenciális kérdésekkel való szembenézésben és a személyes fejlődésben. Bemutatja, hogy ha az irodalom „piruláit” megfelelő dózisban adagoljuk a biblioterápiás gyakorlatban, ezáltal csökkenthetjük a heideggeri otthontalanság (Unheimlichkeit) érzését, és segíthetjük a diákokat a világban való eligazodásra. Részletesen kifejti hogyan építhető be a fejlesztő biblioterápia gyakorlatába az egzisztenciális szemlélet, különös tekintettel Viktor Frankl értelemközpontú megközelítésére. A biblioterápiás foglalkozás folyamatát a szimbólumterápiás gyakorlatból kölcsönzött tudatosítástól a személyes jelentésadáson át a személyiségváltozásokig vezető út mentén tekinti át, és hangsúlyozza az irodalmi műveken keresztüli reflexió és az egyéni értelemkeresés fontosságát. A kreatív írás szerepét is kiemeli a feldolgozott élmények integrálásában. Célja megmutatni, hogy a kritikai gondolkodás fejlesztése, az önismeret mélyítése és a diákok támogatása segít abban, hogy felelősen alakítsák saját életútjukat egy komplex, számukra még idegennek tűnő világban
An ivory statuette depicting the god Thanatos discovered near Tomis (Moesia Inferior)
No full textIn recent years, real estate developments in Constanța prompted a series of preventive archaeological investigations, leading to the discovery of rich archaeological material. These finds include a bone statuette found in the Palazu Mare district of Constanța. In this context, the nucleus of habitation, previously inferred from various archaeological finds from the Roman period, has been identified. Numerous surveys and preventive archaeological investigations have allowed for a clearer delimitation of the archaeological site of Palazu Mare. Regarding chronology, the settlement (possibly a vicus) can be dated from the 2nd–3rd centuries to the early decades of the 4th century AD. The statuette in question was carved out of ivory, measuring 6 cm in height and 1.7 cm in width. It was made as a representation of the god Thanatos, the personification of the Angel of Death in Greek and Roman mythology. Unfortunately, the statuette is incomplete; the left hand and parts of the legs are missing, along with the wings originally located on its back. The closest analogy for our representation comes from Northern France, where a small bronze statue was discovered in a villa rustica in Salouël, a commune located on the outskirts of Amiens. Due to the uncertainty surrounding the function of the object to which the statue pertains, we classify it as instrumentum domesticum, a category that includes a variety of objects that were part of everyday Roman life. The discoveries made here are considered quite rare due to the material of the statuette, and the context in which it was found. Based on previous observations, it can be said that Thanatos is typically a characteristic of funerary art and is therefore rarely found in domestic contexts. Ivory statues are particularly uncommon in the Dobrudja region of Moesia Inferior
Unfaithful Words: Tolerance
Get PDFAnyone translating religious or philosophical texts of far-away cultures is painfully aware of the impossibility of the enterprise, essentially on account of the lack of terms with near-identical meaning. However, the words are only the surface: the real problem is with the different concepts they express.
The same problem reappears when we try to describe and understand these cultures. Words like religion, creed, faith, belief, prayer, worship, church, heresy, conversion, and idol are far from the neutral scholarly terms they appear to be: they all are heavily laden with features and associations that derive from the context in which these concepts evolved. These are essentially Christian concepts, and their use about other cultures is ‘Orientalism’ in Said’s sense.
‘Tolerance’ is a pertinent example. For example, Buddhism is generally considered to be an extremely tolerant religion. While this insight reflects a real feature of Buddhism, still it is not true. Buddhism is as tolerant as a deer is vegetarian. The deer does not refrain from eating flesh: it has absolutely no wish to eat, touch, or even smell meat. Buddhism simply does not have the idea that everybody should be Buddhist. The Buddha himself unambiguously expressed his opinion that it is best for people to keep their traditional rites and beliefs. Further, it seems that Buddhism is not a very special case; rather it appears that the idea that other religions should be suppressed is an innovation of the Abrahamic religions only.
There is an important lesson to be learned from this for interreligious and intercultural dialogue. Tolerance is miserably inadequate as a ground for such contacts. You ‘tolerate’ what you do not like, what you would like to annihilate, just out of some practical wisdom you restrain yourself. We do not want to be merely ‘tolerated’; we want to be accepted, esteemed, and possibly even loved—and the same holds for our partners in the dialogue.
This is anything but a light demand on most participants of the dialogue. However, unless they wholeheartedly accept that there are innumerable valid and valuable paths, their ‘interreligious dialogue’ will remain little more than an uncomfortable ceasefire between hostile powers.Anyone translating religious or philosophical texts of far-away cultures is painfully aware of the impossibility of the enterprise, essentially on account of the lack of terms with near-identical meaning. However, the words are only the surface: the real problem is with the different concepts they express.
The same problem reappears when we try to describe and understand these cultures. Words like religion, creed, faith, belief, prayer, worship, church, heresy, conversion, and idol are far from the neutral scholarly terms they appear to be: they all are heavily laden with features and associations that derive from the context in which these concepts evolved. These are essentially Christian concepts, and their use about other cultures is ‘Orientalism’ in Said’s sense.
‘Tolerance’ is a pertinent example. For example, Buddhism is generally considered to be an extremely tolerant religion. While this insight reflects a real feature of Buddhism, still it is not true. Buddhism is as tolerant as a deer is vegetarian. The deer does not refrain from eating flesh: it has absolutely no wish to eat, touch, or even smell meat. Buddhism simply does not have the idea that everybody should be Buddhist. The Buddha himself unambiguously expressed his opinion that it is best for people to keep their traditional rites and beliefs. Further, it seems that Buddhism is not a very special case; rather it appears that the idea that other religions should be suppressed is an innovation of the Abrahamic religions only.
There is an important lesson to be learned from this for interreligious and intercultural dialogue. Tolerance is miserably inadequate as a ground for such contacts. You ‘tolerate’ what you do not like, what you would like to annihilate, just out of some practical wisdom you restrain yourself. We do not want to be merely ‘tolerated’; we want to be accepted, esteemed, and possibly even loved—and the same holds for our partners in the dialogue.
This is anything but a light demand on most participants of the dialogue. However, unless they wholeheartedly accept that there are innumerable valid and valuable paths, their ‘interreligious dialogue’ will remain little more than an uncomfortable ceasefire between hostile powers
A háztartási munka nemek szerinti megoszlása Dél-Koreában a XXI. században
Get PDFSouth Korea has one of the lowest fertility rates worldwide. In 2023, the total fertility rate per woman stood at a mere 0.72, which is the lowest in recorded history. This low fertility rate raises significant social concerns, one of which is South Korea’s aging population. While the issue can be approached from various perspectives, this study focuses on individual-level socio-cultural causes, particularly inequalities in housework distribution, to provide a nuanced understanding of the declining trends in marriage and childbirth, as well as the associated low fertility rate in Korea. The gendered division of household labour in South Korea is among the most unequal in the world, especially in dual-earner households, which have characterised the majority of married Koreans in the 21st century. This unequal division negatively influences the intentions of many young people regarding marriage and parenthood. The paper first outlines the historical changes in housework division in Korea, particularly through the lens of paid labour. It then examines these historical trends in the 21st century through the framework of three main international theories: relative resources, time allocation, and gender role attitudes. Drawing primarily on Korean-language, quantitative, and nationally representative studies—especially on those using data from the Korean Time Use Survey—this paper seeks to identify which individual-level variables associated with these theories contribute to the unequal division of housework and how their effects have evolved over the 21st century. Additionally, it explores the extent to which these inequalities persist over the course of one’s life and how life events influence changes in housework division for men and women. This study makes several contributions to international research. It provides a comprehensive overview of Korean research on housework, highlights Korea-specific characteristics of gender inequality in housework in alignment with various theoretical frameworks, and assesses the consistency of these patterns across different studies. Finally, the paper summarises the individual- level variables influencing the division of housework in Korea and discusses how their impact on the housework contributions of men and women has changed over time.Dél-Korea termékenységi rátája világviszonylatban is az egyik legalacsonyabb. 2023-ban az egy nőre jutó teljes termékenységi arány mindössze 0,72-es arányszámot mutatott. Az alacsony termékenység súlyos társadalmi problémákat vetít előre, melyek egyike az elöregedő társadalom. A probléma több oldalról megközelíthető ugyan, jelen kutatás az egyéni szintű szociokulturális okokra, azon belül is a házimunka-megosztás egyenlőtlenségeire koncentrálva igyekszik árnyaltabb képet adni a koreai házasodási és gyermekvállalási kedv csökkenéséről és az ehhez kapcsolódó csökkenő termékenységről. A háztartási munka nemek közötti megosztása Koreában az egyik legegyenlőtlenebb a világon, különösen a kétkeresős háztartások esetében, mely a XXI. században a házasságban élő koreaiak többségét jellemzi. Ez az egyenlőtlen megosztás sok fiatal házasodási, illetve gyermekvállalási szándékára negatív hatással van. A tanulmány először vázolja a koreai házimunka-megosztás helyzetének történelmi változásait, különösen a fizetett munka lencséjén keresztül. Ezután három fő nemzetközi elmélet alapján, a relatív erőforrások, az időallokáció, illetve a nemi szerepek elmélete alapján igyekszik megközelíteni a koreai házimunka-megosztás történelmi változásait a XXI. században. Elsősorban koreai nyelvű, kvantitatív és nemzetileg reprezentatív, különösen a Koreai Időmérleg-kutatás adatait felhasználó tanulmányok szintetizálásán keresztül arra igyekszik választ adni, milyen, a különböző elméletekhez köthető személyes szintű változók felelnek az egyenlőtlen házimunka megosztásért, illetve hogy ezek hatása hogyan változott a XXI. század folyamán. Emellett áttekinti azt is, hogy ez az egyenlőtlenség mennyire állandó az életút folyamán, illetve milyen életeseményekkel hogyan változik a férfiak és a nők esetében. Ezzel több ponton is hozzájárul a nemzetközi kutatásokhoz: egyrészről átfogó képet mutat a házimunkával kapcsolatos koreai kutatásokról, másrészről a különböző elméletekkel összhangban emel ki Korea-specifikus jellemzőket a házimunka-megosztás nemek közti egyenlőtlenségének viszonylatában, illetve azt is áttekinti, mennyire állandóak ezek a különböző kutatásokban. Végül pedig az eredményeket összefoglalva vázolja a koreai házimunka-megosztásra ható személyes szintű változókat, és megfogalmazza azt is, miként változott ezek hatása a női és férfi házimunka mennyiségére. 
A nyelvórák jelenleg alkalmazott felépítési modelljeinek rendszerezése és kritikai elemzése
Get PDFA nyelvórák felépítési modelljei meghatározó szerepet játszanak a hatékony nyelvoktatásban. Jelen tanulmány rendszerezett áttekintést nyújt a különböző órafelépítési paradigmákról, kiemelve azok elméleti hátterét, gyakorlati alkalmazását és a velük szemben megfogalmazott kritikákat. A bemutatott modellek – mint a PPP (Presentation, Practice, Production), OHE (Observe, Hypothesize, Experiment), ARC (Authentic, Restricted, Clarification), TBL (Task-Based Learning), ESA (Engage, Study, Activate), TTT (Test, Teach, Test), valamint a receptív készségeket fejlesztő modell – különböző megközelítéseket kínálnak a nyelvtanítás strukturálására. A tanulmány kitér az egyes modellek alkalmazhatóságára különböző nyelvi szinteken, valamint azok hatékonyságára a kommunikatív nyelvtanítás kontextusában. Célja, hogy segítséget nyújtson nyelvtanároknak a megfelelő óratervezési modell kiválasztásában, figyelembe véve a tanulói igényeket, az oktatási célokat és a tanítási kontextust
A pedagógiai szakszolgálati ellátórendszer működése, fejlesztési lehetőségei – egy 2024-2028 közötti országos kutatás első eredményei
No full textIn 2013, the system of specialised educational services underwent radical changes. The policy objectives of the reorganisation were to increase the role of the state, make the care system more efficient, create conditions for equal access, eliminate regional inequalities and support uniform professional quality (Mile & Kiss, 2021). Our research programme, based on a mixed methodology, aims to examine the achievement of the above policy objectives by exploring and analysing the current situation and functioning of the care system. Our study also provides an international perspective by presenting the educational support activities of several European countries. In addition to the national overview, the research results for each county will be made available to the individual specialised services, which they can use to further develop their organisation and pedagogical practice. The research will take place between 2024 and 2028 as part of a research teacher programme. Keywords: efficiency, effectiveness, equal access, uniform professional quality2013-ban gyökeresen átalakult pedagógiai szakszolgálati intézményrendszer. Az átszervezés szakpolitikai céljai az állami szerepvállalás növelése, az ellátórendszer hatékonyabbá tétele, az egyenlő hozzáférés feltételeinek megteremtése, a területi egyenlőtlenségek kiküszöbölése, az egységes szakmai minőség támogatása volt (Mile & Kiss, 2021). Vegyes módszertanon alapuló kutatási programunk a fenti szakpolitikai célok megvalósulását kívánja vizsgálni az ellátórendszer jelenlegi helyzetének, működésének feltárásával és elemzésével. Vizsgálatunk nemzetközi kitekintést is ad néhány európai ország pedagógiai szakszolgálati jellegű tevékenységeinek bemutatásával. Az országos helyzetkép mellett a vármegyei kutatási eredmények rendelkezésre állnak majd az egyes szakszolgálatok számára, melyeket felhasználva továbbfejleszthetik szervezetüket, pedagógiai gyakorlatukat. A kutatás 2024 és 2028 között zajlik, kutatótanári program keretében.
Kulcsszavak: hatékonyság, eredményesség, egyenlő hozzáférés, egységes szakmai minősé